The tst gene associated Staphylococcus aureus pathogenicity island facilitates its pathogenesis by promoting the secretion of inflammatory cytokines and inducing immune suppression.

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is an important pathogen causing various limited or systemic infections. Methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in particular presents a major clinical and public health problem. Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) encoded by the gene tst is an important virulence factor of tst positive S. aureus, leading to multi-organ malfunction. However, the mechanism of TSST-1 in pathogenesis is only partly clear. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of the tst gene in clinical isolates of S. aureus. Then, animal experiments were performed to further evaluate the influence of the presence of the tst gene associated Staphylococcus aureus Pathogenicity Island (SaPI) on body weight, serum cytokine concentrations and the bacterial load in different organs. In addition, macrophages were used to analyze the secretion of cytokines in vitro and bacterial survival in the cytoplasm. Finally, pathological analysis was carried out to evaluate organ tissue impairment. The results demonstrated that the prevalence of tst gene was approximately 17.8% of the bacterial strains examined. BALB/c mice infected with tst gene associated SaPI positive isolates exhibited a severe loss of body weight and a high bacterial load in the liver, heart, kidney and spleen. Pathological analysis demonstrated that tissue impairment was more severe after infection with tst gene associated SaPI positive isolates. Moreover, the secretion of IL-6, IL-2 and IL17A by macrophages infected with tst gene associated SaPI positive isolates clearly increased. Notably, IL-6 secretion in BALB/c mice infected with tst gene associated SaPI positive isolates was higher than that in BALB/c mice infected with negative ones. Together, these results indicated that the tst gene associated SaPI may play a critical role in the pathological process of infection via a direct and persistent toxic function, and by promoting the secretion of inflammatory cytokines that indirectly induce immune suppression.

HIV-1 diversity in infected individuals in Suzhou and Suqian, China.

Jiangsu is one province with severe HIV-1 epidemic in China. However, the molecular epidemiological characterizations of HIV-1 in many cities of Jiangsu remain unclear. A molecular epidemiological investigation was performed based on 38 HIV-positive samples collected from Suzhou and Suqian during 2011-2013. Five HIV-1 genomic fragments, p17, pol, vif-vpr, vpr-env, and C2V3 were amplified and sequenced from these samples. HIV-1 group M subtype of each sample was determined by phylogenetic analyses with the standard reference sequences. Among these infected individuals, 81.6 % (31/38) self-reported to be infected via sexual contacts, including 50.0 % (19/38) via heterosexual contact and 31.6 % (12/38) via homosexual contact. Among 34 samples with available pol or vif-env sequence, 19 (55.9 %) CRF01_AE, 7 (20.6 %) CRF07_BC, 3 (8.8 %) CRF08_BC, and 5 (14.7 %) inter-subtype recombinants were identified. No pure B, B' and C subtypes were found in this cohort. The five recombinants contain one B/C, three CRF01/B and one CRF01/B/C recombinants. These results suggest that CRF01_AE was the most predominant HIV-1 group M subtype and CRF01_AE-involved recombinants were the major recombinant forms. Comparison showed that there was no obvious difference in HIV-1 group M subtype distribution between Jiangsu (including Suzhou and Suqian) and the surrounding provinces (e.g., Shanghai, Anhui, and Shandong). CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC were the top two predominant HIV-1 genotypes in Jiangsu, and less and/or no pure subtype B and C was currently circulating here. We predicted that more CRF01/CRF07 recombinants, but fewer B/C recombinants will be generated in Jiangsu in future.

Therapeutic Effect of Chenodeoxycholic Acid in an Experimental Rabbit Model of Osteoarthritis.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a slowly progressive joint disease typically seen in middle-age to elderly people. At present, there is no ideal agent to treat OA. Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) was a principal active constituent from animal bile. However, the therapeutic effect of CDCA on OA severity was largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic effect of intra-articular injection of CDCA in a rabbit OA model. OA was induced in experimental rabbits by anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) and then rabbits were intra-articularly injected with CDCA (10 mg/kg or 50 mg/kg) once per week for 5 weeks. The results showed that CDCA significantly decreased cartilage degradation on the surface of femoral condyles, reducing the pathological changes of articular cartilage and synovial membrane by macroscopic and histological analysis. CDCA also significantly decreased bone destruction and erosion of joint evaluated by micro-CT. Furthermore, CDCA could markedly reduce the release of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3), interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in synovial fluid. These observations highlight CDCA might be a potential therapeutic agent for OA.

Decreasing cartilage damage in a rat model of osteoarthritis by intra-articular injection of deoxycholic acid.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this experimental study was to evaluate the effect of intra-articular injection of Deoxycholic acid (DCA) on articular cartilage and subchondral bone following induction of knee Osteoarthritis (OA) in a rat model. METHODS: Twenty-four Sprague Dawley rats were randomized divided into 4 groups (n = 6). Eighteen of the 24 rats underwent surgical destabilization of the medial meniscus on the right knee joints to induce OA, were divided into 3 groups: DCA 30 mg/kg group, DCA 120 mg/kg group and OA group. The rats in DCA-treated groups were given intra-articular injections of DCA (30 mg/kg or 120 mg/kg) in the operated knees once per 3 days for 42 days. The rats in OA group given intra-articular injections of vehicle alone in the operated knees under the same conditions. The remaining 6 rats (sham-operation group) received sham operations on the right knee joints. 45 days postoperatively, all of the animals were euthanized for macroscopic, histological and radiographic analysis to evaluate the effect of DCA on OA and to determine its potential mechanisms. RESULTS: The results showed that DCA attenuated the severity of OA by reducing macroscopic observation sores for femoral condyles and histological sores for articular cartilage. DCA also significantly decreased bone destruction and erosion of joint evaluated by radiographic examination. Furthermore, DCA could markedly reduce the release of MMP-1, MMP-3 and IL-1ß in serum. CONCLUSIONS: Intra-articular injection of DCA is beneficial for knee OA. It might repair and protect OA cartilage by delaying cartilage degeneration and impairing the function of inflammatory mediators. These findings highlight DCA might be a useful therapeutic agent for OA.

SufC may promote the survival of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi in macrophages.

The sufC gene of Escherichia coli (E. coli) is required for the biogenesis of iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster under oxidative stress conditions. In order to investigate the roles of sufC in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), isogenic S. Typhi strain GIFU10007 harboring a non-polar mutation of sufC (ΔsufC) was constructed and the results showed that the sufC deleted mutant grew more slowly than the wild type strain when encounter oxidative stresses. Moreover, the deletion of sufC gene decreased S. Typhi survival within macrophages. After macrophages infected by sufC deleted mutant and wild type strain, we detected IL-6 and TNF-α released into the supernatant, and found the expression of IL-6 and TNF-α decreased in the supernatant of sufC deleted mutant infected groups than the wild type strain infected ones. In summary, our results showed that SufC may promote S. Typhi coping oxidative stress and help S. Typhi survival in macrophages.

Murine b7-h3 is a co-stimulatory molecule for T cell activation.

The B7 family member B7-H3 (CD276) plays a key role during an immune response but its function remains controversial. In this study, we found that murine B7-H3 up-regulated the proliferation and cytokine production of T cells. Our study suggested that there was no interaction of murine B7-H3 with a triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM)-like transcript 2 (TLT-2). Further studies demonstrated that mouse B7-H3 specifically bound to T cells and its receptor was not murine TLT-2. Moreover, murine B7-H3 was a positive co-stimulatory molecule in the regulation of T cell-mediated immune responses.

Growth inhibition and apoptosis of human B-cell lymphoma in vitro and in vivo by Bcl-2 short hairpin RNA.

Bcl-2 is overexpressed in various types of human tumors, including Burkitt's lymphoma, and it is involved in tumorigenesis and chemoresistance, therefore, it is regarded as a potential target of gene therapy. In this study, RNA interference using short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated RNA interference was introduced into Burkitt's lymphoma Raji cells to validate its effects on Bcl-2 expression and cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. We constructed two types of Bcl-2 shRNA plasmid (pGenesil-1-Bcl-2-1 and pGenesil-1-Bcl-2-2) and negative control shRNA plasmid (pGenesil-1-NC) and stably transfected them into Raji cells. The expression levels of Bcl-2 mRNA and protein were assayed by RT-PCR, flow cytometry and western blotting. Cell proliferation was determined by cell count assay. The antitumor activities and apoptosis of the two types of Bcl-2 shRNA plasmid were evaluated in BALB/c nude mice bearing Burkitt's lymphoma inoculated with Raji cells. The results showed that the expression levels of Bcl-2 mRNA and protein decreased, compared with either the pGenecil-1-NC or the untransfected cell group (P<0.05). The cell proliferation assay showed that Bcl-2 shRNA significantly inhibited the growth of Raji cells (P<0.01). Furthermore, the tumor growth of the Bcl-2 shRNA cell group was dramatically lower and smaller than that of the negative control or untransfected cell group (P<0.01). Bcl-2 protein expression in the untransfected and the pGenesil-1-NC group were markedly higher than that of the pGenesil-1-Bcl-2-1 and the pGenesil-1-Bcl-2 group by immunohistochemistry (both P<0.01) and the results using transmission electron microscopy showed that Bcl-2 shRNA significantly induced Raji cell apoptosis. Additionally, the inhibition effect of pGenesil-1-Bcl-2-1 was better than that of pGenesil-1-Bcl-2-2. It has been suggested that vector-based Bcl-2 shRNA could effectively reduce the expression of Bcl-2 and induce apoptosis and growth inhibition of Burkitt's lymphoma Raji cells. Vector-based Bcl-2 shRNA could be a potential gene therapeutic strategy against human Burkitt's lymphoma.

Complex patterns of HCV epidemic in Suzhou: evidence for dual infection and HCV recombination in East China.

BACKGROUND: HCV transmission is closely associated with injection drug use (IDU), and co-circulation of multiple subtypes has been found among injection drug users (IDUs) in China. OBJECTIVES: To investigate HCV subtype characterizations among IDUs and general population (GP) in Suzhou, a city at the important "Hu-ning" transportation line. STUDY DESIGN: During January 2010 to May 2011, 123 HCV positive plasma from IDUs and 131 stored HCV positive sera from general individuals were collected in Suzhou. HCV C/E2 and NS5B fragments were amplified using a new multiple RT-nested PCR strategy and subsequent sequenced. Genotypes were characterized by phylogenetic analyses. RESULTS: Eight HCV subtypes (1a, 1b, 2a, 3a, 3b, 6a, 6n, and 6u) were detected among Suzhou IDUs, and six subtypes (1b, 2a, 3a, 3b, 6a and 6n) among GP. HCV subtype distribution is distinct between IDUs and GP. Interestingly, we detected discrepancy of genotyping results between C/E2 and NS5B regions in one general individual, indicating the presence of HCV intersubtype recombinant in China. The recombinant belongs to a 3a/1b recombinant. We also detected dual infections in one general individual and two IDUs. They include dual infections between 1b and 3a, 3a and 6a, and two distinct lineages of 3b. CONCLUSIONS: Complex patterns of HCV epidemic among IDUs, as well as GP, in Suzhou, might imply a spread of HCV from IDUs to GP. The finding of one HCV 3a/1b intersubtype recombinant might represent the first report of HCV recombination in China.

Effect of hepcidin on intracellular calcium in human osteoblasts.

Hepcidin is known to increase intracellular iron through binding to and degrading ferroportin, which is a transmembrane protein that transports iron from the intracellular to the outside. However, it is not clear whether hepcidin has a similar effect on intracellular calcium. Here, we investigated the influence of hepcidin on intracellular calcium in human osteoblasts, with or without high environmental iron concentrations. Our data showed that hepcidin (<100 nmol/L) could increase intracellular calcium, and this effect was more significant when cells were exposed to high environmental iron concentrations. To further explore its underlying mechanisms, we pretreated human osteoblasts with Nimodipine, a L-type calcium channel blocker, and Dantrolene, a ryanodine receptor antagonist to inhibit abnormal calcium release from the sarco-endoplasmic reticulum. These treatments had not resulted in any alteration of intracellular calcium in human osteoblasts. Thus, these findings indicate that the increase of intracellular calcium induced by hepcidin is probably due to calcium release from endoplasmic reticulum, which is triggered by calcium influx.

Growth inhibition induced by short hairpin RNA to silence survivin gene in human pancreatic cancer cells.

BACKGROUND: Survivin is known to be overexpressed in various human malignancies, including pancreatic cancer, and mediates cancer cell proliferation and tumor growth, so the regulation of this molecule could be a new strategy for treating pancreatic cancer. In this study, short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) specific to survivin were introduced into human pancreatic cancer Patu8988 cells to investigate the inhibitory effects on survivin expression and cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. METHODS: Three kinds of shRNA specific to the survivin gene were designed and cloned into eukaryotic expression plasmid pGenesil-1 vector. Subsequently the recombinant plasmids were transfected into human pancreatic cancer Patu8988 cells with lipfectamineTM 2000 reagent. The mRNA and protein expressions of survivin in the transiently transfected Patu8988 cells were determined by RT-PCR, flow cytometry, and Western blotting analysis. The proliferation inhibition rates of stably transfected Patu8988 cells were determined by MTT assay. The antitumor activities of the three kinds of survivin-shRNA plasmids were evaluated in BALB/c nude mice inoculated with Patu8988 cells and bearing human pancreatic cancer. RESULTS: The three survivin-shRNA plasmids named pGenesil-1-survivin-1, pGenesil-1-survivin-2 and pGenesil-1-survivin-1+2 (with double interfering RNA sites) were successfully constructed, and were confirmed by restriction enzyme cutting and sequencing. At 48 hours after transfection, the expression of survivin mRNA and protein was inhibited in Patu8988 cells transfected with pGenesil-1-survivin-1, pGenesil-1-survivin-2, and pGenesil-1-survivin-1+2 when compared with that of either pGenesil-1-NC (with scrambled small interfering RNA) transfected cells or control cells (P<0.05). The MTT results showed that the proliferation rates of Patu8988 cells stably transfected with survivin-shRNA plasmids were reduced when compared with that of either pGenesil-1-NC transfected cells or control cells (P<0.01). Furthermore, when Patu8988 cells stably transfected with survivin-shRNA were injected into BALB/c nude mice, tumor growth was dramatically lower and the tumor was smaller than that of either pGenesil-1-NC transfected cells or control cells (P<0.01). The inhibitory effect of pGenesil-1-survivin-1 was the best among the three kinds of survivin-shRNA plasmids, but no combination of inhibitory effects was found in pGenesil-1-survivin-1+2. CONCLUSIONS: shRNAs specific to survivin have gene silencing effects and inhibit pancreatic cancer cell proliferation. shRNA activity against survivin could be of potential value in gene therapy for pancreatic cancer. However, shRNAs with double combining sites did not significantly enhance the interference compared with single site shRNAs, therefore further studies on this are needed.