Abdominal Parietal Metastasis from Cervical Cancer: A Review of One of the Most Uncommon Sites of Recurrence Including a Report of a New Case.

INTRODUCTION: Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women, the highest mortality being found in low- and middle-income countries. Abdominal parietal metastases in cervical cancer are a very rare entity, with an incidence of 0.1-1.3%, and represent an unfavorable prognostic factor with the survival rate falling to 17%. Here, we present a review of cases of abdominal parietal metastasis in recent decades, including a new case of a 4.5 cm abdominal parietal metastasis at the site of the scar of the former drain tube 28 months after diagnosis of stage IIB cervical cancer (adenosquamous carcinoma), treated by external radiotherapy with concurrent chemotherapy and intracavitary brachytherapy and subsequent surgery (type B radical hysterectomy). The tumor was resected within oncological limits with the histopathological result of adenosquamous carcinoma. The case study highlights the importance of early detection and appropriate treatment of metastases in patients with cervical cancer. The discussion explores the potential pathways for parietal metastasis and the impact of incomplete surgical procedures on the development of metastases. The conclusion emphasizes the poor prognosis associated with this type of metastasis in cervical cancer patients and the potential benefits of surgical resection associated with systemic therapy in improving survival rates.

The Role of Lymph Node Downstaging Following Neoadjuvant Treatment in a Group of Patients with Advanced Stage Cervical Cancer.

Background and Objectives: Cervical cancer is the fourth most frequent type of neoplasia in women. It is most commonly caused by the persistent infection with high-risk strands of human papillomavirus (hrHPV). Its incidence increases rapidly from age 25 when routine HPV screening starts and then decreases at the age of 45. This reflects both the diagnosis of prevalent cases at first-time screening and the likely peak of HPV exposure in early adulthood. For early stages, the treatment offers the possibility of fertility preservation.. However, in more advanced stages, the treatment is restricted to concomitant chemo-radiotherapy, combined, in very selected cases with surgical intervention. After the neoadjuvant treatment, an imagistic re-evaluation of the patients is carried out to analyze if the stage of the disease remained the same or suffered a downstaging. Lymph node downstaging following neoadjuvant treatment is regarded as an indubitable prognostic factor for predicting disease recurrence and survival in patients with advanced cervical cancer. This study aims to ascertain the important survival role of radiotherapy in the downstaging of the disease and of lymphadenectomy in the control of lymph node invasion for patients with advanced-stage cervical cancer. Material and Methods: We describe the outcome of patients with cervical cancer in stage IIIC1 FIGO treated at Bucharest Oncological Institute. All patients received radiotherapy and two-thirds received concomitant chemotherapy. A surgical intervention consisting of type C radical hysterectomy with radical pelvic lymphadenectomy was performed six to eight weeks after the end of the neoadjuvant treatment. Results: The McNemar test demonstrated the regression of lymphadenopathies after neoadjuvant treatment-p: <0.001. However, the persistence of adenopathies was not related to the dose of irradiation (p: 0.61), the number of sessions of radiotherapy (p: 0.80), or the chemotherapy (p: 0.44). Also, there were no significant differences between the adenopathies reported by imagistic methods and those identified during surgical intervention-p: 0.62. The overall survival evaluated using Kaplan-Meier curves is dependent on the post-radiotherapy FIGO stage-p: 0.002 and on the lymph node status evaluated during surgical intervention-p: 0.04. The risk factors associated with an increased risk of death were represented by a low preoperative hemoglobin level (p: 0.003) and by the advanced FIGO stage determined during surgical intervention (p-value: 0.006 for stage IIIA and 0.01 for stage IIIC1). In the multivariate Cox model, the independent predictor of survival was the preoperative hemoglobin level (p: 0.004, HR 0.535, CI: 0.347 to 0.823). Out of a total of 33 patients with neoadjuvant treatment, 22 survived until the end of the study, all 33 responded to the treatment in varying degrees, but in 3 of them, tumor cells were found in the lymph nodes during the intraoperative histopathological examination. Conclusions: For advanced cervical cancer patients, radical surgery after neoadjuvant treatment may be associated with a better survival rate. Further research is needed to identify all the causes that lead to the persistence of adenopathies in certain patients, to decrease the FIGO stage after surgical intervention, and, therefore, to lower the risk of death. Also, it is mandatory to correctly evaluate and treat the anemia, as it seems to be an independent predictor factor for mortality.

Low Anterior Resection Syndrome. Anatomical Changes after Anterior Rectal Resection.

In this editorial, the authors bring to the attention of surgeons a personal point of view with the intention of offering a series of anatomical arguments to explain the high rate of functional complications following ultralow rectal resections, resections dominated by faecal incontinence of various intensities. Having as a starting point the anatomy of the pelvic floor and the posterior perineum, the authors are concerned with the functional outcomes of the sphincter-saving anterior rectal resection, regarding the low and ultralow resection. Technically, a conservative surgery for low rectal cancer has been currently performed. If 25 years ago the abdominoperineal resection was the gold standard for rectal cancer located under 7cm from the anal verge, nowadays the preservation of the anal canal as a partner for colon anastomosis has been accomplished. Progressively, from a desire to preserve the normal passage of stool into the anal canal, as anatomically and physiologically as possible, the distal limit of resection was lowered to 2-4 cm from the anal verge and ultra-low anastomoses were created, within the anal sphincter complex. The stated goal: keep the oncological safety standard and, at the same time, avoid definitive colostomy. Starting from the normal anatomy of the pelvic floor and the anorectal segment, the authors take a look at the alterations of the visceral, muscular, and nerve structures as a consequence of the low anterior resection and, particularly, the ultralow anterior resection. A significant degree of functional outcomes regarding defecation, with the onset of marked disabilities of anal continence, the major consequence being anal incontinence (30-70%), have been noticed. The authors go under review for the main anatomical and physiological changes that accompany anterior rectal resection. Conclusions: Thus, the following questions arise: what is the lower limit of resection to avoid total fecal incontinence? Is total incontinence a greater handicap than colostomy or is it not? The answers cannot be supported by solid arguments at this time, but the need to initiate future studies dedicated to this problem emerges.

The Impact of Patient Characteristics, Risk Factors, and Surgical Intervention on Survival in a Cohort of Patients Undergoing Neoadjuvant Treatment for Cervical Cancer.

Introduction: Cervical cancer is among the most frequent types of neoplasia worldwide and remains the fourth leading cause of cancer death in women, a fact that raises the necessity for further development of therapeutic strategies. NCCN guidelines recommend radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy as the gold standard for locally advanced cervical cancer. Also, some studies claim that performing surgery after chemo-radiation therapy does not necessarily improve the therapeutic outcome. This study aims to determine the impact of the risk factors, various characteristics, and surgical treatment for patients in different stages of the disease on survival rate. Material and methods: Our study started as a retrospective, observational, unicentric one, carried out on a cohort of 96 patients diagnosed with cervical cancer from the surgical department of the Bucharest Oncological Institute, followed from 1 January 2019 for a period of 3 years. After the registration of the initial parameters, however, the study became prospective, as the patients were closely monitored through periodical check-ups. The end-point of the study is either the death of the participants or reaching the end of the follow-up period, and, therefore, we divided the cohort into two subgroups: the ones who survived after three years and the ones who did not. All 96 patients, with disease stages ranging from IA2 to IIIB, underwent radio-chemotherapy followed by adjuvant surgery. Results: Among the 96 patients, 45 (46%) presented residual tumor after radio-chemotherapy. Five patients (5%) presented positive resection margins at the post-operative histopathological examination. The presence of residual tumor, the FIGO stage post-radiotherapy, positive resection margins, and lympho-vascular and stromal invasions differed significantly between the subgroups, being more represented in the subgroup that reached the end-point. Variables correlated with the worst survival in Kaplan-Meier were the pelvic lymph node involvement-50% at three years (p-0.015)-and the positive resection margins-only 20% at three years (p < 0.001). The univariate Cox model identified as mortality-associated risk factors the same parameters as above, but also the intraoperative stage III FIGO (p < 0.001; HR 9.412; CI: 2.713 to 32.648) and the presence of post-radiotherapy adenopathy (p-0.031; HR: 3.915; CI: 1.136 to 13.487) identified through imagistic methods. The independent predictors of the overall survival rate identified were the positive resection margins (p-0.002; HR: 6.646; CI 2.0 to 22.084) and the post-radiotherapy stage III FIGO (p-0.003; HR: 13.886; CI: 2.456 to 78.506). Conclusions: The most important predictor factors of survival rate are the positive resection margins and the FIGO stage after radiotherapy. According to the NCCN guidelines in stages considered advanced (beyond stages IB3, IIA2), the standard treatment is neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. In our study, with radical surgery after neoadjuvant therapy, 46% of patients presented residual tumor at the intraoperative histopathological examination, a fact that makes the surgical intervention an important step in completing the treatment of these patients. In addition, based on the patient's features/comorbidities and the clinical response to chemotherapy/radiotherapy, surgeons could carefully tailor the extent of radical surgery, thus resulting in a personalized surgical approach for each patient. However, a potential limitation can be represented by the relatively small number of patients (96) and the unicentric nature of our study.

Preliminary study of some of the main intratumor stroma components in gastric carcinomas.

AIM: The relationship between stromal compartment and tumor behavior in gastric carcinomas is still poorly understood and defined. Therefore, the authors started, with this preliminary study, an analysis of stromal compartment morphology and behavior in tumors arising from gastric mucosa epithelium. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study group included 75 patients operated for gastric carcinoma. Five parameters describing tumor morphology and behavior and eight parameters describing tumor stroma (TS) morphology were assessed. Histopathological examination included six serial sections of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor tissue samples, stained with three classical stains and three antibodies to reveal the different parameters. For data comparison, Pearson's correlation test and the chi-squared (χ²) correlation test were used. RESULTS: Studied tumors were, usually, infiltrating, undifferentiated∕diffuse type, invasive in subserous spaces and with a Ki67 index higher than 20%. Collagen fibers dominated the stromal components, with a predominance of mature type and an average fibrillary index of 2.7. The whole amount of stromal components accounted for around one quarter of the tumor area. Mature collagen fibers were in opposite correlation with their immature counterpart, and both were in opposite correlation with smooth muscle fibers and expressed an opposite trend of correlation with components of vascular compartment. The whole amount of stromal components had divergent behavior with the components of vascular compartment. The latter expressed generally an opposite trend of correlation with individual fibrillary stromal components. We found only isolated relationships statistically significant between stromal components and tumor characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: TS is in a continuous remodeling process in relation to the evolution of tumor parenchyma, tumors less differentiated proving to have an immature stroma, with newly formed collagen fibers and higher vascular density. Further studies are required.

Choledochal Lithiasis. Multidisciplinary Therapeutic Target. Past and Present.

Introduction: Cholelithiasis still remains one of the most frequent pathologies encountered in surgical practice. The authors review the stages which marked the evolution of the treatment of choledochal lithiasis (CL) during the last 50 years, based on their own experience. From the exclusively surgical choledochus, we have reached a multidisciplinary therapy in which both endoscopy and interventional radiology have found their place. Material and Method: The authors studied 2 groups of patients: Group 1 included patients from the period 1959-1997 (38 years - 982 cases of choledocholithiasis) who underwent classical surgery. Group 2 included patients treated between 1997-2017 (20 years â?" 347 cases) in whom both endoscopic surgery and classic surgery were used to obtain choledochal clearance. The types of choledochal lithiasis (CL) according to which the method of obstruction clearance was decided upon and chosen are presented here. Results: All the patients in group 1 underwent classical surgery, representing 9.8% of operations for biliary lithiasis. In group 2, classical surgery was recorded in 23.4% of patients, and endoscopic surgery in 76.6% of them. We mention that there was no laparoscopic approach for the treatment of CL due to the absence of experience. In group 2 we recorded 26.3% endoscopic failure, while in the classical approach group there was 12.3% failure of obstruction clearance, the solution being biliodigestive anastomoses. Conclusions: The authors propose three categories of therapeutic indications in CL. A first category is represented by the "endoscopic choledochus", which includes migrated lithiasis. A second category is the "surgical choledocus". It is the situation of complex and complicated lithiases. Finally, there would be a third category - the "lithogenic choledocus". This last group includes the most aggressive lithiases with repeated relapses, panlithiases, etc. For categories 2 and 3, endoscopic - laparoscopic clearance attempts have no chance of success or are even contraindicated.

Portrait of the Inflammatory Response to Radioiodine Therapy in Female Patients with Differentiated Thyroid Cancer with/without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

No clinical studies have investigated the effect of radioiodine (131I)-targeted therapy on the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) as inflammatory response markers in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity. This study aimed to assess the relationship between blood radioactivity, body mass index (BMI), and peripheral blood cells three days after 131I intake in 56 female patients without T2DM (DTC/-T2DM) vs. 24 female patients with T2DM (DTC/+T2DM). Blood radioactivity, measured three days after 131I intake, was significantly lower in the DTC/+T2DM than in the DTC/-T2DM patients (0.7 mCi vs. 1.5 mCi, p < 0.001). The relationship between blood radioactivity and BMI (r = 0.83, p < 0.001), blood radioactivity and NLR (r = 0.53, p = 0.008), and BMI and NLR (r = 0.58, p = 0.003) indicates a possible connection between the bloodstream 131I uptake and T2DM-specific chronic inflammation. In patients without T2DM, 131I therapy has immunosuppressive effects, leading to increased NLR (19.6%, p = 0.009) and PLR (39.1%, p = 0.002). On the contrary, in the chronic inflammation context of T2DM, 131I therapy amplifies immune metabolism, leading to a drop in NLR (10%, p = 0.032) and PLR (13.4%, p = 0.021). Our results show that, in DTC/+T2DM, the bidirectional crosstalk between neutrophils and obesity may limit 131I uptake in the bloodstream. Considering the immune response to 131I therapy, the two groups of patients can be seen as a synchronous portrait of two sides. The explanation could lie in the different radiosensitivity of T and B lymphocytes, with T lymphocytes being predominant in patients with DTC/-T2DM and, most likely, B lymphocytes being predominant in T2DM.

Current Therapeutic Approaches in Cervical Cancer Based on the Stage of the Disease: Is There Room for Improvement?

Cervical cancer continues to be among the most common malignancies in women, and in recent decades, important measures have been taken to reduce its incidence. The first and most important steps to achieve this goal are oriented toward prevention through screening programs and vaccination, mainly against oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) strains 16 and 18. The therapeutic approach is based on the diagnosis and treatment guidelines for cervical cancer, which establish for each stage (FIGO, TNM) specific conduct. These guidelines summarize quite precisely the elements of therapeutic practice, but, in some places, they leave optional variants based on which nuanced approaches could be established. Adherence to these guidelines, which include the performing of minor or major surgery, with or without chemotherapy and radiation therapy, combined with advanced imaging investigations, has been able to lead to a substantial increase in survival. The purpose of this literature review is to discuss the diagnosis and treatment options in cervical cancer depending on the histological type, FIGO staging, and patient performance index, taking into account the hospital resources available in middle-income countries (percentage of gross domestic product allocated to health services around 5.5%, in the case of Romania).

Correlation Studies between S100 Protein Level and Soluble MIA or Tissue MelanA and gp100 (HMB45) Expression in Cutaneous Melanoma.

(1) Background: Cutaneous melanoma (CM) originates from melanocytes and causes 90% of skin cancer deaths; therefore, the comparison of different soluble and tissue markers could be valuable in the detection of melanoma progression and therapy monitoring. The present study is focused on the potential correlations between soluble S100B and MIA protein levels in different melanoma stages or with tissue expression of S100, gp100 (HMB45), and MelanA biomarkers. (2) Methods: Soluble S100B and MIA levels were evaluated by means of immunoassay methods in blood samples from 176 patients with CM, while tissue expressions of S100, MelanA, and gp100 (HMB45) were detected by means of immunohistochemistry in 76 melanomas. (3) Results: Soluble S100B correlated with MIA in stages III (r = 0.677, p < 0.001) and IV (r = 0.662, p < 0.001) but not in stages I and II; however, 22.22% and 31.98% of stage I and II patients, respectively, had high values for at least one of the two soluble markers. S100 tissue expression correlated with both MelanA (r = 0.610, p < 0.001) and HMB45 (r = 0.476, p < 0.01), while HMB45 and MelanA also significantly positively correlated (r = 0.623, p < 0.001). (4) Conclusions: Blood levels of S100B and MIA corroborated with melanoma tissue markers expression could help to improve the stratification process for patients with a high risk of tumor progression.

Specific Septic Complications after Rectal Cancer Surgery: A Critical Multicentre Study.

The postoperative septic complications in gastrointestinal surgery impact immediate as well as long-term outcomes, which lead to reinterventions and additional costs. The authors presented the experience of three surgery clinics in Romania regarding the specific septic complications occurring in patients operated on for rectal cancer. The study group comprised 2674 patients who underwent surgery over a 5-year period (2017-2021). Neoplasms of the middle and lower rectum (76%) were the majority. There were 85% rectal resections and 15% abdominoperineal excisions of the rectum. In total, 68.54% of patients were operated on laparoscopically, and 31.46% received open surgery. Without taking wound infections into account, 97 (3.67%) patients had abdominal-pelvic septic complications. The aim was to evaluate the causes of the complications. The percentage of suppurations after surgery of the rectum treated by radiochemotherapy was considerably higher than after surgery of the non-radiated upper rectum. The fatality rate was 5.15%. The risk of fistulas was significantly associated with the preoperative treatment, tumour position and type of intervention. Sex, age, TNM stage or grade were not significant at 0.05 the threshold. The risk of fistulas is reduced with low anterior resection, but the gravity of these complications is higher in the lower rectum compared with the superior rectum. Preoperative radiochemotherapy is a contributing factor to septic complications.

A novel step-by-step training program for transanal endoscopic surgery.

BACKGROUND: The objective of our study is to develop an effective training platform for transanal endoscopic surgery and to validate a step-by-step training program for learning the basic skills necessary for this approach. METHODS: We have designed a two-part study: an experimental study (with the aim to design the training platform and the training exercises - on synthetic and biological material) and a prospective analytical study, in order to validate the training program by enrolling as participants general surgery residents and specialists, without previous experience in transanal endoscopic interventions. The performance of the participants was assessed based on the time of completion, as well as the quality of the execution. RESULTS: We have developed three different diameter platforms (5 cm, 7.5 and 10 cm), that can be used with both the TEO and TAMIS platforms; specific exercises were developed to train different surgical skills like manipulation of tissue, cutting, dissection and suturing. Forty participants were enrolled for the validation of the proposed training program (12 young residents, 16 senior residents and 12 specialist surgeons). A statistically significant improvement of the performance time, from round to round, was observed for all participants in all exercises. The time of completion for the exercises, considering the correct technical execution, was the shortest for more experienced surgeons: specialist surgeons, followed by senior residents and young residents. The biological material exercises, that closely recreate intraoperative conditions and had more strict technical requirements, were difficult to be performed by young residents; better completion rates were seen in senior residents, while all the participants in the specialist surgeons group have completed these exercises. CONCLUSIONS: Our training program is an effective simulation based educational model for recreating intraoperative conditions particular to transanal endoscopic surgery. The proposed step-by-step training program has demonstrated to be useful in developing the important basic skills needed for transanal endoscopic surgery and assured the progress of all the participants, regardless of their surgical experience.

Augmented Reality in Surgical Oncology. A Literature Review.

Introduction: Augmented reality (AR) devices enable doctors to associate visualizing diagnostic data, to establish therapeutic procedures in order to improve work efficiency and safety and to develop the surgical training of young doctors. This new approach may contribute to an increase in the quality of medical training and a decrease in the costs of surgeries. This paper assesses whether augmented reality can improve the results of surgical procedures as well as its possible progress in the future. Methods and results: The intra-operative use of augmented reality by using Google Glass glasses, on which we projected MRI/CT images of the anatomical areas invaded by tumors and/or images of normal anatomy, helps us to perform surgeries, as well as to present them as teaching material. We have also performed a review of the available literature, beginning with 2011 and ending with November 2021, by looking up the terms "augmented reality" and "surgical oncology" in PubMed. The results of the search were 308 studies in this field which prove the utility of the method. Many papers show that the performance of the augmented reality systems is superior and compatible with traditional imaging techniques. Conclusions: The specialty literature reveals a growing interest on the part of surgeons regarding the use of augmented reality during surgery. This procedure enables the improvement of the safety and efficiency of surgical techniques, as well as their presentation to students and residents alike. The method is innovative and has to be carefully approached before being introduced into routine practice.

The Portosystemic Shunt for the Control of Variceal Bleeding in Cirrhotic Patients: Past and Present.

Based on an experience of more than 50 years in the treatment of portal hypertension (PHT), the authors review and analyze the evolution of the surgical portocaval shunt (PCS). We would like to provide an insight into the past of PCS, in order to compare it with the current state of the treatment of PHT complications. As a landmark of the past, we shall present statistics of more than 500 cases of PHT operated between 1968 and 1983. From this group, 238 patients underwent surgical portocaval shunting during a fifteen-year period. The behavior of the portal hemodynamics following PCS was studied and the postoperative decrease in portal pressure (PP), as well as the residual PP, were recorded. The portal manometric determinations were made by electronic recordings using the Hellige device and direct intraoperative recordings through the catheterization of a ramus in the portal area. The results of PCS are superposable, in terms of hemodynamic efficiency, with those of the intrahepatic shunt (TIPS-transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt). The authors discuss the current place of PCS, in obvious decline in comparison with the situation 50 years ago. The current methods of controlling variceal bleeding represent obvious progress. PCS remains with very limited indications, in specific situations when the other therapeutic methods have failed or are not recommended.

Primary Non-Hodgkin Uterine Lymphoma of the Cervix: A Literature Review.

Introduction: Non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) comprise 85% of the total lymphomas diagnosed, with the histological type of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL) being the most prevalent in adults. In about 40% of cases, the location is extranodal. Uterine cervix lymphomas of this type are extremely rare (0.5-1.5%) and represent a diagnostic challenge. A case of DLBCL of the cervix is presented here along with a review of the literature. Materials and methods: A 75-year-old patient was referred with a bleeding vegetant tumour occupying her entire vagina. The histological and pathological investigations performed following the tumour biopsy indicated a malignant, diffuse, vaguely nodular lymphoid tumour proliferation. The immunohistochemistry results were in favour of a diffuse B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (DLBCL). CHOP (Cyclophosphamide, Hydroxydaunorubicin (also called doxorubicin or adriamycin), Oncovin (vincristine), Prednisone or Prednisolone) polychemotherapy and radiotherapy were effective and resulted in tumour regression (from 3.4 cm to tumour disappearance, with the cervix returning to normal size). Conclusions: The uterine cervix lymphoma prognosis is more conservative than that for a nodal lymphoma, mainly due to a later diagnosis determined via immunohistochemistry. Chemotherapy is the main treatment.

Unusual Complicated Gastric Ulcers.

We here draw attention to a practical issue: the approach to certain unusual gastric ulcers with haemorrhage- or perforation-induced complications. This category of ulcers, i.e., giant (over 2-3 cm) and multiple ulcers, is rarely encountered. We discuss the circumstances determining the occurrence of such lesions, their diverse aetiology and pathogenesis, their common manifestations, and the severity of their evolution. Some of the lesions are benign (chronic or acute ulcers), whereas others are neoplastic: carcinoma, stromal tumours, and lymphomas. In gastric ulcers, the characteristics of this particular and rare category of lesions strictly places them in the surgical field, requiring primary surgical intention. Conservative treatments are not effective in such cases, and preoperative biopsies are not appropriate for emergency interventions. Whether these unusual ulcers are benign or malign, they need to be surgically removed.

The Management of Axillary Lymph Nodes in Breast Cancer - A Retrospective Single-Centre Study.

Introduction: We are presenting the experience of our centre with the surgical treatment of breast cancer, by comparing the use of axillary node dissection with sentinel lymph node biopsy (SNLB). Methods: We have made a retrospective analysis of breast cancer cases in the Surgical Oncology Clinic no. 1, "Alexandru Trestioreanu" Oncology Institute, Bucharest, in the period between December 2019 and December 2020. We are presenting the situations in which axillary node dissection can be replaced with SNLB and the limitations of this method. Results: Although the use of SNLB has advantages compared to axillary node dissection, it is limited by the early detection of breast cancer and by the necessity of adding axillary dissection to surgical treatment in the case of positive SNLB. Conclusions: The replacement of axillary node dissection with SNLB is a desideratum for the following decades in view of an optimal treatment of early-stage breast cancer, with fewer postoperative complications and a better life quality.

Idiopathic Retroperitoneal Fibrosis.

The world of surgery has been concerned with idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis (RPF) ever since 1948, when J. K. Ormond published the first case of ureteral stenosis following a retroperitoneal scleroinflammatory process due to unknown reasons. Until 1960, 82 such cases were reported in the literature. The authors present two new cases of RPF, located exclusively in the pelvic (subperitoneal) compartment of the retroperitoneal space. The literature on this subject is reviewed, current etiological theories are mentioned and treatment opportunities are discussed.

The Value of C Reactive Protein and the Leukocytes in the Peritoneal Fluid in the Predicting Postoperative Digestive Fistulas.

Anastomotic fistulas in digestive surgery are a severe complication of the patient. The identification of paraclinical laboratory investigations which would allow an early diagnosis of fistulas would lead to the optimization of patient's management. We have performed a retrospective study on 100 cancer patients, with digestive tract surgeries, between May 2016 and December 2017, in the First Clinic of General surgery and Surgical Oncology from the Bucharest Oncology Institute. The postoperative follow-up included: the testing of the C reactive protein (CRP ), and also the monitoring of the number of leukocytes (Ld) from the abdominal cavity, with probes taken from the drainage tube, all in association with the number of leukocytes in the blood (Ls) in all patients (with or without digestive fistula). By calculating the values of these tests and comparing them always with the clinical evolution of the patients, and sometimes with other tests as well, one would confirm an early diagnosis of fistula. The data obtained have shown that in patients with digestive fistulae there is a rapid growth and maintaining of increased values of serum PCR and of the leukocytes from the peritoneal cavity, values to which we associated also an increase in blood leukocytes. The modifications appear with approx. two days before the appearance of clinical signs or their confirmation through imagery (ultrasound, computed tomography). The regular and standardized follow-up in days 1, 3 and 5 postoperatively of the PCR value in blood, of the number of leukocytes in the abdominal cavity and of the serum leucocytosis, increasing the value of these parameters, could allow the early identification of the patients with a risk of fistula and the rapid selection of those which need supplementary investigations and/or surgical intervention.

A Rare Case of a Testicular Teratoma Associated with a Neuroendocrine Tumour.

Introduction: We report a rare case of testicular teratoma combined with a neuroendocrine tumour, emphasizing the difficulty of the following aspects: the clinical and laboratory diagnosis, the treatment options and the evolution of patients suffering from this disease. Case presentation: The patients with testicular neuroendocrine tumours represent a rarity, considering that as of 2017, only 22 cases had been reported in the literature. The case operated on in our clinic presents an association between a testicular teratoma and a neuroendocrine tumour. A 39-year-old patient was admitted in our Department for a non-painful abdominal tumour and concomitant testicular tumour. The serum tumour markers (-human chorionic gonadotropin, -phetoprotein and lactate dehydrogenase) were within normal limits. Lung and bone metastases were diagnosed CT scan. The histopathological diagnosis consisted of immunohistochemical study of the orchidectomy specimen as well as of the bioptic material from bone marrow puncture. Conclusions: The diagnosis of testicular carcinoids is based on immunohistochemistry study. Radical orchidectomy is the only potentially curative treatment for this type of malignancy. Adjuvant chemotherapy determined size reduction of the lung and bone metastases and the disappearance of the lymph node metastases.

Postoperative Investigations Resulting in Cost Reduction in Oncological Patients Undergoing Major Abdominal and Pelvic Surgery.

AIM: Rising costs in health care are of progressively growing interest and a major factor affecting hospitalization costs is represented by postoperative complications. Complications of Major Abdominal Surgery (MAS) are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. This study estimates the costs of postoperative care associated with complications. Material and Methods: We performed a retrospective study on 254 patients admitted to the 1st General and Oncological Surgery Clinic of the Bucharest Oncology Institute who were submitted to MAS. The total hospitalization, complications and treatment costs were analysed. Results: For a patient undergoing MAS, the average costs for surgery without complications are 5,791.3 RON and reach an average of 20,806 RON after major complications. CONCLUSION: The results provide insight into the costs of hospitalization for oncology patients submitted to surgical interventions. Complications occur in 20.86% of patients undergoing MAS and account for 50% of total care costs. Establishing and implementing a protocol aimed at early diagnosis and treatment of specific complications could lead to a decrease in morbidity and mortality, as well as of the costs of hospitalization.