[Dietary interview: a useful tool for data collection]. / Entrevista dietética. Herramientas útiles para la recogida de datos.

Dietary interview is a very useful tool in the process of evaluating the nutritional state of a person and, of course, in the process of dietary counseling, particularly in the case of patients suffering from chronic conditions. The complexity of gathering information at individual or population level requires different models of questionnaires and tools to enhance the identification of the data collected. The current paper is based on the consensus document about dietary interview, made by a working group created during the 1st Meeting of the Spanish Dietitians' and Nutritionists' Association held in Barcelona 2002.

Entrevista dietética. Herramientas útiles para la recogida de datos / Dietary interview: a useful tool for data collection

La entrevista dietética es una herramienta imprescindible en el proceso de evaluación del estado nutricional del individuo y, por supuesto, en cualquier planteamiento de intervención dietética, especialmente en el abordaje de tratamientos dietéticos en enfermos crónicos. La complejidad de la recogida de información tanto a nivel individual como en estudios nutricionales poblacionales, requiere de modelos de cuestionarios consensuados y de herramientas que faciliten la identificación de la información recogida. El siguiente artículo se ha basado en el documento de consenso sobre entrevista dietética, elaborado por un grupo de trabajo constituido durante el I Congreso de la Asociación Española de Dietistas y Nutricionistas, Barcelona, 2002 (AU)

Dietary interview is a very useful tool in the process of evaluating the nutritional state of a person and, of course, in the process of dietary counseling, particularly in the case of patients suffering from chronic conditions. The complexity of gathering information at individual or population level requires different models of questionnaires and tools to enhance the identification of the data collected. The current paper is based on the consensus document about dietary interview, made by a working group created during the 1st Meeting of the Spanish Dietitians’ and Nutritionists’ Association held in Barcelona 2002 (AU)

Perfil de las competencias profesionales del diplomado en nutrición humana y dietética / Profile of profesional skills and abilities of the graduate in nutrition and dietetics

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Intestinal amino acid and monosaccharide transport in suckling pigs fed milk replacers with different sources of carbohydrate.

Omnivorous mammals are able to adaptively modulate rates of intestinal nutrient transport to match changes in diet. Because adaptive responses during suckling, when dietary composition is relatively constant, have not been adequately determined, we measured in vitro sugar and amino acid uptake [nmol/(mg tissue.min)] in suckling pigs fed milk replacers with either lactose (LAC) or a 60:40 mixture of maltodextrin and sucrose (MDS). The MDS-fed pigs initially grew slower, but had intestinal dimensions similar to those of LAC-fed siblings when normalized to body weight. Carrier-mediated uptake for three monosaccharides (glucose, galactose, fructose) did not differ between LAC- and MDS-fed pigs at 5, 10, 15 and 20 d of age. Interdiet differences in rates of leucine and proline uptake, despite identical types and concentration of protein in both milk replacers, are indicative of non-specific responses to diet during suckling. Uptake capacities (grams of monosaccharide absorbed per 24 h) never exceeded estimates of monosaccharide intake by more than fourfold and were less than aldohexose intake during early suckling. Our results indicate 1) age-related changes in rates of nutrient uptake are genetically programmed and little influenced by diet; 2) any responses to diet are nonspecific and likely involve a shift in the timing of the genetic program; and 3) at birth and throughout suckling, pigs are capable of absorbing limited quantities of alternative nutrients.

HgCl2 inhibition of Na-independent L-proline transport in chicken proximal cecum.

The proximal cecum of 5- and 13-wk-old chickens takes up L-proline (Pro) by two saturable pathways that differ in their requirement of Na+. The kinetic properties of Pro influx in cecal segments incubated in Na(+)-free conditions, have been studied and the effect of HgCl2 on the uptake process has been tested. Experiments were carried out using an in vitro everted-sleeve method. Kinetic parameters were estimated by nonlinear regression analysis. One min Pro fluxes in tissues incubated in presence of HgCl2 fit a straight line, indicating that a Na-independent saturable component was inhibited. Estimated Kd* values are the same in 5- and 13-wk-old chickens, 0.023 +/- 0.001 and 0.027 +/- 0.001 microliters.mg-1 x min-1, respectively. HgCl2-sensitive fluxes fit a Michaelis hyperbola, with similar Km* values, 4.85 +/- 1.86 (5-wk) and 9.47 +/- 3.0 (13-wk) mmol/l. However, Vmax* in 5-wk chickens (0.662 +/- 0.053 nmol.mg-1 x min-1) is higher than in 13-wk birds (0.420 +/- 0.039), in accordance with previous results. The present data give further support to the existence of a Na-independent L-proline carrier in the chicken proximal cecum which is inhibitable by HgCl2.

Postnatal development of monosaccharide transport in pig intestine.

In vitro brush-border transport of three monosaccharides by pig intestine was studied as a function of postnatal age from immediately after birth before suckling to after weaning. Rates of transport normalized to tissue weight or surface area for glucose (Glc), galactose (Gal), and fructose (Fru) were highest at birth, with a steep decline after the onset of suckling, probably caused by any combination of three or more factors: reduced transporter site density, shifts in relative abundances of different monosaccharide transporters, and/or changes in activities of individual transporters. Whereas highest rates of Glc and Fru transport shifted from proximal to midintestine after weaning, Gal transport remained highest in proximal intestine. Postnatal increases in Km values for Gal, but not Glc, indicate there are multiple aldohexose transporters that undergo separate developmental trajectories. The presence of Fru transport in neonatal pigs may reflect a more advanced state of development than neonatal rats and rabbits, or may be an adaptation for early weaning. Changes in Fru-to-Glc and Gal-to-Glc transport ratios before weaning suggest transporter development is partly genetically hard-wired, apparently to prepare pigs for weaning. Curiously, Fru-to-Glc transport ratios were lower than those of rat and rabbit, but closely paralleled those of the carnivorous cat.

Transport of L-proline and alpha-methyl-D-glucoside by chicken proximal cecum during development.

We examined the characteristics of amino acid and sugar absorption by the proximal cecum (PC) of chickens during posthatch development. Rates of absorption of L-proline (Pro) and alpha-methyl-D-glucoside (MG) were measured at 2 days, 5 wk, and 13 wk after hatch with an in vitro everted-sleeve method. For each age, pieces of PC and midjejunum were incubated in solutions containing 0.1-50 mM Pro or MG, and the active and passive components of Pro and MG absorption were determined. Five conclusions may be stated. 1) There are two carrier-mediated transport systems for Pro in the PC: a higher capacity Na(+)-dependent system (Vmax between 1.6 and 3.2 nmol.mg-1.min-1), and a lower capacity Na(+)-independent system (Vmax 0.3-0.8 nmol.mg-1.min-1). 2) Whereas both Pro transport systems are present in the PC at 5 and 13 wk, only the Na(+)-dependent system was found at 2 days. Although rates of transport per milligram tissue by the Na(+)-dependent system fell during development, when rates were normalized to nominal surface area, Vmax was significantly higher in the 5-wk-old group than in the other groups. 3) MG transport is by a Na(+)-dependent system. Vmax values (nmol.mg-1.min-1) were 0.32 (2 days), less than 0.43 (5 wk), and = 0.55 (13 wk). These differences were not affected by normalization to surface area. 4) Because at physiological concentrations passive influx of Pro and MG would be negligible, absorption of amino acids and sugars by the PC would be dependent on the presence of carrier-mediated systems.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)