Influence of eNOS gene polymorphism on cardiometabolic parameters in response to physical training in postmenopausal women.

The health-promoting effects of exercise training (ET) are related to nitric oxide (NO) production and/or its bioavailability. The objective of this study was to determine whether single nucleotide polymorphism of the endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) gene at positions -786T>C, G894T (Glu298Asp) and at the variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) Intron 4b/a would interfere with the cardiometabolic responses of postmenopausal women submitted to physical training. Forty-nine postmenopausal women were trained in sessions of 30-40 min, 3 days a week for 8 weeks. Genotypes, oxidative stress status and cardiometabolic parameters were then evaluated in a double-blind design. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure values were significantly reduced after ET, which was genotype-independent. However, women without eNOS gene polymorphism at position -786T>C (TT genotype) and Intron 4b/a (bb genotype) presented a better reduction of total cholesterol levels (-786T>C: before = 213 ± 12.1, after = 159.8 ± 14.4, Δ = -24.9% and Intron 4b/a: before = 211.8 ± 7.4, after = 180.12 ± 6.4 mg/dL, Δ = -15%), and LDL cholesterol (-786T>C: before = 146.1 ± 13.3, after = 82.8 ± 9.2, Δ = -43.3% and Intron 4b/a: before = 143.2 ± 8, after = 102.7 ± 5.8 mg/dL, Δ = -28.3%) in response to ET compared to those who carried the mutant allele. Superoxide dismutase activity was significantly increased in trained women whereas no changes were observed in malondialdehyde levels. Women without eNOS gene polymorphism at position -786T>C and Intron 4b/a showed a greater reduction of plasma cholesterol levels in response to ET. Furthermore, no genotype influence was observed on arterial blood pressure or oxidative stress status in this population.

Influence of eNOS gene polymorphism on cardiometabolic parameters in response to physical training in postmenopausal women

The health-promoting effects of exercise training (ET) are related to nitric oxide (NO) production and/or its bioavailability. The objective of this study was to determine whether single nucleotide polymorphism of the endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) gene at positions -786T>C, G894T (Glu298Asp) and at the variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) Intron 4b/a would interfere with the cardiometabolic responses of postmenopausal women submitted to physical training. Forty-nine postmenopausal women were trained in sessions of 30-40 min, 3 days a week for 8 weeks. Genotypes, oxidative stress status and cardiometabolic parameters were then evaluated in a double-blind design. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure values were significantly reduced after ET, which was genotype-independent. However, women without eNOS gene polymorphism at position -786T>C (TT genotype) and Intron 4b/a (bb genotype) presented a better reduction of total cholesterol levels (-786T>C: before = 213 ± 12.1, after = 159.8 ± 14.4, Δ = -24.9 percent and Intron 4b/a: before = 211.8 ± 7.4, after = 180.12 ± 6.4 mg/dL, Δ = -15 percent), and LDL cholesterol (-786T>C: before = 146.1 ± 13.3, after = 82.8 ± 9.2, Δ = -43.3 percent and Intron 4b/a: before = 143.2 ± 8, after = 102.7 ± 5.8 mg/dL, Δ = -28.3 percent) in response to ET compared to those who carried the mutant allele. Superoxide dismutase activity was significantly increased in trained women whereas no changes were observed in malondialdehyde levels. Women without eNOS gene polymorphism at position -786T>C and Intron 4b/a showed a greater reduction of plasma cholesterol levels in response to ET. Furthermore, no genotype influence was observed on arterial blood pressure or oxidative stress status in this population.

Polynomial modeling for the identification of lactate minimum velocity by different methods.

AIM: The lactate minimum (LM) protocol has been used to assess aerobic fitness and to predict exercise intensity associated with the maximal blood lactate steady state. The aim of this study was to compare different methods to identify the lactate minimum velocity (LMV) on cycling. METHODS: Fourteen male cyclists (26.8+/-4.5 years; 173.2+/-6.1 cm; 67.3+/-5.2 kg; 5,8+/-2.9 years of training) performed the LM test in a velodrome. The protocol consisted of an all out 2 km time trial to elevate blood lactate (bLAC), followed by 8 min of recovery and then 6 bouts of 2 km starting 5 kmxh(-1) below the individual mean velocity for the 6 km performance. The velocity was incremented by 1 kmxh(-1) at each bout with 25 microL of capillary blood being collected for bLAC measurements (YSI 2700 STAT). The LMV was identified visually (vLMV), and by applying a second grade polynomial function on 6 (pLMV(6)) and 3 (pLMV(3)) incremental bouts. Additionally, a method where the bLACx work velocity(-1) quotients (LMVQ) were plotted against the correspondent velocity during the incremental test, identified the LMV by considering 6 (LMVQ(6)) or 3 bouts (LMVQ(3)). RESULTS: ANOVA showed no differences between vLMV (33.1+/-2.5 kmxh(-1)), pLMV(6) (32.9+/-2.5 kmxh(-1)), pLMV(3) (33.2+/-2.3 kmxh(-1)), LMVQ(6) (32.8+/-2.5 kmxh(-1)) and LMVQ(3) (33.4+/-2.3 kmxh(-1)), with high correlation among them. CONCLUSIONS: It was possible to identify the LMV by the methods proposed in the present study, even when the results of only 3 bouts of the test were modeled by polynomial function. Such an approach enables a more practical and economical test in addition to minimizing the discomfort due to several blood collections.