Risk factors associated with enzootic bovine leukosis in Boyacá and Cundinamarca municipalities, Colombia.

Background: Enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) is a lymphoproliferative disorder caused by the bovine leukemia virus (BLV), a virus of the Retroviridae family. The infection is distributed worldwide, and a high percentage of animals infected by the BLV are asymptomatic and act as carriers of the virus in many cattle populations. Aim: To identify the risk factors associated with EBL in the municipalities of Boyacá and Cundinamarca (Colombia). Methods: A simple descriptive cross-sectional study with random sampling was conducted. A total of 1,140 blood samples were taken from cattle (females and males) from the municipalities of Chiquinquirá, Ubaté, and San Miguel de Sema of different breeds and age groups. The samples were processed using the commercial ELISA SERELISA® BLV Ab Mono Blocking kit (sensitivity 97%, specificity 98%). The data were processed with the statistical programs WinEpi and Epi Info® version 7.2.4.0, estimating the prevalence ratio, implementing the chi-square test (p ≤ 0.05) and logistic regression. Results: A true prevalence (TP) and apparent prevalence (AP) of 23.61% and 22.7% in Ubaté, 19.22% and 18.1% in Chiquinquirá, and 15.61% and 14.3% in San Miguel de Sema, respectively, were established. Bovines 2-4 years old were the most prevalent in Ubaté and Chiquinquirá (37.5% and 21.21%, respectively), while in San Miguel de Sema individuals >4 years had the highest percentage of antibodies (18.3%). The Holstein breed had a higher prevalence in Ubaté and San Miguel de Sema (26.02% and 19.67%), and crossbreeds were more BLV-seroprevalence in Chiquinquirá (20.20%). In Ubaté, re-use of needles was identified as a risk factor, contaminated blood in needles is considered one of the main routes of transmission. On the other hand, manual milking was identified as a risk factor in San Miguel de Sema. Conclusion: The non-implementation of an individual needle per animal in Ubaté; the Holstein breed and manual milking in San Miguel de Sema were identified as risk factors for the presence of antibodies against the disease. EBL prevention and control plans should be established that focus on the implementation of management and sanitary practices based on herd biosecurity.

Seroprevalence and risk factors of bovine fasciolosis in the municipalities of Colombia.

Background and Aim: Bovine fasciolosis is a reemerging neglected disease with a worldwide distribution caused by the trematode Fasciola spp., which parasitize various hosts. Bovine fasciolosis is responsible for large economic losses in the bovine livestock sector. This study aimed to estimate the seroprevalence and risk factors of bovine fasciolosis in the municipalities of Colombia. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study with simple random sampling conducted on 1140 cattle from the municipalities of Chiquinquirá, San Miguel de Sema, and Ubaté for a duration of 3 months. Serum samples were processed using the commercial Fasciola hepatica Antibody Test Kit IDEXX® Fasciolosis Verification (IDEXX, United States), which identified immunoglobulin G antibodies for gf2 antigen purified from Fasciola extracts. The f2 antigen is extremely immunogenic and highly specific for F. hepatica. An epidemiological survey was performed to record variables related to the sampled animals and herd management practices. Data were processed using the statistical program Epi Info® (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Atlanta, Georgia). The prevalence ratio was estimated to evaluate the association between fasciolosis and the hypothesized causal factors and the significance of this association using Pearson's Chi-square test. Finally, a logistic regression model was developed. Results: The overall seroprevalence was 72.3%. The seroprevalence was 83.9% (323/385) in Chiquinquirá, 68.17% (257/377) in Ubaté, and 64.55% (244/378) in San Miguel de Sema. The seroprevalence was higher in male animals in Chiquinquirá and in female animals in San Miguel de Sema and Ubaté. Similarly, sex showed a statistically significant association with disease prevalence in Ubaté. The highest prevalence was found in cattle aged >2 years. The Holstein breed showed maximum seroprevalence in Chiquinquirá (p ≤ 0.05) and San Miguel de Sema, whereas crossbreed showed higher seroprevalence in Ubaté. Similarly, in Chiquinquirá, the association between the seroprevalence of fasciolosis and the presence of other species was statistically significant (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.9601-3.4944; p = 0.0448). In Ubaté, the disease presentation was also associated with pasture rental (95% CI: 0.4047-1.0023; p = 0.003) and attendance to livestock expositions (95% CI: 0.2313-1.0636; p = 0.044). However, in San Miguel de Sema, water from the stream showed a statistically significant association with disease presentation (95% CI: 0.5209-1.0985; p = 0.00649785). Female sex and diarrhea occurrence were considered risk factors for fasciolosis. Conclusion: A high seroprevalence of antibodies to Fasciola spp. was detected in cattle in the study municipalities, indicating a high parasite distribution in these areas. Female sex and diarrhea were established as risk factors associated with fasciolosis in Ubaté and San Miguel de Sema, respectively. Further, research is necessary to establish prevention and control programs against parasitosis.

Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with bovine herpesvirus 1 in dairy herds of Colombia.

Background and Aim: Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) is an infectious disease widely distributed globally and is considered the main cause of various reproductive and respiratory tract diseases in cattle and buffaloes. This study aimed to estimate seroprevalence and determine risk factors associated with the presentation of IBR in the municipality of Sotaquirá, Boyacá (Colombia). Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study with simple random sampling was performed, and the sample size was 1,000 cattle. Blood samples were obtained by coccygeal venipuncture and processed through indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using the Synbiotics® kit (Zoetis, New Jersey, USA) with a sensitivity and specificity of 96% and 98%, respectively. Data were processed using the statistical program EpiInfo® (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Atlanta, Georgia). Results: A high seroprevalence of 57.5% was established. Seroprevalence was the highest in cattle >4 years of age (65.0% apparent seroprevalence [AS]; 67% true seroprevalence [TS]) and in the Holstein breed (65.5% AS; 67.8% TS). The breed and age of the animals were significantly associated with each other. The Holstein breed, age group >4 years, uncertified semen, and fetal death were established as risk factors for IBR. In comparison, the age groups of <1 and 1-2 years and the Normande breed were established as protective factors against the bovine herpesvirus-1 virus. Conclusion: Management factors, such as livestock from other owners and animal purchases, which affect disease presentation, are evident. The implementation and development of novel prevention and control measures for IBR at the national level are necessary.

Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with the presence of bovine leptospirosis in the municipality of Sotaquirá, Colombia.

Background: Bovine leptospirosis is a zoonotic, infectious, and cosmopolitan disease of worldwide distribution, caused by the spirochete Leptospira spp., which has been diagnosed in humans; domestic mammals, such as dogs, sheep, goats, swine, horses and cattle; and wild animals. It is considered a significant cause of economic losses in livestock because it causes infertility, abortion and reduced milk production. Aim: To establish the prevalence and the main risk factors associated with Leptospira spp. in cattle in the municipality of Sotaquirá, Colombia. Methods: An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study with simple random sampling was carried out. 1,000 cattle of Ayrshire, Holstein, Jersey, Normande, Zebu, and crossbreeds were sampled. Blood samples were taken by coccygeal venipuncture and processed by microscopic agglutination technique; animals were considered positive when titers were ≥1:100. The data obtained were processed with the statistical program EpiInfo®. Results: A general apparent prevalence (AP) of 16% (160/1,000) was established, where the crossbreeds (20.5% AP), the 2-4 years age group (17% AP), and the serovars Leptospira interrogans serogroup Pomona (5.1%) and L. interrogans serogroup Sjroe serovar Hardjo (3.4%) presented the highest seropositivity. The variables barnyard, artificial insemination, and use of certified semen were identified as protective factors against the disease, while diarrhea was considered a risk factor. Conclusion: The prevalence in this study is within the range of those reported at the national level; however, it is essential to establish plans to control and prevent the disease.

Determinación de anticuerpos antidiarrea viral bovina (DVB) en vacas lecheras de un municipio de Boyacá (Colombia) / Determination of Antibodies against Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) in Diry Cows in a Municipality of Boyacá (Colombia)

Resumen La diarrea viral bovina (DVB) es una patología infecciosa generada por un pestivirus de distribución mundial, causante de problemas reproductivos y pérdidas económicas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue establecer la positividad al virus de diarrea viral bovina (vDVB) en vacas del municipio de Tuta (Boyacá, Colombia), y analizar los grupos etarios, raciales y las variables reproductivas y de manejo como posibles factores de riesgo. Se tomaron 374 muestras de sangre, a las cuales se les realizó la prueba ELISA indirecta, implementando el kit Serelisa® BVD p80 Ab Mono Blocking; los datos se procesaron con EpiInfo®. Se encontró una seroprevalencia del 41,7 %. Los cruces raciales y los bovinos >4 años presentaron la seroprevalencia más alta. Los animales >4 años (p= 0,0000001922) presentaron asociación estadística con la presencia de la enfermedad, y se consideró factor de riesgo para vDVB. Se deben establecer programas de control y prevención que dificulten su diseminación en la zona.

Abstract Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is an infectious pathology generated by a pestivirus of worldwide distribution, which causes reproductive problems and economic losses. The objective of this study was to establish bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) positivity in cows from the municipality of Tuta (Boyacá, Colombia), and to analyze age and racial groups and reproductive and management variables as possible risk factors. A total of 374 blood samples were taken and the indirect ELISA test was performed using the Serelisa® BVD p80 Ab Mono Blocking kit; the data were processed with EpiInfo®. A seroprevalence of 41.7% was found. Crossbreds and cattle >4 years had the highest seroprevalence. Animals >4 years old (p= 0.0000001922) were statistically associated with the presence of the disease and were considered a risk factor for BVDV. Control and prevention programs should be established to hinder its dissemination in the area.

Serodiagnóstico de Paratuberculosis en bovinos del municipio de Sogamoso, Boyacá (Colombia) / Serodiagnosis of Paratuberculosis in cattle of the municipality of Sogamoso, Boyacá (Colombia) / Serodiagnóstico da paratuberculose no gado do municipio de Sogamoso, Boyacá (Colômbia)

RESUMEN La Paratuberculosis Bovina (PTB) o Enfermedad de Johne, es una infección del tracto gastrointestinal causada por Mycobacterium avium, subespecie paratuberculosis (Map), que se caracteriza por generar enteritis granulomatosa crónica y linfadenitis en rumiantes. La preocupación más relevante en relación con la importancia de la PTB es su posible vínculo con la Enfermedad de Crohn (EC) en humanos, sin embargo, esta asociación aún está bajo investigación. Se determinó la seroprevalencia de PTB en el municipio de Sogamoso (Boyacá), donde se recolectaron 604 muestras de sangre, cuyo suero fue procesado mediante la técnica de ELISA indirecta con el kit comercial PARACHEK® 2 KIT (Prionics, Suiza). La seroprevalencia fue de 10,9% (66/604), donde el grupo etario de 2 a 3 años y la raza Jersey fueron los de mayor seroprevalencia. Se encontró asociación estadística significativa (p≤0,05) entre la edad de los individuos evaluados y el suministro de concentrado. La seroprevalencia encontrada indica que se está produciendo una transmisión activa de la enfermedad y que las medidas de control disponibles no están siendo llevadas a cabo o no son lo suficientemente efectivas.

ABSTRACT Bovine Paratuberculosis (BPT), or Johne's Disease, is an infection of the gastrointestinal tract caused by Mycobacterium avium, subspecies paratuberculosis (Map), which is characterized by chronic granulomatous enteritis and lymphadenitis in ruminants. The most relevant concern regarding the importance of BPT is its possible link to Crohn's disease (CD) in humans, however this association is still under investigation. The seroprevalence of BPT was determined in the municipality of Sogamoso (Boyacá), where 604 blood samples were collected, their serum was processed by the indirect ELISA technique with the commercial PARACHEK® 2 KIT (Prionics, Switzerland), following the manufacturer's instructions. The seroprevalence was 10,9% (66/604), with the 2 to 3 years age group and the Jersey breed having the highest seroprevalence. A significant statistical association was found (p≤0,05) with the age of the individuals tested and the supply of concentrate. The seroprevalence found indicates that active transmission of the disease is taking place, and that the available control measures are not being carried out or are not effective enough.

RESUMO A Paratuberculose Bovina (PTB) ou Doença de Johne é uma infecção do trato gastrointestinal causada pela Mycobacterium avium subespécie paratuberculosis (Map), caracterizada por gerar enterite granulomatosa crónica e linfadenite em ruminantes. A preocupação mais relevante em relação à importância do PTB é seu possível vínculo com a Doença de Crohn (DC) em seres humanos, no entanto, essa associação ainda está sob investigação. A soroprevalência do PTB foi determinada no município de Sogamoso (Boyacá), onde foram coletadas 604 amostras de sangue, cujo soro foi processado pela técnica ELISA indireta com o kit comercial PARACHEK® 2 KIT (Prionics, Suíça). A soroprevalência foi de 10,9% (66/604), onde a faixa etária de 2 a 3 anos e a raça Jersey foram as que apresentaram maior soroprevalência. Foi encontrada associação estatisticamente significante (p≤0,05) com a idade dos indivíduos avaliados e o suprimento de concentrado. A soroprevalência encontrada indica que a transmissão ativa da doença está ocorrendo e que as medidas de controle disponíveis não estão sendo realizadas ou não são eficazes o suficiente.

Determinación de Rinotraqueítis Infecciona Bovina (BHV-1) en el municipio de Toca, Boyacá / Determination of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (BHV-1) in the municipality of Toca, Boyacá / Determinação de Rinotraqueíte Infecciosa Bovina (BHV-1) na municipalidade de Toca, Boyacá

Resumen Introduction La Rinotraqueítis Infecciosa Bovina (RIB) es una enfermedad infectocontagiosa que afecta principalmente a bovinos y bufalinos, encontrándose ampliamente distribuida a nivel mundial, siendo una de las principales causas de perdidas económica y físicas en las producciones. Objetivo. determinar la prevalencia de la Rinotraqueítis Infecciosa Bovina (BHV-1) en el municipio de Toca, Boyacá. Materiales y métodos. Se recolectaron 350 muestras de sangre Bovina, las cuales fueron procesadas en el laboratorio de la Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, mediante un kit comercial de ELISA. Resultados. La prevalencia para IBR, en el municipio de Toca, Boyacá, fue de 65,5%. No se encontró relación significativa con las variables estudiadas como abortos, distocias, no gestantes, repetición de celos, entre otras. Conclusión. La Rinotraqueítis Infecciosa Bovina es una de las principales causas de pérdidas económicas y físicas en las diversas producciones, sin embargo, no siempre es la principal causa de alteraciones reproductivas presentes en los bovinos.

Abstract Introduction Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) is an Infectious contagious disease that mainly affects cattle and bufalin, being widely distributed worldwide, being one of the main causes of economic and physical losses in production. Objective. Determine the prevalence of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (BHV-1) in the municipality of Toca, Boyacá. Materials and methods. 350 Bovine blood samples were collected, which were processed in the laboratory of Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, through a commercial kit of ELISA. Results. The prevalence for IBR, in the municipality of Toca, Boyacá, was 65.5%. No significant relationship was found with the variables studied such as abortions, dystocias, non-pregnant cattle, repetition of estrus, among others. Conclusion. Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis is one of the main causes of economic losses in the various productions, however, it is not always the main cause of reproductive alterations present in Bovines.

Resumo Introdução A Rinotraqueíte Infecciosa Bovina (RIB) é uma doença infectocontagiosa que afeta principalmente os bovinos e bufalinos, estando amplamente distribuída a nível mundial, sendo uma das principais causas de perda económica e física nas produções. Objetivo. Determinar a prevalência da Rinotraqueíte Infecciosa Bovina (BHV-1) no município de Toca, Boyacá. Materiais e métodos. Recolheram-se 350 amostras de sangue de bovinos, que foram processadas no laboratório da Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, pelo kit comercial de ELISA. Resultados. A prevalência de IBR, no município de Toca, Boyacá, foi de 65,5 %. Não se encontrou relação significativa com as variáveis estudadas como abortos, distocias, não gestantes, repetição de cios, entre outras. Conclusão. A Rinotraqueíte Infecciosa Bovina é uma das principais causas de perda económica e física nas diversas produções, no entanto, não sempre é a principal causa de alterações reprodutivas presentes nos bovinos.

[Nematodes with zoonotic potential in parks of the city of Tunja, Colombia]. / Nematodos con potencial zoonótico en parques públicos de la ciudad de Tunja, Colombia.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the presence of parasites with zoonotic potential in major parks in the city of Tunja, Boyacá. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty eight parks in the city were selected, where 124 samples of feces of dogs and soil were collected with the help of a spatula, gathering approximately 150 g per sample. They were processed by the method of concentration of Ritchie modified making the identification of parasitic forms in an optical microscope. RESULTS: A 60.7% of the parks were positive to nematodes in samples of canine fecal material and 100% on soil. Found nematodes were eggs and larvae of Toxocara spp., Ancylostoma spp., Trichuris vulpis and Strongiloides spp. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated the potential risk of transmission of zoonoses caused by nematodes in canines and for the need to strengthen public health measures to reduce the risk shows the population exposed to such zoonoses.

Nematodos con potencial zoonótico en parques públicos de la ciudad de Tunja, Colombia / Nematodes with zoonotic potential in parks of the city of Tunja, Colombia

Objetivo. Identificar la presencia de parásitos con potencial zoonótico en los principales parques de la ciudad de Tunja, Boyacá, Colombia. Material y métodos. Se seleccionaron 28 parques de la ciudad en los que se recogieron 124 muestras de materia fecal de perros y muestras de suelo con ayuda de una espátula; se reunieron aproximadamente 150 g por muestra. Cada una de las muestras fue procesada por el método de concentración de Ritchie modificado, con lo que se realizó la identificación de formas parasitarias en microscopía óptica. Resultados. 60.7% de los parques resultaron positivos a nematodos en muestras de materia fecal de canino y 100% en tierra. Los nematodos encontrados fueron huevos y larvas de Toxocara spp, Ancylostoma spp, Trichuris vulpis y Strongiloides spp. Conclusión. Este estudio demostró el riesgo potencial de la transmisión de zoonosis causadas por nematodos de caninos y la necesidad de reforzar las medidas de salud pública para disminuir el riesgo de la población expuesta a dichas zoonosis.

Objective. To identify the presence of parasites with zoonotic potential in major parks in the city of Tunja, Boyacá. Materials and methods. Twenty eight parks in the city were selected, where 124 samples of feces of dogs and soil were collected with the help of a spatula, gathering approximately 150 g per sample. They were processed by the method of concentration of Ritchie modified making the identification of parasitic forms in an optical microscope. Results. A 60.7% of the parks were positive to nematodes in samples of canine fecal material and 100% on soil. Found nematodes were eggs and larvae of Toxocara spp., Ancylostoma spp., Trichuris vulpis and Strongiloides spp. Conclusion. This study demonstrated the potential risk of transmission of zoonoses caused by nematodes in canines and for the need to strengthen public health measures to reduce the risk shows the population exposed to such zoonoses.