Typhonium flagelliforme extract induce apoptosis in breast cancer stem cells by suppressing survivin.

CONTEXT: Breast cancer stem cells (bCSCs) are a small population of cancer-initiating cells within breast cancer, characterized as CD44+ CD24-/low. bCSCs develop apoptosis resistance by expressing survivin and suppressing caspase-9 and caspase-3 expression. Typhonium flagelliforme tuber extract (TFTe) can induce apoptosis in several types of cancer cells; however, the effects of TFTe to induce the bCSCs remain unclear. AIMS: This study aimed to investigate the effects of TFTe on apoptosis induction in bCSCs through the suppression of survivin and the exhibition of caspase-9 and caspase-3. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: This study employed a posttest only, control group design. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: To analyze the apoptotic index, TFTe, at concentrations of 25 (Tf1d), 50.89 (Tf2d), and 100 µg/mL (Tf3d) were used to treat bCSCs for 24 h, in a humidified incubator containing 5% CO2, at 37°C. The control group was exposed to dimethyl sulfoxide. Apoptosis was measured by propidium iodide and acridine orange double-staining, and the expression levels of survivin, caspase-9, and caspase-3 were assessed by immunocytochemistry. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Differences were analyzed by the independent Student's t-test, to compare two groups, and the Kruskal-Wallis test, to compare more than two groups. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: TFTe inhibited bCSC proliferation, with an IC50 value of 50.89 µg/mL, and significantly induced apoptosis in bCSCs (P < 0.001). TFTe also significantly decreased the expression levels of survivin in bCSCs (P < 0.001) and increased the expression levels of caspase-9 and caspase-3 (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: TFTe can induce apoptosis in bCSCs by decreasing survivin expression levels and increasing the levels of caspase-9 and caspase-3.

The effect of low-level light therapy on orthodontic tooth movement rate, heat shock protein 70, and matrix metallopreteinase 8 expression: Animal study.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of low-level light therapy (LLLT) on orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) rate, heat shock protein 70 (HSP-70) expression, and matrix metalloproteinase 8 (MMP-8) expression. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this experimental study twenty-four male guinea pigs were randomly divided into three groups (n = 8): control group (K) without orthodontic force and LLLT; treatment group 1 (T1) with orthodontic force, and treatment group 2 (T2) with orthodontic force and LLLT. The labial surfaces of both maxillary central incisors in treatments groups were installed with single-wing bracket before being inserted with close coil spring to give 10 g/cm2 orthodontic force. For the T2 group, 4 J/cm2 of LLLT was administered in the mesial-distal and labial-palatal regions for 3 min every day. On day 14, the gap between teeth was measured and immunohistochemistry staining was done to determine HSP-70 and MMP-8 expression. Data were analyzed using (IBM, New York, (ANOVA), followed by Turkey's HSD test to determine the differences between groups. Nonnormal distributed data would be analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by Mann-Whitney test with P < 0.05 being performed. RESULTS: The gap between teeth in the T2 group was greater compared to T1 group (P = 0.00). However, there was a significant decrease of HSP-70 and MMP-8 expression in T2 group compared to T1 group in the tensile and compressive sides. CONCLUSION: LLLT intervention during orthodontic treatment could accelerate OTM rate and decreased HSP-70 and MMP-8 expression both in tension and in compressive side. Thus, LLLT interventions can be used as adjuvant therapy to shorten orthodontic treatment duration.

The Role of Low-Intensity Biostimulation Laser Therapy in Transforming Growth Factor ß1, Bone Alkaline Phosphatase and Osteocalcin Expression during Orthodontic Tooth Movement in Cavia porcellus.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to analyze the low-intensity laser therapy (LILT) biostimulation mechanism as adjuvant therapy within orthodontic treatment as a means of accelerating bone remodeling by transforming growth factor ß1 (TGF-ß1), bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP), and osteocalcin (OSC) expression. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An analytical experimental method incorporating a posttest only randomized the control group design. The sample consisted of 24 3- to 4-month-old male Cavia porcellus weighing between 300 and 500 g divided into three groups (group 1: control, group 2: received orthodontic treatment, and group 3: received orthodontic treatment with irradiation LILT). LILT biostimulation at a dose of 4 joule/cm2 was performed daily for 3 min on the mesial-distal labial-palatal of the first dextra and sinistra incisor for 2 weeks. The TGF-ß1, BALP, and OSC expression was subjected to immunohistochemical analysis. An analysis of variance with multiple comparison, a Tukey's honestly significant difference test, a Kruskal-Wallis test, and a Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test were all performed (p < 0.05). RESULTS: TGF-ß1 expression was significantly different (p = 0.047; p < 0.05) in the tension area, but not in the compression side (p = 0.154; p > 0.05). BALP expression was significantly different in both the tension (p = 0.009) and compression areas (p = 0.005; p < 0.05). OSC expression was significantly different (p = 0.034; p < 0.05) in the tension side, but not in the compression area (p = 1.194; p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: LILT biostimulation can increase TGF-ß1, BALP, and OSC expression during orthodontic tooth movement.

GENOTYPING OF HUMAN PAPPILOMAVIRUS IN CERVICAL PRECANCEROUS LESION AND SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA AT DR. SOETOMO HOSPITAL, SURABAYA, INDONESIA.

BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer caused by human papilloma virus (HPV), is the second most common cancer for women. This cancer is distributed worldwide, with ~80% of cases are found in the developing countries. In Indonesia, data of HPV genotypes are still limited and do not represent all regions of the country. Thus, here we report genotyping of HPV samples collected from the Dr. Soetomo Hospital Surabaya Indonesia patients, in 2013. MATERIALS AND METHOD: A cross sectional study was performed using 68 paraffin blocks of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cervix. RESULT: This study showed that HPV genotypes found in LSIL samples are HPV 16, 18, 6/33 or 68/72. Furthermore, those in HSIL are HPV 16, 18, 52, 59, 67, 6/18, 6/45, 16/67, 26/61, or 52/67, while in SCC are HPV 16, 18, 45, 52, 56, 16/18 or 16/45. Single-genotype infection, i.e. by HPV 16, 18, 45, 52, 56, 59, or 67, was observed in 86.77% (59/68) of samples, whereas multiple-genotype infections, i.e. by HPV 6/18, 6/33, 6/45, 16/18, 16/45, 16/67, 26/61, 52/67, or 68/72, was found in 13.23% (9/68) of the samples. CONCLUTIONS: The mostly HPV genotype identified in this study is HPV 16 (62.68%), then followed by HPV 18 (20.9%), HPV 45 (5.97%), 52 (5.97%), and 67 (4.48%). HPV 16 and 18 have used as vaccine, and HPV 45 has cross reaction with HPV 18, then HPV 52 and 67 should be considered as the second-generation HPV vaccines.

Soluble Fas Ligand as a Potential Marker of Severity of Dengue Infection.

BACKGROUND: The apoptosis of microvascular endothelial cells causes plasma leakage in dengue haemorrhagic fever patients. The soluble Fas ligand is a protein with molecular weight of 40 kDa that acts as a mediator of apoptosis. This study aimed to prove whether soluble Fas ligand can be used as a potential marker to predict the severity of dengue infection by comparing the soluble Fas ligand levels in dengue fever (DF) and dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) patients early in the course of illness. METHOD: This was a prospective study. It included 42 dengue patients (22 DF patients and 20 DHF patients) and 20 healthy people as a control group. The soluble Fas ligand was measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULT: Soluble Fas ligand was increased significantly (P < 0.001) in DHF patients (median = 130.19, IQR = 36.26) compared to DF patients (median = 104.73, IQR = 53.94) and the control group (median = 87.16, IQR = 24.91). CONCLUSION: Soluble Fas ligand can be used as a potential marker to predict the severity of dengue infection in the early course of the illness. However, a larger sample size and further objective studies are needed to confirm these findings.