[SEROTONERGIC REGULATION OF IMMUNITY. PART I].

The review describes the influence of serotonin (5-HT) and its receptor, transporter SERT and nuclear factor Nf-kB on the immune function of the body, particularly in the digestive tract. The mechanisms of the synthesis, metabolism and catab. olism of 5-HT are characterized. The targets for serotonin on cell level are immunoactive cells--neutrophils, eosinophils, leukocytes, monocytes and dendritic cells. Receptor and non-receptor described mechanisms of action of peripheral serotonin are described. immunoactive cells express on their membrane 5 HT1A-5-HT1E-5-HT2A-5-HT3-, 5-HT4- and 5-HT7-serotonin receptor subtypes. Activation of these receptors modulate the release of TNF-α, secretion of interleukins IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8/CXCL8, IL-12p40. Mediators of the non-receptor mechanisms are transporter SERT, tryptophan hydroxylase-1 and nuclear factor Nf-kB. Target-genes for Nf-kB are genes encoding cytokines. The cooperation of non/receptory pathways involved 5-HT1A- and 5-HT3 receptors. It is concluded that the diversity of ways of peripheral serotonin on the immune function of the body are existed.

[NERVOUS REGULATION OF BILIARY TRACT MOTILITY].

Aim: The study of mechanisms of regulation of biliary tract motility by divisions of autonomic nervous system (ANS). Material and methods: Experiments were carried out on rabbits, chinchillas weighing 3.5-4 kg using gentle methods of treatment of experimental animals. Electromotor activity of electromotor (EMA) of the gallbladder and sphincter of Oddi was recorded. Irritation of the nerve produces an electrical pulse duration of 2 ms, the amplitude of 1.5-15 V, frequency of 10 Hz. Results: The mechanism of vagal inhibition of sphincter of Oddi motility and unidirectional stimulatory influence of ANS divisions on the motility of the gallbladder and sphincter of Oddi was studied. It was established that in the mechanism of vagal inhibition of sphincter of Oddi motility involved intramural adrenergic neurons synaptically connected with preganglionic parasympathetic fibers. At the stimulatory effect of vagus on biliary tract motility serotonergic intramural neurons are involved transmitting excitation to serotonin receptors of effector tissue.

[THE MOTILITY OF THE COLON WITH THE CONTRACTILE ACTIVITY OF THE GALLBLADDER IN PATIENTS WITH EXTENSIVE RESECTION OF THE COLON AND ENTERAL NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT].

The aim of investigation--to study the motor function of the colon and gall bladder after hemicolectomy. Electromyog- raphy is the method to study motility of gastrointestinal tract. This method allow to assess the condition of the motor func- tions of the various parts of the intestine, and also to compare, in particular, the motility of the colon with the contractile activity of the gallbladder in patients with extensive resection of the colon (the right- or left-sided hemicolectomy). In 19 patients with hemicolectomy clinical symptoms are marked reduction in body weight, pain along the colon and constipa- tion. These manifestations are correlate with the contractile activity of the gall bladder and colon. Electromyography reveal the presence of some spastic contraction of the gallbladder dyskinesia, hypomoving activity of the ascending portion of the colon, which clinically correspond with constipation. As the nutritional preparation, the corrective nutrient mixture for enteral administration was used for patients after hemicolectomy. The ixture administration produced the recovery of frequency and amplitude of the slow waves of the bowel electromyogram.

[THE DIGESTIVE TRACT MOTILITY AND NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT WITH POSTGASTRORESECTIONAL SYNDROME].

The variety of clinical manifestations operated stomach fits in the sequence of pathological syndromes: dumping and hypoglycemic syndromes, postgastroresectional post gastrectomy anemia, afferent loop syndrome, postoperative dystrophy, reflux esophagitis, a syndrome of "small" stomach, and hypoglycemic syndrome. Aim--to elucidate the role of disorders of motor function of the gastrointestinal tract in postgastroresectional syndromes and their correction. The nutrient administration reduced a motor function level of the stomach, restore motor function of the duodenum and ascending colon intestine, normalize ino- and chronotropic relations in the smooth muscles of the sigmoid colon.

[Osteoporosis correction in experiment].

Osteoporosis is simulated in rats by chronic administration of omeprazole or serotonin for 6 months; investigated bone status in the model of liver fibrosis and the administration of serotonin against liver fibrosis. The following experimental groups of rats: with bilateral ovariectomy, with bilateral ovariectomy and administration of omeprazole, with the introduction of serotonin, with serotonin administration and bilateral ovariectomy, with model of liver fibrosis, with liver fibrosis model and administration of serotonin were used. The content of Ca, P, alkaline phosphatase, albumin, serum creatinine, and the content of Ca, P, Mg andFe in the bone was determined. It was found that the administration of mesenchymal stromal cells reduces the severity of osteoporosis. The effects of alfacalcidol on experimental osteoporosis was investigated. Introduction of alfacalcidol in all experimental groups increased the bone formation.

[Prolactin and serotonin].

An overview of the results of studies on prolactin (PRL) is given. The molecular and genetic characteristics of PRL and its receptor (PRLR) are presented. The PRLR polymorphism in patients with tumors of the breast is described. Synthesized analogues of human PRL inhibited its peripheral effects. The vegetative nervous system modulate PRL secretion. PRL is a risk factor for breast and prostate cancer. The signaling mechanisms of PRL and its possible clinical use in therapy of breast cancer are characterized.

Experimental osteoporosis and its correction.

Osteoporosis was modeled in rats by chronic (6 months) treatment with omeprazole or serotonin, and bone tissue status was studied in experimental hepatic fibrosis and during serotonin treatment under conditions of hepatic fibrosis. Serum levels of calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, albumins, and creatinine and bone tissue levels of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and iron were measured. Treatment with mesenchymal stem cells over 6 months reduced the severity of osteoporosis.

[Serotonergic regulation of the immune system].

The paper presents evidence on the important contribution of the peripheral serotonin system in the process of immunomodulation. The main components of the system - serotonin, receptors and serotonin transporter - are described. Possible mechanisms of serotonin regulation of activity of immune cells - lymphocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells - are reviewed.

[Gastroprotective effect of honey and bee pollen].

The effect of honey and pollen for an experimental gastric ulcer in rats by electromyography was investigated Okabe ulcer by applying the 100% acetic acid in the gastric serosa was simulated. Honey and pollen prevent the development of painful gastric motility, which confirms its gastroprotective action.

[Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the correction of experimental ulcerative colitis].

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs influence the electromyogram of smooth muscle of ileum, the cecum and the ascending portion of the colon in rats during ulcerative colitis was investigated. It was shown that COX-2 inhibitors normalized the electromotor activity of ileo-ascendo complex, lowered infiltration of round cells in mucous-submucosal tissue and blood flow.

[Gastroesophageal reflux disease model].

The model of gastroesophageal reflux disease by administration of 0.2-0.25 ml of a 1% solution of methylene blue to fundal division of rat stomach was created. After 1-5 minutes electromotor activity of the lower third of the esophagus was observed. Mucosa staining was noted.

[Serotonergic regulation of motor activity of duodenum].

Objective--find the possible role of serotonin in the regulation of motor activity of the duodenum. It is shown that the activation of ganglionic 5-HT4, 5-HT3 receptors and 5-HT1--and 5-HT2 receptors of effector cells is accompanied by changes in electromotor activity of the intestine. Blockade of these receptors to varying degrees inhibit stimulatory effect of serotonin.

[Peptidergic and serotoninergic regulation of the pancreas].

The paper contain the literature and own experimental data on peptid/serotoninergic regulation of pancreatic activity. Peptid- and serotoninergic mechanisms of regulation of pancreas activity are described. The experimental data on serotonin influence on pancreatic duct motility under pancreatitis are given.