Histopathological and immunohistochemical changes of the marginal periodontium in patients with Turner syndrome.

Turner syndrome (TS) is characterized by partial or complete loss of a sexual chromosome, resulting in an incomplete development of the body, gonadic failure, cardiac and renal abnormalities, oro-dental changes, etc. In our study, we proposed to perform a histological and immunohistochemical (IHC) study of the periodontium changes in patients with TS. The biological material under study was represented by fragments of gingival mucosa harvested from 18 patients with TS who presented advanced periodontal lesions and required dental extractions. The fragments of gingival mucosa were processed by the classical histological technique of paraffin inclusion, subsequently the obtained sections being stained by the Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) and examined under the optical microscope. For the IHC study, there were performed serial sections incubated with anti-cluster of differentiation (CD) 3, anti-CD20 and anti-CD68 antibodies for highlighting immune cells, as well as with anti-matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2 and anti-MMP8 antibodies for highlighting MMPs (MMP2 and MMP8) involved in the periodontal tissue lesions. In the present study, during the histological examination, there were observed morphological changes, both in the epithelium and in the gingival mucosa chorion. Epithelial changes consisted in the onset of acanthosis processes, in the thickening of the epithelium due to the increase of the spinous layer, as well as in the parakeratosis phenomenon. In the chorion, there was observed the presence of inflammatory infiltrates in various stages, presence of fibrosis (extended in some cases) and the presence of an important vascularization in some cases, with a high number of immunocompetent cells involved in the inborn immune response, but also in the adaptive one, as well as a more or less intense immunoexpression of MMP2 and MMP8. Our study suggests that TS may contribute to the development of some inflammatory processes in the marginal periodontium.

Somatostatin receptors in normal and acromegalic somatotroph cells: the U-turn of the clinician to immunohistochemistry report - a review.

This is a narrative review of literature introducing somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) as part of understanding the somatotroph cells since they are positive in normal cells but also in tumoral cells as seen in somatotropinoma, a growth hormone (GH)-producing neoplasia, which causes acromegaly. They are five subtypes of SSTRs (1 to 5), which are immunohistochemically positive in different proportions in somatotropinomas. SSTR types 2 and 5 are most frequent in GH-secreting adenomas and they are both targeted by medical therapy with somatostatin analogues (SSTAs) like first generation Octreotide and Lanreotide (mainly targeting SSTR2) and second generation Pasireotide (with highest affinity for SSTR5), thus heterogeneous SSTRs configuration into the tumor explains different pattern of response to treatment and it might predict it once the SSTRs immunostaining is performed. Monoclonal antibodies are used for immunohistochemical detection of SSTRs; currently, a lack of standardization is presented, and scoring systems, such as Volante, H-score or human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-score, are applied. Immunoreactive markers like SSTRs are the U-turn in clinical practice regarding somatotropinomas since the configuration of subtypes 2 and 5 explains the responsiveness to medical therapy like SSTA. Further achievement of disease control is imperiously necessary because acromegaly has an increased rate of morbidity and mortality.

Biological Evaluation of Two 1,4-Naphthoquinone Derivatives Against a Breast Human Adenocarcinoma Cell Line.

Two novel 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives containing salicylic acid and procaine moieties were synthesized and evaluated for their anticancer activity in vitro. The antiproliferative effect was assayed against MDA-MB-231 cells, a human breast adenocarcinoma cell line, using CellTiter-Glo® Luminescent Cell Viability Assay. Both compounds tested proved a growth inhibition effect on this cell line in a dose-dependent manner. Our results showed that the compound with procaine effectively reduces breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells viability and proliferation at higher concentration while that with salicylic acid had an inhibitory effect at lower concentrations and might be tested as an anticancer agent.

Immunoexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor in gingival mucosa with papilloma and condyloma acuminata.

UNLABELLED: The histological changes of the oral mucosa in contact with a metal alloy dentures is one of the current issues widely debated in the literature. AIM: To highlight the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in human paraprosthetic gingival mucosa exposed to nickel and copper compounds using the immunohistochemical technique. The selected participants were wearers of fixed dentures made of nickel-based alloys and copper-based alloys. The gingival mucosa fragments were prelevated through excision after removing fixed denture and extraction one of its affected teeth. The gingival mucosa fragments were processed through the histological technique of paraffin inclusion. The paraffin-embedded tissue sections were usually stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin and processed by immunohistochemical technique with VEGF antibody. The gingival mucosa fragments from nickel-based alloys dentures wearers were diagnosed with papilloma and, also, gingival mucosa samples prelevated from copper-based alloys dentures wearers were diagnosed with condyloma acuminata. Immunohistochemical reaction for VEGF was different in the gingival mucosa fragments with papilloma compared with condyloma acuminata samples. In papillomatosis gingival mucosa fragments, VEGF was implicated in principal in vasodilatation and inflammation process, and secondary in angiogenesis. In gingival mucosa fragments with condyloma acuminata, the principal role of VEGF was in angiogenesis and secondary in inflammation.

Immunohistochemical aspects of apoptosis in gingival mucosa with papilloma and condyloma acuminata.

The oral mucosa is a component of the oral ecosystem, which can be aggressed by corrosion products released from the dental alloys used in prosthetic dentistry therapy. The purpose of this study was to compare the in vivo effect of nickel and copper compounds on the oral mucosa cells, including their ability to induce cell death, by analyzing the cytochrome c (cyt. c) immunohistochemical expression. Gingival mucosa fragments obtained from the subjects with dentures manufactured by nickel or copper casting alloys were processed through the histological technique of paraffin inclusion. The sections obtained were stained by usually histological methods in order to highlight the histopathological lesions and also analyzed using the immunohistochemical technique in order to study the cyt. c expression. The papillomatosis lesions were observed in the gingival mucosa fragments obtained from the subjects with nickel-based alloy dentures and the condyloma acuminata lesions were observed in those obtained from the subjects with copper-based alloy dentures. The cyt. c immunohistochemical expression was different in the epithelial layer of two types of mucosal fragments but it was the same in their lamina propria connective tissue. We can conclude that the two types of metal alloys have different effects on the adjacent gingival mucosa.

Bony metaplasia in a caecum adenocarcinoma.

Ectopic bone formation in the digestive tract is a very rare phenomenon in pathology. Most cases of bone metaplasia were found in distal colon tumors, rectum and sigmoid respectively. We present a case of well-differentiated adenocarcinoma of the caecum (the second case of literature) associated with bone metaplasia, which debuted atypical, with symptoms of infectious enterocolitis, in a 72-year-old female patient, with no history of digestive pathology. Highlighting bone metaplasia was achieved by current histological techniques. Patient's evolution was favorable with surgical treatment and chemotherapy.

Comparative study of neuroprotective effect of tricyclics vs. trazodone on animal model of depressive disorder.

The neurobiological model of depressive disorder may be correlated with the animal model on rat, hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the increase of cortisol level being specific to the model of depression in women. The neurobiological model of depression in women presents vulnerabilities for some cerebral structures (hippocampus, frontal cortex, cerebral amygdala). A decrease of frontal cortex and hippocampus volumes are recognized in depressive disorder in women, depending on duration of disease and antidepressant therapy. Neurobiological vulnerability may be pronounced through cholinergic blockade. The purpose of the study was to highlight the cytoarchitectural changes in the frontal cortex and hippocampus by comparing two antidepressant substances: amitriptyline with a strong anticholinergic effect and trazodone, without anticholinergic effect. The superior neuroprotective qualities of trazodone for the frontal cortex, hippocampus and dentate gyrus are revealed. The particular neurobiological vulnerability of depression in women requires a differentiated therapeutic approach, avoiding the use of antidepressants with anticholinergic action.

Inflammatory reaction in chronic periodontopathies in patients with diabetes mellitus. Histological and immunohistochemical study.

Chronic periodontopathies and diabetes mellitus are two clinical entities, which reciprocally condition one another. The periodontal disease is considered a major complication, which induces an unfavorable evolution of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus is an endocrine disease which favors the occurrence of periodontopathy through gum's microvascular disorders, the selection and development of an aggressive bacterial plaque and through an exaggerate inflammatory response to the microflora within the oral cavity. Both diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease have an increasing incidence in the whole world. Development of periodontopathy is related to the aggression of bacterial flora in dental plaque, flora that is influenced on its turn by the evolution of diabetes mellitus. In our study, we have evaluated the inflammatory reaction in periodontium in patients with slowly and progressive periodontitis in patients with diabetes mellitus who had diabetes longer than five years. It has been found that all patients presented a chronic inflammatory infiltrate, abundant, with round mononuclear cells of lymphocyte, plasma cells and macrophage type, with non-homogenous arrangement, more intensely where the covering epithelium presented erosions or necrotic areas. Out of the immunity system cells, the most numerous where of T-lymphocytes type.

Clinical and morphological correlations in acute ischemic stroke.

We studied the clinical and histopathological changes in twenty-seven cases of acute ischemic stroke, aged between 65 and 75 years. All deaths occurred within 30 days after stroke. The aim of our study was to establish the clinical and histological correlations in acute ischemic stroke to detect prognostic factors. Brain lesions after acute stroke were observed in all regions. Our study describes the heterogeneity of brain injury after acute ischemic stroke with the participation of all brain components and the chronology in which these lesions develop and evolve. By histological and immunohistochemical studies, we identified neuronal, glial and vascular damage. The neurons had undergone in the area of lesion a process of necrosis, ballooning or condensation process. In the ischemic penumbra, we observed the presence of red neurons. Vascular lesions were represented by the discontinuity of capillaries, always associated with a marked perivascular edema. The following clinical and morphological correlations were established: liquefactive necrosis, astrocyte gliosis, phagocytosis phenomena are the more intense the later the death of the patient; apoptosis phenomena are the more intense the faster the death of the patient; the entire cerebral microcirculation presented microscopic modifications following the ischemic strokes, regardless of the time since the lesion occurred and the histological examination was made; the major neurological complications of the ischemic stroke - the hemorrhagic transformation phenomena, cerebral edema, were microscopically objectified, regardless of the time since the lesion occurred and the histological examination was made.

Microscopic aspects of macrophage system cells in hemorrhagic stroke in humans.

Stroke is an important public health issue because it has high morbidity and mortality rates. In addition, it has one of the highest rates of disability in adults. Recent data show that macrophage system cells, especially microglial cells, are involved both in neuroprotective processes and in the neurotoxicity, depending on the type and extent of the brain damage. In our study, using histology and immunohistochemistry techniques, we evaluated the macrophage-type cell reaction in cerebral hemorrhage. We found that the number of CD68-positive cells increased 7-8 folds per square millimeter of cortical surface in the cerebral parenchyma adjacent to the hemorrhage. We identified a large number of perivascular-activated macrophages, in areas distant to the hemorrhage, showing that individuals with hemorrhagic stroke have profound and extensive alterations of the blood-brain barrier.