Hematochezia due to rectal invasion by an internal iliac artery aneurysm: A case report.

BACKGROUND: This case report presents the rare occurrence of hematochezia due to an internal iliac artery aneurysm leading to an arterioenteric fistula, expanding the differential diagnosis for gastrointestinal bleeding. It emphasizes the importance of considering vascular origins in cases of atypical hematochezia, particularly in the absence of common gastrointestinal causes, and highlights the role of imaging and multidisciplinary management in diagnosing and treating such unusual presentations. CASE SUMMARY: A 75-year-old man with a history of hypertension presented with 12 d of hematochezia, experiencing bloody stools 7-8 times per day. Initial computed tomography (CT) scans revealed an aneurysmal rupture near the right internal iliac artery with suspected hematoma development. Hemoglobin levels progressively decreased to 7 g/dL. Emergency arterial angiography and iliac artery-covered stent placement were performed, followed by balloon angioplasty. Despite initial stabilization, minor rectal bleeding and abdominal pain persisted, leading to further diagnostic colonoscopy. This identified a neoplasm and potential perforation at the proximal rectum. An exploratory laparotomy confirmed the presence of a hematoma and an aneurysm invading the rectal wall, necessitating partial rectal resection, intestinal anastomosis, and ileostomy. Postoperative recovery was successful, with no further bleeding incidents and normal follow-up CT and colonoscopy results after six months. CONCLUSION: In cases of unusual gastrointestinal bleeding, it is necessary to consider vascular causes for effective diagnosis and intervention.

Pulmonary mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma with Sjögren's syndrome and literature review: A case report.

INTRODUCTION: A 54-year-old woman was admitted to hospital with chest tightness, shortness of breath, and chest pain on exertion. Her chest computed tomography showed a space-occupying lesion in the right lower lobe of the lung. CASE PRESENTATION: The ultrasound-guided right lung mass biopsy showed mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), and the patient was diagnosed with Sjögren's syndrome (SS). The patient's symptoms were partially relieved with chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Autoimmune diseases like SS and systemic lupus erythematosus are recognized risk factors for pulmonary MALT. It is necessary to identify predictors of malignant transformation of SS to pulmonary MALT lymphoma.

Circular RNA Controls Tumor Occurrence and Development via Cell Cycle Regulation.

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) participate in the occurrence and development of various diseases through different mechanisms, such as by acting as a microRNA (miRNA) sponge, interacting with RNA-binding proteins, and regulating gene transcription and protein translation. For example, the abnormal expression of specific circRNAs in tumor cells can alter key regulatory factors and the cell cycle network, resulting in cell cycle disorders and the development and metastasis of tumors. Here, we summarize the mechanisms involved in the circRNA-mediated processes that lead to uncontrolled cell cycle and tumor cell proliferation. Extensive studies investigating the abnormal expression of circRNAs in different cancer types have been conducted. The unique characteristics of circRNAs and their ability to regulate the cell cycle through diverse mechanisms is extremely valuable in tumor diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Our review may assist in further understanding the circRNA-mediated regulation of the cell cycle in tumors and provide insights for research on circRNA-based therapeutic strategies and biological diagnosis for cancer.

Identification of a novel lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA competing endogenous RNA network associated with prognosis of breast cancer.

Recently, the effects of competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) on molecular biological mechanism of cancer have aroused great interest. In this study, long noncoding RNA-microRNA-messenger RNA (lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA) ceRNA network was screened and constructed based on the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, and its efficacy in predicting the prognosis of breast cancer patients was evaluated. The RNA-sequencing, miRNA-sequencing, and corresponding clinical information were downloaded from the TCGA database, and differentially expressed genes were screened after data searching. The similarity between two groups of genes was analyzed by weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA). Next, the interaction among lncRNA, miRNA, and mRNA was predicted followed construction of the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA ceRNA network. Finally, univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to screen prognostic factors to construct prognostic risk model. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the efficacy of this model in predicting the prognosis of breast cancer patients. In total 5056 differentially expressed lncRNAs, 712 differentially expressed miRNAs, and 9878 differentially expressed mRNAs were identified in breast cancer tissues. WGCNA predicted that 823 lncRNAs and 1813 mRNAs were closely related to breast cancer. The lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA ceRNA network involved in breast cancer was constructed based on 27 lncRNA, 14 miRNAs, and 4 mRNAs. ZC3H12B, HRH1, TMEM132C, and PAG were the possible independent risk factors for the prognosis of breast cancer patients with the area under the signal characteristic curve under ROC curve of 0.609. This study suggested that the prognosis risk model based on ZC3H12B, HRH1, TMEM132C, and PAG1 accurately predicted the prognosis of breast cancer patients.

The Role of LINC00284 in the Development of Thyroid Cancer via Its Regulation of the MicroRNA-30d-5p-Mediated ADAM12/Notch Axis.

Thyroid cancer is a commonly diagnosed endocrine malignancy with increasing incidence worldwide. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are known to function in the invasion and metastasis of thyroid cancer. According to the GSE66783 microarray dataset, long intergenic nonprotein coding RNA 284 (LINC00284) is aberrantly upregulated in thyroid cancer tissues. However, information regarding the specific role of LINC00284 in thyroid cancer remains elusive. Therefore, the current study set out to determine the role of LINC00284 in the development of thyroid cancer, along with an investigation of the underlying molecular mechanism. In parallel with the microarray data from GSE66783, LINC00284 was observed to be expressed at high levels in thyroid cancer cell lines. Moreover, loss-of-function experiments revealed that the downregulation of LINC00284 reduced aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity and thyroid cancer cell proliferation, colony formation, and invasiveness, which promoted cell apoptosis. Mechanistically, using dual-luciferase reporter, RNA pull-down, and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays, LINC00284 was identified to competitively bind to microRNA-30d-5p (miR-30d-5p), which was observed to be expressed at low levels in thyroid cancer tissues and cells and directly targets the oncogene a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 12 (ADAM12). Overexpression of miR-30d-5p exerted tumor-suppressive effects on the malignant activity of thyroid cancer cells, changes that were reversed by LINC00284 overexpression or ADAM12 overexpression. Furthermore, LINC00284 activated the Notch signaling pathway by competitively binding to miR-30d-5p and increasing the expression of ADAM12. Finally, by performing in vivo experiments, we found that LINC00284 silencing or miR-30d-5p overexpression suppressed the tumorigenic ability of thyroid cancer cells and that overexpression of miR-30d-5p inhibited the LINC00284-induced tumorigenesis of thyroid cancer cells. Collectively, our findings indicate that LINC00284 competitively binds to miR-30d-5p and activates the ADAM12-dependent Notch signaling pathway, thereby promoting the development of thyroid cancer.

The Emerging Role of Circ-SHPRH in Cancer.

PURPOSE: Circ-SHPRH is a circular RNA that can regulate the expression of target genes by sponging microRNAs (miRNAs) or translating tumor suppressor proteins. Recent studies have suggested that circ-SHPRH may play a role in the development of tumors and cancers. Hence, this paper aimed to review the biological characteristics, molecular mechanisms, and potential clinical significance of circ-SHPRH in a variety of tumors and to evaluate its potential as a new diagnostic and prognostic biomarker. METHODS: Numerous experiments were performed regarding the abnormal expression of circ-SHPRH in a variety of tumors, including hepatocellular carcinoma, gastric carcinoma, non-small cell lung cancer, osteosarcoma, colorectal cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, retinoblastoma, and glioblastoma. RESULTS: Upregulation of circ-SHPRH reportedly inhibits tumor cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, leading to the inhibition of tumor development. The clinicopathological parameters and the functional characteristics of circ-SHPRH in multiple human tumors and cancers were summarized. Circ-SHPRH functions as a tumor suppressor gene and has great potential as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for different types of cancer.

EYA2 upregulates miR-93 to promote tumorigenesis of breast cancer by targeting and inhibiting the STING signaling pathway.

Herein, we used DIANA TOOLS, GEPIA and other bioinformatics databases to predict regulatory pathways in breast cancer. Accordingly, we clarified the regulatory mechanism of EYA2 on miR-93 expression to aggravate breast cancer, which was involved with the STING signaling pathway. CCK-8 assay, scratch test, Transwell assay, and flow cytometry were applied to detect cell viability, migration, invasion, and apoptosis. The experimental data found that EYA2 was highly expressed in breast cancer tissues and cells and associated with poor prognosis. Overexpression of miR-93 in breast cancer was positively correlated with EYA2. EYA2 promoted miR-93 expression, advanced breast cancer cell proliferation and inhibited their apoptosis. Results of luciferase assay showed that miR-93 was enriched in the STING 3'UTR. Furthermore, knockdown of EYA2 inhibited the expression of miR-93, promoted the expression of STING, and inhibited the tumor growth. In response to EYA2 knockdown, the expression of IFN-ß and ISG was increased, and PD-L1 was decreased. In addition, the phosphorylation level of TBK1 and IRF3 was enhanced, the percentage of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in blood was reduced, and secretion of IFN-ß and IL-12 was enhanced. In conclusion, EYA2 upregulates miR-93 expression and promotes malignancy of breast cancer by targeting and inhibiting the STING signaling pathway.

A Circular RNA Derived from Golgi Glycoprotein 1 mRNA Regulates KRAS Expression and Promotes Colorectal Cancer Progression by Targeting microRNA-622.

BACKGROUND: Circular RNAs (circRNAs) represent a distinct class of non-coding RNAs that have attracted substantial research attention in recent years. We identified a novel circRNA derived from golgi glycoprotein 1 mRNA (circ_GLG1), the role of which is unknown in colorectal cancer (CRC). The purpose of this study was to explore the potential roles and mechanisms of circ_GLG1 in CRC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis was performed to quantify circ_GLG1 expression in 40 pairs of CRC tissues and adjacent normal tissues as well as CRC cell lines. DLD1 CRC cells were transfected with a small-interfering RNA against circ_GLG1, after which cell proliferation, viability, invasion, and migration were measured through cell counting kit-8 colony-formation, transwell, and wound-healing assays, respectively. Dual-luciferase reporter assays were performed to explore the binding sites among circ_GLG1, miR-622, and Kirsten rat sarcoma (KRAS) transcripts. KRAS protein expression was detected using Western blot analysis. RESULTS: Circ_GLG1 expression was significantly higher in CRC tissues than in adjacent normal tissues. Knocking down circ_GLG1 in DLD1 cells inhibited tumor cell viability, proliferation, invasion, and migration, and these effects were reversed by co-transfecting an miR-622 inhibitor. Circ_GLG1 promoted KRAS expression at both the mRNA and protein levels by acting as an miR-622 sponge. Dual-luciferase reporter assays demonstrated that miR-622 interacted with circ_GLG1 and KRAS mRNA. CONCLUSION: Our study revealed the role of the circ_GLG1-miR-622-KRAS axis in CRC. Moreover, our findings provide insight into the molecular mechanism of circ_GLG1 in CRC and suggest potential new biomarkers for diagnosing this disease.

Non-Coding RNAs in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma.

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma worldwide. The molecular mechanisms underlying DLBCL have not been fully elucidated, and approximately 40% of patients who undergo standard chemoimmunotherapy still present with primary refractory disease or relapse. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), a group of biomolecules functioning at the RNA level, are increasingly recognized as vital components of molecular biology. With the development of RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) technology, accumulating evidence shows that ncRNAs are important mediators of diverse biological processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. They are also considered promising biomarkers and better candidates than proteins and genes for the early recognition of disease onset, as they are associated with relative stability, specificity, and reproducibility. In this review, we provide the first comprehensive description of the current knowledge regarding three groups of ncRNAs-microRNAs (miRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs)-focusing on their characteristics, molecular functions, as well as diagnostic and therapeutic potential in DLBCL. This review provides an exhaustive account for researchers to explore novel biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of DLBCL and therapeutic targets.

Identification of prognostic factors for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma using long non-coding RNAs-associated ceRNA network.

BACKGROUND: Accumulating amount of evidence has highlighted the important roles of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) acting as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) in tumor pathogenesis. However, the roles of long non coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the lncRNA-related ceRNA network of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) still remain enigmatic. The current study aims to identify prognostic factors in the lncRNA-related ceRNA network of ICC. METHODS: The transcriptome sequencing data of lncRNAs, messenger RNA (mRNA) and microRNA (miR) were downloaded from the SRA and TCGA databases. Differentially expressed lncRNAs (DElncRNAs), DEmiRs and DEmRNAs were identified and adopted to construct an lncRNA-miR-mRNA ceRNA network. ICC-associated DEmRNAs were adopted to construct the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. The expression of the top 6 genes in the hub module was validated with mRNA transcriptome sequencing data and ICC-related gene expression dataset GSE45001, followed by GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. The relationship between the hub gene-associated ceRNA network and the overall survival of patients with ICC was predicted by conducting a Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. RESULTS: Sixty co-expressed DEmRNAs were identified in the ceRNA network. The top 6 hub genes consisted of downregulated FOS, IGF2, FOXO1 and NTF3, upregulated IGF1R, and insignificantly downregulated HGF in ICC tissues, when compared to that of normal adjacent tissues, followed by the successful construction of lncRNA-miR-hub network consisting of 86 ceRNA modules. MME-AS1 and hsa-miR-182 were associated with overall survival in ICC patients. FOS, IGF1R, IGF2, FOXO1, and NTF3 might target "TGF-ß signaling pathway", "the hedgehog signaling pathway", "retinol metabolism", or "type II diabetes mellitus" pathways respectively. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that FOS, IGF1R, IGF2, FOXO1, and NTF3 were useful prognostic factors in determining the prognosis of patients with ICC.

microRNA-382 suppresses the progression of pancreatic cancer through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway by inhibition of Anxa3.

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a lethal cancer in the digestive system. microRNAs (miRNAs) have been demonstrated to participate in PC progression. In this context, we, thus, aimed to explore the mechanism of miR-382 in epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and lymph node metastasis in PC in relation to Anxa3 and the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Gene expression data sets GSE16515, GSE71989, and GSE32676 were screened out, with the findings showing the significance of miR-382 and annexin A3 (Anxa3) in PC. A total of 115 PC patients were selected for determination of miR-382 and Anxa3 expression with lowly expressed miR-382 and highly expressed Anxa3 found via RT-quantitative PCR and Western blot analysis. Additionally, negative correlation was found between miR-382 and Anxa3 in PC. Dual-luciferase reporter gene assay and in situ hybridization results confirmed that miR-382 negatively regulated Anxa3. miR-382 targeted Anxa3 and suppressed PC progression by blocking the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. After a series of gain- and loss-of function approaches, upregulation of miR-382 or silencing of Anxa3 inhibited the EMT and lymph node metastasis, as evidenced by increased level of E-cadherin and decreased level of N-cadherin, vimentin, vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGFR)-3, VEGF-C, and VEGF-D. Overexpression of miR-382 or downregulation of Anxa3 was shown to inhibit colony formation, migration, and invasion abilities of PC cells. Further, tumor xenograft in nude mice in vivo also confirmed the inhibitory role of miR-382 and silenced Anxa3 in lymph node metastasis in PC. Thus, this study provides promising therapeutic targets for PC treatment.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study focused on the mechanism of miR-382 in epithelial mesenchymal transition and lymph node metastasis in PC in relation to Anxa3 and the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. We found the inhibitory role of miR-382 in PC in vitro and in vivo.

Long Non-coding RNA BLACAT1 Induces Tamoxifen Resistance in Human Breast Cancer by Regulating miR-503/Bcl-2 Axis.

INTRODUCTION: At present, drug resistance remains a major obstacle for breast cancer (BCa) patients who receive tamoxifen (TAM) chemotherapy. In this study, we aimed to investigate the functional role of long non-coding RNA BLACAT1 in the acquisition of TAM resistance in BCa. METHODS: TAM-resistant BCa cells were derived by exposure to 1 µM of TAM for 6 months. The expression levels of BLACAT1 and miR-503 were detected by RT-qPCR analysis. Chemosensitivity of BCa cells to TAM was measured by MTT assay. Apoptosis of BCa cells was detected by flow cytometric analysis, and the expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins were detected by Western blot analysis. The direct binding relation between BLACAT1 and miR-503 was predicted by bioinformatics analysis and verified by dual-luciferase reporter assay. RESULTS: Our findings showed that BLACAT1 was significantly upregulated in TAM-resistant BCa cells (MCF-7/TR and T47D/TR), and BLACAT1 knockdown markedly reduced the TAM resistance in these cells. Importantly, we observed that BLACAT1 might function as a competing endogenous RNA of miR-503 in MCF-7/TR and T47D/TR cells, thereby increasing the expression of oncogenic Bcl-2 protein. Rescue experiments showed that miR-503 inhibition partly blocked the inhibitory effect of BLACAT1 knockdown on TAM resistance of MCF-7/TR and T47D/TR cells. CONCLUSION: To conclude, this study revealed that overexpressed BLACAT1 induces TAM resistance in human BCa partly by regulating miR-503/Bcl-2 axis, potentially benefiting BCa treatment in the future.

Emerging roles of circular RNAs in colorectal cancer.

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a newly discovered class of endogenous non-coding RNAs. Owing to the development of high-throughput sequencing, researchers have identified thousands of circRNAs. Emerging evidence suggests that circRNAs are involved in various tumor cell processes, including proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and migration. Because of their high stability and abundance, tissue-specific expression, and easy detection, circRNAs are considered ideal biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. An increasing number of studies have recently demonstrated that circRNAs are closely associated with colorectal cancer (CRC). CRC is the third most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related death globally. Thus, understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the development and progression of CRC is vital. In this review, we summarize the current literature regarding human circRNAs related to CRC and present an overview of the potential clinical implications of circRNAs with respect to CRC.

MicroRNA-374b reduces the proliferation and invasion of colon cancer cells by regulation of LRH-1/Wnt signaling.

Deregulation of microRNA (miRNA) has been suggested as a critical event in colon cancer development and progression. Recent studies have suggested that miR-374b is a novel cancer-related miRNA involved in several cancer types. Thus far, very little is known about the role of miR-374b in colon cancer; therefore, the goal of this study was to investigate the potential role of miR-374b in colon cancer. Here, we showed that miR-374b expression was significantly downregulated in colon cancer tissues and cell lines. Overexpression of miR-374b inhibited the proliferation and invasion of colon cancer cells, while miR-374b suppression promoted colon cancer cell proliferation and invasion. Liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1) was identified as a target of miR-374b in colon cancer cells. Both the mRNA and protein expression of LRH-1 were regulated by miR-374b. In addition, an inverse correlation between LRH-1 mRNA and miR-374b expression was evidenced in colon cancer specimens. Notably, overexpression of miR-374b also downregulated the Wnt signaling in colon cancer cells. Furthermore, restoration of LRH-1 expression significantly abolished the antitumor effect of miR-374b in colon cancer cells. These findings suggest that miR-374b inhibits colon cancer cell proliferation and invasion through downregulation of LRH-1 expression. Inhibiting LRH-1 by miR-374b may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of colon cancer.

MicroRNA-130a-3p suppresses cell viability, proliferation and invasion in nasopharyngeal carcinoma by inhibiting CXCL12.

Incidence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has remained high worldwide, posing a serious health problem. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a family of about 20-23 nucleotides small non-coding molecules, which play a significant role in NPC. In this study, we explored the molecular mechanisms of miR-130a-3p in inhibiting viability, proliferation, migration and invasion of NPC cells by suppressing CXCL12. The relative expression of miR-130a-3p and CXCL12 mRNA expression in tissues and cells was measured by qRT-PCR. NPC cell line CNE-2Z was transfected with miR-130a-3p mimics, CXCL12 siRNA, cDNA-CXCL12 and negative control. Western Blot was performed to detect CXCL12 expression. The MTT assay was performed to study cell viability. The colony formation assay was done to test cell growth. Flow cytometry was conducted to analyze cell cycle and apoptosis. The Transwell assay was used to investigate cell migration and invasion. The results found that the up-regulation of miR-130a-3p or down-regulation of CXCL12 could inhibit viability, proliferation, migration and invasion of CNE-2Z cells. Luciferase-reporting system assay was performed to investigate miR-130a-3p could bind to the 3'UTR region of CXCL12 and the overexpression of miR-130a-3p could suppress CXCL12 expression. Collectively, our finding suggested demonstrated that miR-130a-3p could prohibit the progression of NPC by suppressing CXCL12, which might serve as potential therapeutic targets for NPC.

An efficient strategy for generation of transgenic mice by lentiviral transduction of male germline stem cells in vivo.

BACKGROUND: Male germline stem cells (MGSCs) are a subpopulation of germ cells in the testis tissue. MGSCs are capable of differentiation into spermatozoa and thus are perfect targets for genomic manipulation to generate transgenic animals. METHOD: The present study was to optimize a protocol of production of transgenic mice through transduction of MGSCs in vivo using lentiviral-based vectors. The recombinant lentiviral vectors with either EF-1 or CMV promoter to drive the expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) transgene were injected into seminiferous tubules or inter-tubular space of 7-day-old and 28-day-old mouse testes. At 5 or 6 wk post-surgery, these pre-founders were mated with wild-type C57BL/6J female mice (1.5 to 2.0-month-old). RESULTS: Sixty-seven percent of F1 generation and 55.56 % of F2 offspring were positive for eGFP transgene under the control of EF-1 promoter via PCR analysis. The transgenic pups were generated in an injection site-and age-independent manner. The expression of transgene was displayed in the progeny derived from lentiviral vector containing CMV promoter to drive transgene, but it was silenced or undetectable in the offspring derived from lentiviral vector with transgene under EF-1 promoter. The methylation level of gDNA in the promoter region of transgene was much higher in the samples derived lentiviral vectors with EF-1 promoter than that with CMV promoter, suggesting eGFP transgene was suppressed by DNA methylation in vivo. CONCLUSION: This research reported here an effective strategy for generation of transgenic mice through transduction of MGSCs in vivo using lentivirus vectors with specific promoters, and the transgenic offspring were obtained in an injection site-and age-independent manner. This protocol could be applied to other animal species, leading to advancement of animal transgenesis in agricultural and biomedical fields.

Upregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 is associated with activation of the alternative nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway in colonic adenocarcinoma.

Cyclooxygenase-2 expression by malignant tumors, including colonic adenocarcinoma, is associated with increased tumor aggression and poor prognosis. Nuclear factor kappa B is a key regulator of cyclooxygenase-2 and is regulated by two pathways, the 'canonical' and the 'alternative' pathway. The alternative pathway is triggered by members of the tumor necrosis factor cytokine family, including RelB and p52. This present study was undertaken to evaluate cyclooxygenase-2 and the alternative nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathway in colonic adenocarcinoma. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples diagnosed with colonic adenocarcinoma and a human colonic adenocarcinoma cell line, LS174, were studied. The expression of cyclooxygenase-2, RelB and p52 were determined using immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and Western blots. Quantitative analysis of mRNA by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and chromatin immunoprecipitation were performed on the tissue and cell samples. To investigate nuclear factor kappa B gene regulation of the cyclooxygenase-2 gene, dual luciferase assays were performed, and LS174 cells were transfected with RelB or p100/p52 short interfering RNA. Upregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 was associated with activation of the alternative nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway components RelB, and p52, in colonic adenocarcinoma cells in tissues and the cell line, LS174. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay determined that cyclooxygenase-2 gene was associated with both RelB and p52. A luciferase reporter assay showed that the nuclear factor kappa B enhancer of cyclooxygenase-2 was sufficient to regulate the transcriptional activity of a heterologous promoter in LS174 cells. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of RelB or p52 resulted in significant inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 at both mRNA and protein levels in LS174 cells. These findings support a potential role for inhibition of components of the alternative nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway, RelB-p52-cyclooxygenase-2, as a possible therapeutic target in the treatment of adenocarcinoma of the colon. Further studies on the role of this pathway in this and other malignancies are recommended.

Differential Diagnosis of Benign and Malignant Breast Tumors Using Apparent Diffusion Coefficient Value Measured Through Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

OBJECTIVE: Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value measurement of nodes in diffusion-weighted imaging was widely used in differentiating different types of human tumors. The aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the clinical value of ADC measurement through diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant breast tumors. METHODS: Relevant studies were identified through computer-based search of databases, which were supplemented through manual search strategies. Case-control studies were selected in adherence with our strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. Statistical analysis was conducted using Stata 12.0 statistical software (StataCorp, College Station, Tex). RESULTS: Our database searches initially retrieved 602 studies (320 studies in Chinese and 282 studies in English), and 31 studies (18 studies in English and 13 studies in Chinese) were eventually selected for meta-analysis. These 31 case-control studies included a total of 926 normal breast tissues and 2323 breast tumors (911 benign tumors and 1412 malignant tumors). Our meta-analysis showed that ADC values measured through DW-MRI were higher in benign breast tumors compared with malignant breast tumors, and this difference was statistically significant. In addition, the ADC values in the normal breast tissues were markedly higher than the benign breast tumors, which were also at a statistically significant level. Consistent with these observations, the ADC values in the normal breast tissues were significantly higher when compared with the values found in the malignant breast tumors. CONCLUSIONS: Our data strongly support the conclusion that the ADC value measured through DW-MRI is an important radiographic index for differential diagnosis of benign and malignant breast tumors and is critical to our assessment of the internal structure of tumors.

Molecular characterization, immune responsive expression and functional analysis of QM, a putative tumor suppressor gene from the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei.

The QM, firstly identified as a putative tumor suppressor gene from human, has been confirmed to possess varieties of functions in a range of organisms. In the present study, the cDNA that encodes a 220-amino-acid QM protein with calculated molecular mass of 25.5 kDa and isoelectric point of 10.07 was characterized from the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence of LvQM revealed that it contained a series of conserved functional motifs. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) results showed that the transcript of LvQM was extensively distributed in the tissues under investigation and most highly expressed in gill. After challenged with Vibrio anguillarum, the LvQM transcripts were significantly increased (P < 0.05) both in hepatopancreas and hemocytes in the early experimental phase. When LvQM was knocked down by RNA interference (RNAi), the transcript of prophenoloxidase (proPO) and the phenoloxidase activity (PO) in shrimp hemolymph were dramatically decreased, while the mortality was significantly increased. Furthermore, the recombinant LvQM protein (rLvQM) was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3)-pLysS. Injecting the purified rLvQM mixed with V. anguillarum markedly increased the clearance rate of bacteria and PO activity in the shrimp hemolymph. Hence, we conclude that LvQM was involved in the host defense of L. vannamei, probably as a positive regulator to phenoloxidase activity.

Spermatogonial stem cells from domestic animals: progress and prospects.

Spermatogenesis, an elaborate and male-specific process in adult testes by which a number of spermatozoa are produced constantly for male fertility, relies on spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). As a sub-population of undifferentiated spermatogonia, SSCs are capable of both self-renewal (to maintain sufficient quantities) and differentiation into mature spermatozoa. SSCs are able to convert to pluripotent stem cells during in vitro culture, thus they could function as substitutes for human embryonic stem cells without ethical issues. In addition, this process does not require exogenous transcription factors necessary to produce induced-pluripotent stem cells from somatic cells. Moreover, combining genetic engineering with germ cell transplantation would greatly facilitate the generation of transgenic animals. Since germ cell transplantation into infertile recipient testes was first established in 1994, in vivo and in vitro study and manipulation of SSCs in rodent testes have been progressing at a staggering rate. By contrast, their counterparts in domestic animals, despite the failure to reach a comparable level, still burgeoned and showed striking advances. This review outlines the recent progressions of characterization, isolation, in vitro propagation, and transplantation of spermatogonia/SSCs from domestic animals, thereby shedding light on future exploration of these cells with high value, as well as contributing to the development of reproductive technology for large animals.