Pregnancy Outcomes of Nifedipine Compared With Labetalol for Oral Treatment of Mild Chronic Hypertension.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate maternal and neonatal outcomes by type of antihypertensive used in participants of the CHAP (Chronic Hypertension in Pregnancy) trial. METHODS: We conducted a planned secondary analysis of CHAP, an open-label, multicenter, randomized trial of antihypertensive treatment compared with standard care (no treatment unless severe hypertension developed) in pregnant patients with mild chronic hypertension (blood pressure 140-159/90-104 mm Hg before 20 weeks of gestation) and singleton pregnancies. We performed three comparisons based on medications prescribed at enrollment: labetalol compared with standard care, nifedipine compared with standard care, and labetalol compared with nifedipine. Although active compared with standard care groups were randomized, medication assignment within the active treatment group was not random but based on clinician or patient preference. The primary outcome was the occurrence of superimposed preeclampsia with severe features, preterm birth before 35 weeks of gestation, placental abruption, or fetal or neonatal death. The key secondary outcome was small for gestational age (SGA) neonates. We also compared medication adverse effects between groups. Relative risks (RRs) and 95% CIs were estimated with log binomial regression to adjust for confounding. RESULTS: Of 2,292 participants analyzed, 720 (31.4%) received labetalol, 417 (18.2%) received nifedipine, and 1,155 (50.4%) received no treatment. The mean gestational age at enrollment was 10.5±3.7 weeks; nearly half of participants (47.5%) identified as non-Hispanic Black; and 44.5% used aspirin. The primary outcome occurred in 217 (30.1%), 130 (31.2%), and 427 (37.0%) in the labetalol, nifedipine, and standard care groups, respectively. Risk of the primary outcome was lower among those receiving treatment (labetalol use vs standard adjusted RR 0.82, 95% CI, 0.72-0.94; nifedipine use vs standard adjusted RR 0.84, 95% CI, 0.71-0.99), but there was no significant difference in risk when labetalol was compared with nifedipine (adjusted RR 0.98, 95% CI, 0.82-1.18). There were no significant differences in SGA or serious adverse events between participants receiving labetalol and those receiving nifedipine. CONCLUSION: No significant differences in predetermined maternal or neonatal outcomes were detected on the basis of the use of labetalol or nifedipine for treatment of chronic hypertension in pregnancy. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02299414.

Mean Arterial Pressure and Neonatal Outcomes in Pregnancies Complicated by Mild Chronic Hypertension.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the association between mean arterial pressure during pregnancy and neonatal outcomes in participants with chronic hypertension using data from the CHAP (Chronic Hypertension and Pregnancy) trial. METHODS: A secondary analysis of the CHAP trial, an open-label, multicenter randomized trial of antihypertensive treatment in pregnancy, was conducted. The CHAP trial enrolled participants with mild chronic hypertension (blood pressure [BP] 140-159/90-104 mm Hg) and singleton pregnancies less than 23 weeks of gestation, randomizing them to active treatment (maintained on antihypertensive therapy with a goal BP below 140/90 mm Hg) or standard treatment (control; antihypertensives withheld unless BP reached 160 mm Hg systolic BP or higher or 105 mm Hg diastolic BP or higher). We used logistic regression to measure the strength of association between mean arterial pressure (average and highest across study visits) and to select neonatal outcomes. Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (per 1-unit increase in millimeters of mercury) of the primary neonatal composite outcome (bronchopulmonary dysplasia, retinopathy of prematurity, necrotizing enterocolitis, or intraventricular hemorrhage grade 3 or 4) and individual secondary outcomes (neonatal intensive care unit admission [NICU], low birth weight [LBW] below 2,500 g, and small for gestational age [SGA]) were calculated. RESULTS: A total of 2,284 participants were included: 1,155 active and 1,129 control. Adjusted models controlling for randomization group demonstrated that increasing average mean arterial pressure per millimeter of mercury was associated with an increase in each neonatal outcome examined except NEC, specifically neonatal composite (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.12, 95% CI, 1.09-1.16), NICU admission (aOR 1.07, 95% CI, 1.06-1.08), LBW (aOR 1.12, 95% CI, 1.11-1.14), SGA below the fifth percentile (aOR 1.03, 95% CI, 1.01-1.06), and SGA below the 10th percentile (aOR 1.02, 95% CI, 1.01-1.04). Models using the highest mean arterial pressure as opposed to average mean arterial pressure also demonstrated consistent associations. CONCLUSION: Increasing mean arterial pressure was positively associated with most adverse neonatal outcomes except NEC. Given that the relationship between mean arterial pressure and adverse pregnancy outcomes may not be consistent at all mean arterial pressure levels, future work should attempt to further elucidate whether there is an absolute threshold or relative change in mean arterial pressure at which fetal benefits are optimized along with maternal benefits. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov , NCT02299414.

Passive antibody transfer from pregnant women to their fetus are maximized after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination irrespective of prior infection.

Background: Pregnancy is associated with a higher risk of adverse symptoms and outcomes for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection for both mother and neonate. Antibodies can provide protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection and are induced in pregnant women after vaccination or infection. Passive transfer of these antibodies from mother to fetus in utero may provide protection to the neonate against infection. However, it is unclear whether the magnitude or quality and kinetics of maternally derived fetal antibodies differs in the context of maternal infection or vaccination. Objective: We aimed to determine whether antibodies transferred from maternal to fetus differed in quality or quantity between infection- or vaccination-induced humoral immune responses. Methods: We evaluated 93 paired maternal and neonatal umbilical cord blood plasma samples collected between October 2020 and February 2022 from a birth cohort of pregnant women from New Orleans, Louisiana, with histories of SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or vaccination. Plasma was profiled for the levels of spike-specific antibodies and induction of antiviral humoral immune functions, including neutralization and Fc-mediated innate immune effector functions. Responses were compared between 4 groups according to maternal infection and vaccination. Results: We found that SARS-CoV-2 vaccination or infection during pregnancy increased the levels of antiviral antibodies compared to naive subjects. Vaccinated mothers and cord samples had the highest anti-spike antibody levels and antiviral function independent of the time of vaccination during pregnancy. Conclusions: These results show that the most effective passive transfer of functional antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in utero is achieved through vaccination, highlighting the importance of vaccination in pregnant women.

Prenatal Infection by Respiratory Viruses Is Associated with Immunoinflammatory Responses in the Fetus.

Rationale: Respiratory viral infections can be transmitted from pregnant women to their offspring, but frequency, mechanisms, and postnatal outcomes remain unclear. Objectives: The aims of this prospective cohort study were to compare the frequencies of transplacental transmission of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), analyze the concentrations of inflammatory mediators in maternal and fetal blood, and assess clinical consequences. Methods: We recruited pregnant women who developed upper respiratory infections or tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Maternal and cord blood samples were collected at delivery. Study questionnaires and electronic medical records were used to document demographic and medical information. Measurements and Main Results: From October 2020 to June 2022, droplet digital PCR was used to test blood mononuclear cells from 103 mother-baby dyads. Twice more newborns in our sample were vertically infected with RSV compared with SARS-CoV-2 (25.2% [26 of 103] vs. 11.9% [12 of 101]; P = 0.019). Multiplex ELISA measured significantly increased concentrations of several inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in maternal and cord blood from newborns, with evidence of viral exposure in utero compared with control dyads. Prenatal infection was associated with significantly lower birth weight and postnatal weight growth. Conclusions: Data suggest a higher frequency of vertical transmission for RSV than SARS-CoV-2. Intrauterine exposure is associated with fetal inflammation driven by soluble inflammatory mediators, with expression profiles dependent on the virus type and affecting the rate of viral transmission. Virus-induced inflammation may have pathological consequences already in the first days of life, as shown by its effects on birth weight and postnatal weight growth.

Connecting G protein-coupled estrogen receptor biomolecular mechanisms with the pathophysiology of preeclampsia: a review.

BACKGROUND: Throughout the course of pregnancy, small maternal spiral arteries that are in contact with fetal tissue undergo structural remodeling, lose smooth muscle cells, and become less responsive to vasoconstrictors. Additionally, placental extravillous trophoblasts invade the maternal decidua to establish an interaction between the fetal placental villi with the maternal blood supply. When successful, this process enables the transport of oxygen, nutrients, and signaling molecules but an insufficiency leads to placental ischemia. In response, the placenta releases vasoactive factors that enter the maternal circulation and promote maternal cardiorenal dysfunction, a hallmark of preeclampsia (PE), the leading cause of maternal and fetal death. An underexplored mechanism in the development of PE is the impact of membrane-initiated estrogen signaling via the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER). Recent evidence indicates that GPER activation is associated with normal trophoblast invasion, placental angiogenesis/hypoxia, and regulation of uteroplacental vasodilation, and these mechanisms could explain part of the estrogen-induced control of uterine remodeling and placental development in pregnancy. CONCLUSION: Although the relevance of GPER in PE remains speculative, this review provides a summary of our current understanding on how GPER stimulation regulates some of the features of normal pregnancy and a potential link between its signaling network and uteroplacental dysfunction in PE. Synthesis of this information will facilitate the development of innovative treatment options.

Towards Transabdominal Functional Photoacoustic Imaging of the Placenta: Improvement in Imaging Depth Through Optimization of Light Delivery.

Functional photoacoustic imaging of the placenta could provide an innovative tool to diagnose preeclampsia, monitor fetal growth restriction, and determine the developmental impacts of gestational diabetes. However, transabdominal photoacoustic imaging is limited in imaging depth due to the tissue's scattering and absorption of light. The aim of this paper was to investigate the impact of geometry and wavelength on transabdominal light delivery. Our methods included the development of a multilayer model of the abdominal tissue and simulation of the light propagation using Monte Carlo methods. A bifurcated light source with varying incident angle of light, distance between light beams, and beam area was simulated to analyze the effect of light delivery geometry on the fluence distribution at depth. The impact of wavelength and the effects of variable thicknesses of adipose tissue and muscle were also studied. Our results showed that the beam area plays a major role in improving the delivery of light to deep tissue, in comparison to light incidence angle or distance between the bifurcated fibers. Longer wavelengths, with incident fluence at the maximum permissible exposure limit, also increases fluence within deeper tissue. We validated our simulations using a commercially available light delivery system and ex vivo human placental tissue. Additionally, we compared our optimized light delivery to a commercially available light delivery system, and conclude that our optimized geometry could improve imaging depth more than 1.6×, bringing the imaging depth to within the needed range for transabdominal imaging of the human placenta.

Use of Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection and Birth Outcomes in Women Conceiving through In Vitro Fertilization.

BACKGROUND: Despite questionable evidence of benefits over conventional in vitro fertilization (IVF), intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) use has markedly increased in recent decades among couples without male factor infertility. We assessed the frequency of ICSI use and its effect on birth outcomes. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted in 141 030 women conceiving through IVF using 2006-2010 data from the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology (SART). RESULTS: Between 2006 and 2010, overall ICSI use in women conceiving through IVF increased from 68.9% to 73.1%. This increase was greater among women without male factor infertility (53.0-59.2%) than in women with male factor infertility (92.0-93.4%). Women conceiving through IVF with and without ICSI had similar rates of multiple pregnancy, preterm delivery, stillbirth, and neonatal death. However, ICSI pregnancies were associated with an increased risk of birth defects over conventional IVF (3.0% for ICSI vs. 2.5% for conventional IVF; adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2, 1.3). These increases were observed in both women conceiving through ICSI with male factor infertility (3.2% vs. 2.5%; OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.3, 1.5) and without male factor infertility (2.7% vs. 2.5%; OR 1.1, 95% CI 1.1, 1.2). CONCLUSIONS: Higher rates of birth defects were observed among women conceiving through ICSI. Since approximately half of all ICSI procedures are performed in couples without male factor infertility, ICSI may be overused in practice.

Birth Weight by Gestational Age for 76,710 Twins Born in the United States as a Result of In Vitro Fertilization: 2006 to 2010.

Objective The objective of this study was to establish twin-specific birth weight percentiles by gestational age using U.S. twin births resulting from in vitro fertilization (IVF). Study Design A retrospective analysis of birth weight by completed weeks of gestation for 76,710 twin IVF births reported to the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technologies from 2006 to 2010. Mean and median birth weights and 3rd, 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, and 97th percentiles were calculated by completed week of gestation and infant sex. Results IVF twin birth weight accelerates until term and then declines. The deceleration in twin birth weight occurs at 39 completed weeks of gestation for larger twins, those at or above the 50th percentile in weight. For smaller twins, the growth deceleration occurs earlier, at 38 weeks of gestation. IVF female and male twin birth weights for gestational age were similar to all IVF twins, showing similar decelerations near term. Conclusion Using U.S. IVF twin-specific growth charts, with known date of conception, twins demonstrate a deceleration in birth weight near term. Larger twins demonstrate a deceleration in birth weight by 39 completed weeks of gestation; smaller twins show a deceleration at 38 weeks. These data may assist in the clinical management of twins near term.

Prospective study of pregnancy and newborn outcomes in mothers with West nile illness during pregnancy.

BACKGROUND: A previous case report of West Nile virus (WNV) illness during pregnancy suggested that WNV could be a cause of congenital defects. We performed a prospective, longitudinal cohort study of pregnant women with WNV illness to increase our knowledge of the effects of WNV illness during pregnancy. METHODS: Participants were enrolled in 2005 to 2008 from pregnant women with serologically confirmed WNV illness reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Comparison was made to WNV-uninfected women, matched on maternal age and enrollment month. Pregnancy and newborn data were collected; cord blood WNV serology was obtained. Pediatric exams and the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-Third Edition (Bayley-III) were performed. RESULTS: Twenty-eight WNV-infected mothers and 25 WNV-uninfected mothers participated. Maternal demographics were similar except for a higher rate of planned pregnancies, education, and household income in the WNV-uninfected mothers. There were no differences in pregnancy and delivery characteristics except that infected mothers had a higher incidence of febrile illnesses and used more medications. Birth weight, length, head circumference, and rate of congenital malformations were similar in babies born to WNV-infected and -uninfected mothers. Follow-up physical exams were generally normal. The Bayley-III assessments, available for 17 children born to mothers with WNV illness, showed performance at or above age level across domains. CONCLUSION: The risk for adverse pregnancy and newborn outcomes in women experiencing WNV illness in pregnancy appears to be low, but future studies with larger numbers are needed to rule out a small risk. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 106:716-723, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Singleton birthweight by gestational age following in vitro fertilization in the United States.

BACKGROUND: Assisted reproductive technology has been reported to account for a disproportionate higher number of low birthweight infants, even in singleton births. Low birthweight infants occur from preterm birth, decreased intrauterine growth, or both. It is unclear whether infants conceived by in vitro fertilization (IVF) have a reduced intrauterine growth rate or intrauterine growth restriction. Growth-restricted newborns have higher perinatal morbidity and are at increased risk for adult-onset illnesses. To date, there are no national standards for birthweight percentiles by gestational week, allowing for fetal growth assessment of singletons conceived by assisted reproductive technology in the United States. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to establish US singleton IVF reference standards using birthweight percentiles by gestational age for singleton live births resulting from IVF in the United States. STUDY DESIGN: We studied birthweight by completed weeks of gestation for 93,443 singleton IVF births reported to the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technologies, 2006-2010. The third to 97th birthweight percentiles per completed week of gestation for weeks between 24 and 42 were calculated and were compared with recently published birthweight percentiles by gestational age for 3,812,730 US singleton births in 2011. RESULTS: Smoothed birthweight for gestational age charts and curves were created for all US IVF singletons and female-male singletons from 24 to 42 weeks. Over the span of 31-41 weeks of gestation, the 10th, 50th, and 90th birthweight percentile values of IVF singletons were comparable with recently published birthweight percentile values of US singletons. At 40 completed weeks of gestation, the 10th, 50th, and 90th birthweight percentiles of all IVF singletons were 3078, 3506, and 4053 g, as compared with corresponding 3005, 3499, and 4057 g of US singletons. The 10th, 50th, and 90th birthweight percentile values for female and male IVF singletons were also comparable with US female and male singletons. CONCLUSION: Birthweight percentiles per completed week of gestation of IVF and US singletons are approximately equal from 31 until 41 completed weeks, suggesting that intrauterine growth is not reduced in IVF singleton infants.

Long-term safety and efficacy of sapropterin: the PKUDOS registry experience.

The Phenylketonuria (PKU) Demographics, Outcomes and Safety (PKUDOS) registry is designed to provide longitudinal safety and efficacy data on subjects with PKU who are (or have been) treated with sapropterin dihydrochloride. The PKUDOS population consists of 1189 subjects with PKU: N = 504 who were continuously exposed to sapropterin from date of registry enrollment, N = 211 who had intermittent exposure to the drug, and N = 474 with some other duration of exposure. Subjects continuously exposed to sapropterin showed an average 34% decrease in blood phenylalanine (Phe)--from 591 ± 382 µmol/L at baseline to 392 ± 239 µmol/L (p = 0.0009) after 5 years. This drop in blood Phe was associated with an increase in dietary Phe tolerance [from 1000 ± 959 mg/day (pre-sapropterin baseline) to 1539 ± 840 mg/day after 6 years]. Drug-related adverse events (AEs) were reported in 6% of subjects, were mostly considered non-serious, and were identified in the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and nervous systems. Serious drug-related AEs were reported in ≤ 1% of subjects. Similar safety and efficacy data were observed for children<4 years. Long-term data from the PKUDOS registry suggest that sapropterin has a tolerable safety profile and that continuous use is associated with a significant and persistent decrease in blood Phe and improvements in dietary Phe tolerance.

Maternal age and preterm births in singleton and twin pregnancies conceived by in vitro fertilisation in the United States.

BACKGROUND: Among natural conceptions, advanced maternal age (≥ 35 years) is associated with an increased risk of preterm birth. However, few studies have specifically examined this association in births resulting from in vitro fertilisation (IVF). METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted in 97288 singleton and 40961 twin pregnancies resulting from fresh non-donor IVF cycles using 2006-10 data from the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology Clinic Online Reporting System. RESULTS: Rates of very early preterm (<28), early preterm (<32), and preterm birth (<37 completed weeks) decreased with increasing maternal age in both singleton and twin births (PTrend <0.01). With women aged 30-34 years as the reference, those aged <30 years were at an increased risk of all types of preterm births. The adjusted odd ratio (95% confidence interval [CI]) for very early preterm birth, early preterm birth, and preterm birth in women aged 25-29 years were 1.3 [95% CI 1.1, 1.5], 1.2 [95% CI 1.1, 1.4], and 1.1 [95% CI 1.02, 1.2] in singletons. This increased risk of preterm births among younger women was even more significant in twin births. However, women aged ≥ 35 years were not at an increased risk of any type of preterm births in both singleton and twin births. CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to natural conception, advanced maternal age is not associated with an increased risk of preterm births in pregnancies conceived by IVF. Women who seek IVF treatments before 30 years old are at higher risk of all stages of preterm births.

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus G-protein coupled receptor activates the canonical Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway.

BACKGROUND: KSHV is a tumorigenic γ-herpesvirus that has been identified as the etiologic agent of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), a multifocal highly vascularized neoplasm that is the most common malignancy associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The virus encodes a constitutively active chemokine receptor homologue, vGPCR that possesses potent angiogenic and tumorigenic properties, and is critical for KSHV pathobiology. To date, a number of signaling pathways have been identified as key in mediating vGPCR oncogenic potential. FINDINGS: In this study, we identify a novel pathway, the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway, which is dysregulated by vGPCR expression in endothelial cells. Expression of vGPCR in endothelial cells enhances the nuclear accumulation of ß-catenin, that correlates with an increase in ß-catenin transcriptional activity. Activation of ß-catenin signaling by vGPCR is dependent on the PI3K/Akt pathway, as treatment of vGPCR-expressing cells with a pharmacological inhibitor of PI3K, leads to a decreased activation of a ß-catenin-driven reporter, a significant decrease in expression of ß-catenin target genes, and reduced endothelial tube formation. CONCLUSIONS: Given the critical role of Wnt/ß-catenin signaling in angiogenesis and tumorigenesis, the findings from this study suggest a novel mechanism in KSHV-induced malignancies.

Developmental outcomes in young children born to mothers with West Nile illness during pregnancy.

BACKGROUND: West Nile virus (WNV) infection is associated with acute morbidity and mortality in adults and children. Information on the effects of maternal WNV illness during pregnancy on early childhood development is limited. This study was designed to examine the relationship between maternal WNV illness during pregnancy and birth and developmental outcomes at age 3 years. METHODS: Mother-child participants were identified using a national surveillance registry for women with WNV illness during pregnancy. Maternal and infant health data and relevant family characteristics were obtained through medical record reviews and maternal questionnaires. All infants received ophthalmologic examinations. Child development was evaluated at age 3 years using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-Third Edition (Bayley-III). RESULTS: As a group, the children's (N = 11) birth weight, head circumference, and infant ophthalmologic examination results were within age expectations; one child was born preterm (gestational age 36 weeks). Mean (SD) age at the time of Bayley-III testing was 36.7 (3.8) months. The group's mean performance on the Bayley-III was at or above age level in all domains, but one child showed a mild delay in the Adaptive domain. The variability observed in this sample (1/53 [1.9%] Domain scores < -2.0 SDs) was consistent with expectations based upon the distribution of Bayley-III Domain scores in the general population. CONCLUSION: Maternal WNV infection does not appear to be associated with global developmental delays in young children. These results are preliminary, however, and require confirmation in future research.

What is new in patient safety?: best articles from the past year.

This month, we focus on current research in patient safety. Dr. Pridjian discusses four recent publications, and each is concluded with a "bottom line" that is the take-home message. The complete reference for each can be found in on this page, along with direct links to the abstracts.

Phenylketonuria Scientific Review Conference: state of the science and future research needs.

New developments in the treatment and management of phenylketonuria (PKU) as well as advances in molecular testing have emerged since the National Institutes of Health 2000 PKU Consensus Statement was released. An NIH State-of-the-Science Conference was convened in 2012 to address new findings, particularly the use of the medication sapropterin to treat some individuals with PKU, and to develop a research agenda. Prior to the 2012 conference, five working groups of experts and public members met over a 1-year period. The working groups addressed the following: long-term outcomes and management across the lifespan; PKU and pregnancy; diet control and management; pharmacologic interventions; and molecular testing, new technologies, and epidemiologic considerations. In a parallel and independent activity, an Evidence-based Practice Center supported by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality conducted a systematic review of adjuvant treatments for PKU; its conclusions were presented at the conference. The conference included the findings of the working groups, panel discussions from industry and international perspectives, and presentations on topics such as emerging treatments for PKU, transitioning to adult care, and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulatory perspective. Over 85 experts participated in the conference through information gathering and/or as presenters during the conference, and they reached several important conclusions. The most serious neurological impairments in PKU are preventable with current dietary treatment approaches. However, a variety of more subtle physical, cognitive, and behavioral consequences of even well-controlled PKU are now recognized. The best outcomes in maternal PKU occur when blood phenylalanine (Phe) concentrations are maintained between 120 and 360 µmol/L before and during pregnancy. The dietary management treatment goal for individuals with PKU is a blood Phe concentration between 120 and 360 µmol/L. The use of genotype information in the newborn period may yield valuable insights about the severity of the condition for infants diagnosed before maximal Phe levels are achieved. While emerging and established genotype-phenotype correlations may transform our understanding of PKU, establishing correlations with intellectual outcomes is more challenging. Regarding the use of sapropterin in PKU, there are significant gaps in predicting response to treatment; at least half of those with PKU will have either minimal or no response. A coordinated approach to PKU treatment improves long-term outcomes for those with PKU and facilitates the conduct of research to improve diagnosis and treatment. New drugs that are safe, efficacious, and impact a larger proportion of individuals with PKU are needed. However, it is imperative that treatment guidelines and the decision processes for determining access to treatments be tied to a solid evidence base with rigorous standards for robust and consistent data collection. The process that preceded the PKU State-of-the-Science Conference, the conference itself, and the identification of a research agenda have facilitated the development of clinical practice guidelines by professional organizations and serve as a model for other inborn errors of metabolism.

Impact of monozygotic twinning on multiple births resulting from in vitro fertilization in the United States, 2006-2010.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the contribution of monozygotic twining to in vitro fertilization multiple births. STUDY DESIGN: We performed a retrospective analysis of the incidence of monozygotic twining in multiple births resulting from fresh embryo transfers using 2006-2010 data from the Society for Reproductive Technology Clinic Outcome Reporting System. RESULTS: The number of embryos transferred were fewer than the number of births in 0.5% (223/40950) of twin, 29% (659/2289) of triplet, and 64% (43/67) of quadruplet births resulting from transfer of fresh embryos from 2006 to 2010. In 2010, 37% of triplets and 100% of quadruplet births occurred when fewer than 3 and fewer than 4 embryos respectively were transferred. CONCLUSION: Monozygotic twinning plays a key role in the development of triplet and quadruplet pregnancies achieved through in vitro fertilization.

Prepregnancy obesity and periodontitis among pregnant females with and without gestational diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND: This study explored whether there is an association between prepregnancy obesity and periodontitis among pregnant females. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted by using data from a previous case-control study at Woman's Hospital, Baton Rouge, Louisiana. One hundred fifty-nine pregnant females were recruited at their prenatal care visits. Periodontal status was assessed through dental examinations performed at an average of 31 weeks gestation. Periodontitis was defined as the presence of one or more sites exhibiting probing depth ≥4 mm or clinical attachment level ≥4 mm. A Poisson regression with robust error variance was used to estimate risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: Prepregnancy obesity was statistically significantly associated with periodontitis during pregnancy, with obese females at 1.7 times higher risk compared with under/normal-weight females (RR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.2 to 2.3, P <0.01). There is no difference in the association between maternal obesity and periodontitis between females with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and females without GDM. CONCLUSION: There is a positive association between prepregnancy obesity and periodontitis among pregnant females.