In vitro investigation on Pennisetum purpureum leaf extracts grown in Indonesia of phytochemical components, optical characteristics, and antioxidant-antibacterial activities.

Medicinal plants hold significant cultural significance and play a crucial role in the advancement of potentially safe drugs for the therapy of disease worldwide. Pennisetum purpureum or elephant grass has been used for traditional medications in Indonesia without understanding the phytochemicals of those plants. Herein, our report revolves around the qualitative and quantitative examination of phytochemical components, optical properties, antioxidants, and antibacterial assessments of solvent fractions derived from Pennisetum purpureum leaf. The Pennisetum purpureum leaf was successfully soaked with ethanol, n-hexane, and chloroform. The study aimed to assess the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total alkaloid content (TAC) within different of extracts. The optical properties of extract were analyzed by absorption light and photoluminescent. Moreover, evaluation of antioxidant activities of extracts through DPPH free radical scavenging and FRAP assays, followed by an evaluation of their effectiveness in antibacterial therapy against different bacterial strains. The qualitative and quantitative phytochemical of Pennisetum purpureum presented as highest in ethanol TPC (85.5 mg GAE/g extracts), TFC (87.9 mg QE/g extracts), and TAC (86.2 mg ATE/g extracts) as compared to other solvents extract. Pennisetum purpureum extract had antioxidant capacity against DPPH radical and FRAP assay. Furthermore, each of the samples displayed antibacterial effectiveness that was dependent on the dosage towards different strains of bacteria. Our findings clearly demonstrated that Pennisetum purpureum leaf extracts grown in Indonesia containing alkaloid, flavonoid, glycoside, saponin, steroids, tannin, and terpenoids that support its capability as antioxidant and antibacterial.

Evidence-based interventions to improve the psychological well-being of pregnant mothers: a scoping review.

OBJECTIVE: Supporting the psychological well-being of pregnant mothers is critical. The purpose of this study was to map the intervention to improve the psychological well-being of pregnant mothers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This research method uses a scoping review with five stages, i.e., problem identification, identification of relevant studies, study selection, data mapping, compiling, summarizing, and reporting results. A systematic search strategy was applied to check for relevant papers dated 2011 until 2021, based on Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Grey Literature. PRISMA flowchart was used to select and summarize the studies, and the PCC framework was used for the search strategy. Criteria for inclusion were studies with pure experimental or quasi-experimental designs, focusing on improving women's psychological well-being or mental health, utilizing psychological well-being measures, and written in English with full-text availability. RESULTS: From 32 articles, 56.24% used randomized control trials (RCT), 28.12% used quasi-experimental, 9.38% used experimental, and 3.13% used a clustered randomized trial and case study methods. 50% of the articles used developed countries, while the remaining 50% used developing countries. 12.50% of the articles used online or web-based for intervention, physical activities, and antenatal education, 9.38% used Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT), 21.85% used psychoeducation, 6.25% used mindfulness, Interpersonal Therapy (IPT), training-based, and 3.13% used psychodrama, relaxation, counseling, and happiness therapy. Intervention facilitators were engaged in 25% of the articles, no information regarding facilitators in another 25% of the articles, 21.85% engaged midwives, 12.50% engaged psychologists and physiotherapists, 6.25% engaged health workers, the researchers did 15.63%, and community workers and lectures did the remaining 3.13%. CONCLUSIONS: Further empirical research to improve the psychological well-being of pregnant mothers needs to be done with a psychoeducational approach considering such communications, the role of the facilitator in intervention, and the research media used.

Water preparation practices in south Kalimantan, Indonesia.

This study investigated water preparation practices, water sources, and sanitation measures in 400 households in four villages in Banjar district of South Kalimantan, Indonesia. A survey of randomly selected households in each of the four villages was undertaken during the season of low prevalence of diarrhoeal disease (February-March 1989). A follow-up survey of the same households was conducted 6 months later to measure prevalence during the peak season. Twenty-three in-depth interviews were carried out with key persons in local villages. Observations on behaviour in the local food stalls were recorded. The results of the study indicate that 97% of the households report that they regularly boil their drinking water. However, 37% of the households regularly or occasionally mix boiled with unboiled water for drinking, or use unboiled water alone. The mixing of boiled with unboiled water is particularly frequent in the preparation of 'cold tea', a popular drink in households and food stalls. The occasional or regular use of unboiled water varies by ethnicity, education and literacy, and economic status. The use of unboiled water is associated with higher rates of childhood diarrhoeas in the households studied.

Effect of chronic heat load during pregnancy on birth weight, behaviour and body composition of Australian feral goat kids.

Six feral does maintained at elevated ambient temperatures (27.2 degrees - 34.8 degrees) for the last half of pregnancy had rectal temperatures (Tr) elevated by 0.4 degrees above 10 unstressed does. Heat-stressed twin-bearers were 0.15 degrees hotter than single-bearers and bore lighter kids (1.70 kg), than unstressed does (2.24 kg) while singles were less affected (2.22 kg versus 2.28 kg). Birth weight was more highly correlated (P less than 0.001) with the daily minimum Tr of the dam than with the mean or maximum Tr. Kids from heated does stood and began sucking as quickly as control kids but during the first six hours scored significantly (P less than 0.01) lower on a scale of general activity. There were no significant differences in body content of nitrogen, fat and ash or, when birth weight was considered, weight of hide, CNS and liver.