Childhood maltreatment is linked to larger preferred interpersonal distances towards friends and strangers across the globe.

Childhood maltreatment (CM) is thought to be associated with altered responses to social stimuli and interpersonal signals. However, limited evidence exists that CM is linked to larger comfortable interpersonal distance (CID) - the physical distance humans prefer towards others during social interactions. However, no previous study has investigated this association in a comprehensive sample, yielding sufficient statistical power. Moreover, preliminary findings are limited to the European region. Finally, it is unclear how CM affects CID towards different interaction partners, and whether CID is linked to social functioning and attachment. To address these outstanding issues, adults (N = 2986) from diverse cultures and socio-economic strata completed a reaction time task measuring CID towards an approaching stranger and friend. Higher CM was linked to a larger CID towards both friends and strangers. Moreover, insecure attachment and less social support were associated with larger CID. These findings demonstrate for the first time that CM affects CID across countries and cultures, highlighting the robustness of this association.

Development and validation of a reasons for electronic cigarette use questionnaire.

People use electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) for many reasons, but currently there are no comprehensive assessments of the motivations for tobacco vaping. The aim of the present study is to develop and test the initial construct validity of a new measure to assess reasons for e-cigarette use. We developed a 56-item measure based on the e-cigarette literature. This measure, along with demographic and tobacco use questions, was administered to adults who self-identified as past or present e-cigarette users on the Prolific crowdsourcing platform. The sample (n = 965) was randomly assigned into two analytic groups for exploratory factor analysis (EFA; n = 484) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA; n = 481). The sample ranged from 19 to 77 (M = 36.6; SD = 11.5) years old, and 42.2% identified as women, 74.6% as White, 7.2% as African American, 4.7% as Asian/Pacific Islander, and 5.1% Hispanic/Latino. After removing highly correlated items and nonloading items on the EFA, the 56-item scale was reduced to 47 items across eight factors. The eight subscales assessing various motivation domains of e-cigarette use included social influence, alternative to cigarettes, pleasurable effects, harm reduction, dependence, cessation, weight/appetite, and smell/flavor domains. Cronbach's α coefficients and preliminary analyses of differential motivation based on sex, age, and daily smoker status are presented. This study demonstrates the construct validity for the first comprehensive measure tested to assess reasons for e-cigarette use. This measure has potential to become a valuable assessment for researchers examining factors contributing to tobacco vaping among a variety of populations and settings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Data sharing and re-use in the traumatic stress field: An international survey of trauma researchers.

BACKGROUND: The FAIR data principles aim to make scientific data more Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable. In the field of traumatic stress research, FAIR data practices can help accelerate scientific advances to improve clinical practice and can reduce participant burden. Previous studies have identified factors that influence data sharing and re-use among scientists, such as normative pressure, perceived career benefit, scholarly altruism, and availability of data repositories. No prior study has examined researcher views and practices regarding data sharing and re-use in the traumatic stress field. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the perspectives and practices of traumatic stress researchers around the world concerning data sharing, re-use, and the implementation of FAIR data principles in order to inform development of a FAIR Data Toolkit for traumatic stress researchers. METHOD: A total of 222 researchers from 28 countries participated in an online survey available in seven languages, assessing their views on data sharing and re-use, current practices, and potential facilitators and barriers to adopting FAIR data principles. RESULTS: The majority of participants held a positive outlook towards data sharing and re-use, endorsing strong scholarly altruism, ethical considerations supporting data sharing, and perceiving data re-use as advantageous for improving research quality and advancing the field. Results were largely consistent with prior surveys of scientists across a wide range of disciplines. A significant proportion of respondents reported instances of data sharing and re-use, but gold standard practices such as formally depositing data in established repositories were reported as infrequent. The study identifies potential barriers such as time constraints, funding, and familiarity with FAIR principles. CONCLUSIONS: These results carry crucial implications for promoting change and devising a FAIR Data Toolkit tailored for traumatic stress researchers, emphasizing aspects such as study planning, data preservation, metadata standardization, endorsing data re-use, and establishing metrics to assess scientific and societal impact.

Traumatic stress researchers worldwide responding to a survey held generally positive views on data sharing, endorsing scholarly altruism and pro-sharing ethical considerations, and rating data re-use as useful for advancing the field.While many respondents reported instances of sharing or re-using data, gold standard practices such as formally depositing data in established repositories were reported as infrequent.Barriers to data sharing and re-use included time constraints, funding, and a lack of familiarity with practices to make data more Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Re-usable (FAIR).

Response to health warnings on cigarette packs as a predictor of future smoking among current tobacco smokers.

The United States (US) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires health warning labels on all cigarette packages as part of a campaign to reduce tobacco smoking. Prior research has revealed the mixed effectiveness of these health warning labels. The present study used nationally representative, longitudinal data from the Population Study of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study to assess whether reported reactions to health warning labels on cigarette packs predict smoking frequency and smoking cessation two years later. We hypothesized that individuals who reported strong reactions to health warnings at Wave 1 of the PATH Study would engage in less frequent smoking behavior and would be more likely to have completely quit cigarette smoking two years later (Wave 3), compared with individuals who did not report strong reactions. Multinomial and binary logistic regressions were used to estimate the associations between attitudes toward health warning labels and later smoking frequency and smoking cessation. Our hypotheses were partially supported; results indicated that several attitudes toward health warnings predict later smoking behaviors. These findings indicate general effectiveness of health warning labels and support the FDA's initiative to require more attention-grabbing health warning labels on cigarette packs.

The memory-experience gap for PTSD symptoms: The correspondence between experience sampling and past month retrospective reports of traumatic stress symptoms.

Posttraumatic stress disorder assessments typically require individuals to provide an aggregate report on the frequency or severity of symptoms they have experienced over a particular time period. Yet retrospective aggregate assessments are susceptible to memory recall and retrieval difficulties. This study examined the correspondence between a month of real-time experience sampling methodology (ESM) reports of traumatic stress symptoms and a retrospective assessment of past-month traumatic stress symptoms for that same period. Participants were a convenience community sample (n=96) from Southern and Central Israel exposed to rocket fire during the Israel-Gaza July-Aug 2014 conflict. Participants provided ESM reports on traumatic stress symptoms twice a day for 30 days via smartphone. Average ESM scores, rather than peak or most recent reports, were most highly correlated with retrospective assessments. For individual symptoms, concentration difficulties had the highest correspondence between ESM and retrospective reports, while amnesia had the lowest correspondence. Regression analysis found that average ESM scores and younger age significantly predicted past-month retrospective assessments of PTSD symptoms. Additionally, previously experiencing more types of trauma predicted PTSD symptoms, but did not moderate the relationship between ESM and retrospective assessments. These findings have implications for assessment.

Emotion network density in burnout.

BACKGROUND: Health care workers are often affected by burnout, resulting in reduced personal well-being and professional functioning. Although emotional exhaustion is considered a core component of burnout, little is known about the dynamics of emotions and their relation to burnout. We used network analysis to investigate the correlation between the density of a negative emotion network, a marker for emotional rigidity in person-specific networks, and burnout severity. METHODS: Using an ecological momentary assessment design, the intensity of negative emotions of forty-three health care workers and medical students was assessed five times per day (between 6 am and 8 pm) for 17 days. Burnout symptoms were assessed at the end of the study period with the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Multilevel vector autoregressive models were computed to calculate network density of subject-specific temporal networks. The one-sided correlation between network density and burnout severity was assessed. The study protocol and analytic plan were registered prior to the data collection. RESULTS: We found a medium-sized correlation between the negative emotion network density and burnout severity at the end of the study period r(45) = .32, 95% CI = .09-1.0, p = .014). CONCLUSIONS: The strength of the temporal interplay of negative emotions is associated with burnout, highlighting the importance of emotions and emotional exhaustion in reaction to occupational-related distress in health care workers. Moreover, our findings align with previous investigations of emotion network density and impaired psychological functioning, demonstrating the utility of conceptualizing the dynamics of emotions as a network.