The Protective Effects of Benzbromarone Against Propofol-Induced Inflammation and Injury in Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells (HBMVECs).

It has been widely reported that severe neurotoxicity can be induced by the application of propofol, which is closely related to the disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) induced by inflammation and injury in the human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMVECs). Benzbromarone is a classic anti-gout agent that has been recently reported to exert anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress effects. In the present study, we aim to investigate the protective property of Benzbromarone against propofol-induced injury on HBMVECs and the underlying mechanism. CCK8 assay was used to detect the cell viability of treated HBMVECs. Oxidative stress in HBMVECs was evaluated by measuring the levels of MDA and mitochondrial ROS. ELISA and qRT-PCR assay were used to determine the production of IL-1ß, IL-8, MCP-1, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 by treated HBMVECs. Calcein-AM staining was utilized to evaluate the attachment of U937 monocytes to HBMVECs. The expression level of Egr-1 was determined by qRT-PCR and Western blot assay. Firstly, the decreased cell viability of HBMVECs induced by propofol was significantly elevated by treatment with Benzbromarone. The increased levels of MDA and mitochondrial ROS induced by propofol were dramatically suppressed by Benzbromarone. Secondly, the excessive production of inflammatory factors (IL-1ß, IL-8, and MCP-1) and adhesion molecules (ICAM-1 and VCAM-1) triggered by propofol was pronouncedly inhibited by Benzbromarone. Benzbromarone ameliorated propofol-induced attachment of U937 monocytes to HBMVECs. Lastly, Benzbromarone downregulated propofol-induced expression of the transcriptional factor Egr-1 in HBMVECs. Benzbromarone protected against propofol-induced inflammation and injury through suppressing Egr-1 in human brain vascular endothelial cells.

Epoxide-Mediated Stevens Rearrangements of α-Amino-Acid-Derived Tertiary Allylic, Propargylic, and Benzylic Amines: Convenient Access to Polysubstituted Morpholin-2-ones.

A new strategy has been established for the synthesis of polysubstituted morpholin-2-ones through Stevens rearrangements of tertiary amines via in situ activation with epoxides. A range of α-amino acid-derived tertiary allylic, propargylic, and benzylic amines reacted with epoxides in the presence of zinc halide catalysts to afford structurally diverse allyl-, allenyl-, and benzyl-substituted morpholin-2-ones, respectively, in moderate-to-good yields with high regioselectivity. The process involves [2,3]- and [1,2]-Stevens rearrangements of quaternary ammonium ylide intermediates and constitutes a very convenient method to prepare polysubstituted morpholin-2-ones through tandem formation of C-N, C-O, and C-C bonds. Moreover, replacing epoxides with aziridines permitted the synthesis of polysubstituted piperazin-2-ones.