Assuntos
Atenção à Saúde , Diabetes Mellitus/terapia , Sistemas de Apoio Psicossocial , Organização Mundial da Saúde/organização & administração , Atividades Cotidianas/psicologia , Atenção à Saúde/métodos , Atenção à Saúde/organização & administração , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiologia , Diabetes Mellitus/psicologia , Epidemias , Saúde Global , Promoção da Saúde/métodos , Promoção da Saúde/organização & administração , Humanos , Cooperação Internacional , Desenvolvimento de ProgramasRESUMO
A straightforward, controllable means of using the non-parasitic planarian, Dugesia tigrina, a free-living aquatic flatworm, to study the stimulant and withdrawal properties of natural products is described. Experimental assays benefitting from unique aspects of planarian physiology have been applied to studies on wound healing, regeneration, and tumorigenesis. In addition, because planarians exhibit sensitivity to a variety of environmental stimuli and are capable of learning and developing conditioned responses, they can be used in behavioral studies examining learning and memory. Planarians possess a basic bilateral symmetry and a central nervous system that uses neurotransmitter systems amenable to studies examining the effects of neuromuscular biomodulators. Consequently, experimental systems monitoring planarian movement and motility have been developed to examine substance addiction and withdrawal. Because planarian motility offers the potential for a sensitive, easily standardized motility assay system to monitor the effect of stimuli, the planarian locomotor velocity (pLmV) test was adapted to monitor both stimulation and withdrawal behaviors by planarians through the determination of the number of grid lines crossed by the animals with time. Here, the technique and its application are demonstrated and explained.
Assuntos
Produtos Biológicos/farmacologia , Locomoção/efeitos dos fármacos , Planárias/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Bioensaio , Planárias/fisiologiaAssuntos
Nicotiana , Indústria do Tabaco , Humanos , Indústrias , Propriedade , Fumar , Produtos do TabacoRESUMO
In 2003, governments adopted the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, the world's first global health treaty. In the decade since the treaty was adopted by 178 member states of the World Health Organization, there have been substantial achievements in reducing tobacco use around the world. Research and evidence on the impact of interventions and policies have helped drive this policy progress. An increased and sustained focus on research is needed in the future to ensure that the gains of the global tobacco control movement are maintained, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, which are affected most strongly by the tobacco epidemic. In addition to current priorities, greater attention is needed to research related to trade agreements, prevention among girls, and the appropriate response to nicotine-based noncombustibles (including e-cigarettes).
