The Effect of Lipoteichoic Acid from Lactobacillus plantarum on Dental Pulp Inflammation.

OBJECTIVE: Lactobacillus plantarum, a bacterium located in deep caries, has a virulence factor in the form of lipoteichoic acid (LTA), which is found in the bacterial cell wall. LTA is able to trigger a neutrophils response in the dental pulp inflammation process within the first 6 to 24 hours. The quantity of bacteria is one factor influencing the increase in number of neutrophils in addition to the quality of the bacteria. This study seeks to analyze the effect of lipoteichoic acid of Lactobacillus plantarum (LTA-Lp) in the dental pulp inflammation by observing the number of neutrophil cells in a histopathological view. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The LTA was isolated from L. plantarum. The left upper molar of Rattus novergicus was mechanically perforated under anesthesia to induce dental pulp inflammation. The perforated tooth was then induced by 10 and 15 µg/mL of LTA-Lp and then restored by a temporary filling. The perforated tooth in the control group was only restored by a temporary filling. After 24, 48, and 72 hours, the tooth was extracted and then stained with hematoxylins and eosin to observe the neutrophils in the dental pulp via a light microscope. RESULT: The number of neutrophils in the dental pulp after induction by 15 µg/mL of LTA-Lp is higher than 10 µg/mL of LTA-Lp and both controls. There were significant differences in the number of neutrophils in the dental pulp, in each group on 24, 48, and 72 hours after LTA-Lp inducing (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The LTA-Lp dose of of 10 and 15 µg/mL affected the dental pulp inflammation by affecting the number of neutrophils.

The NF-kB and Collagen Type 1 Expression in Dental Pulp after Treated Calcium Hydroxide Combined with Propolis.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) and collagen type 1 on dental pulp after a treated combination of calcium hydroxide and propolis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The first maxillary molars of 30 rats were mechanically perforated. Teeth were divided into three groups of 10 for two separate extraction time frames, giving a total of 60 rats. The control groups were treated with Cention, the second treatment groups were treated with calcium hydroxide, and the third treatment groups were treated with a combination of calcium hydroxide and propolis. Final restoration was done with Cention. The teeth were extracted on days 7 and 14, and the expression of NF-kB and collagen type I was analyzed using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: There is lowest NF-kB expression and highest collagen type 1 expression on dental pulp after treated with a combination of calcium hydroxide and propolis on days 7 and 14 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The combination of calcium hydroxide and propolis inhibits pulp inflammation and stimulates regeneration through decreasing the NF-kB expression and increasing collagen type 1.

The solubility and water sorption properties of a combination of Ca(OH)2and propolis when used as pulp capping material.

BACKGROUND: Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] is a material used during pulp capping treatment, despite being readily soluble in both water and acid. In contrast, propolis constitutes a nontoxic resin which is not easily dissolved in water. Therefore, a combination of Ca(OH)2and propolis is assumed to be capable of increasing the mechanical properties of Ca(OH)2and to diffuse into the dentinal tubules. OBJECTIVE: This research aimed to reveal the solubility and water sorption ability of a combination of Ca(OH)2and propolis as pulp capping material. MATERIALS AND METHOD: The samples comprised 18 Ca(OH)2and Ca(OH)2-propolis chips, 15 mm × 1 mm in dimension, all of which were stored in an incubator for 24 h at 37°C. Each sample was then divided into two groups: one dissolved in 50 mL of artificial saliva for 24 h at 37°C and another for 7 days before being weighed, dried, incubated, and weighed for a second time. The result of the reduction in mass divided by the volume of the samples was considered to constitute the level of solubility and water sorption. The difference between the solubility and water sorption ability was analyzed using an independent t-test with significant difference <0.05. RESULTS: The solubility of Ca(OH)2-propolis is lower than that of Ca(OH)2 after immersion for 1 day (P = 0.001) and 7 days (P = 0.000). The water sorption ability of Ca(OH)2-propolis is no different than that of Ca(OH)2after immersion for 1 day (P = 0.088) and 7 days (P = 0.635). However, the water sorption ability of Ca(OH)2-propolis after 1-day immersion is higher than immersion for 7 days (P = 0.012). CONCLUSION: The solubility Ca(OH)2-propolis is lower than that of Ca(OH)2, but its water sorption is higher than that of Ca(OH)2.

The NFκB Expression on Apical Dental Granuloma: An Immunohistochemistry Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Endodontic treatment on dental caries with dental granuloma on the periapical has the potential to flare. The symptoms of acute flare in dental granuloma are strongly related to the activation of macrophages that produce pro-inflammatory cytokine through nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB). However, the role of NFκB in dental granuloma has not been widely explained. PURPOSE: To compare NFκB expression in dental granuloma and dental nongranuloma in the periapical of dental caries. METHODS: The periapical lesion of dental granuloma and dental nongranuloma was obtained from patients with dental caries who were subjected to tooth extraction. The periapical lesion was confirmed by periapical radiography and then differentiated by histological and immunohistochemistry by analyzing the NFκB expression. RESULTS: Most dental granulomas were found in females (66.67%) between the ages 36 and 45 (61.11%). Dental granuloma showed higher NFκB expression compared to dental nongranuloma lesions in tooth caries (p=0.021). CONCLUSION: The dental granuloma tissue of dental caries showed an increase in NFκB expression. Understanding the role of NFκB might provide additional insights into the process of periapical lesion development.

Combinations of propolis and Ca(OH)2 in dental pulp capping treatment for the stimulation of reparative dentin formation in a rat model.

Background: Caries in the dental pulp result in inflammation and damage to the pulp tissue. During inflammation of the pulp, various inflammatory mediators and growth factors are released, including IL-8, IL-10, TLR-2, VEGF and TGF-ß through the NF-kB pathway. In the present study, therapy for pulpal caries was performed through pulp capping by giving a combination of propolis and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2). This treatment was expected to stimulate the formation of reparative dentin as an anti-inflammatory material to prevent pulp tissue damage. Methods: 28 Wistar rats were divided into four groups and treated with Ca(OH)2 with or without the addition of propolis for either 7 or 14 days. Immunohistochemical examination was used to determine the expression of IL-8, IL-10, TLR-2, VEGF, TGF-ß in the four treatment groups. Results: The group treated with a combination of propolis and Ca(OH)2 for 7 days showed that the expression of IL-10, IL-8, TLR-2, VEGF, TGF-ß increased significantly compared to the treatment group treated with only Ca(OH)2. The expression of IL-10, TLR-2, TGF-ß, VEGF increased in the treatment group treated with propolis and Ca(OH)2 for 14 days, while the expression of IL-8 in the decreased significantly. Conclusions: Administration of a combination of propolis and Ca(OH)2 has efficacy in the pulp capping treatment process because it has anti-bacterial and immunomodulatory properties. The results show that it is able to stimulate the process of pulp tissue repair through increased expression of IL-10, TGF-ß, VEGF, TLR -2 and decreased expression of IL-8.

The cytotoxicity test of calcium hydroxide, propolis, and calcium hydroxide-propolis combination in human pulp fibroblast.

Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) is the gold standard material used for pulp-capping but still has a high failure rate. Thus, an alternative material is needed, one of which is propolis. The combination of Ca(OH)2propolis is expected to have better quality and to be biocompatible. The aim of this study is to investigate the viability of human pulp fibroblast after the administration of Ca(OH)2, propolis, and its combination. Human pulp fibroblast culture derived from premolar teeth of 16-year-old patients, were divided into seven groups: Group 1 (10 µg Ca(OH)2); Group 2 (10 µg propolis); Group 3 (15 µg propolis); Group 4 (20 µg propolis); Group 5 (Ca(OH)2-propolis 1:1); Group 6 (Ca(OH)2-propolis 1:1.5); and Group 7 (calcium hydroxide-propolis 1:2). They were placed in a 96 wells plate and put into incubator for 24 h. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide test was conducted to calculate the viability of human pulp fibroblasts. The data were analyzed statistically using Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Levene's test, one-way analysis of variance, and Tukey-honestly significant difference (P < 0.05). The number of living human pulp fibroblast after the administration of Ca(OH)2and propolis combination is greater than the application of Ca(OH)2or propolis with significant different between groups (P < 0.05). The viability of human pulp fibroblasts after the administration of Ca(OH)2-propolis combination is greater than that of the application of Ca(OH)2and propolis alone.