[Health Assessment of the Stream Ecosystem in Beijing, China].

With economic development, the health of river ecosystems is becoming severely threatened because of the increasing effects of human activities on river ecosystems. Here, 101 sites along regional river systems in Beijing rivers were investigated from autumn 2020 to summer 2021. A total of 34 metrics, including aquatic organisms, hydrology, water quality, and habitat, were calculated to be the candidate indicators. Principal component and correlation analyses were used to select the core metrics from the candidate indicators, and the weight of each core metric was estimated using the entropy method. The integrated index of stream ecological health was constructed to assess the health condition of the Beijing rivers. The results of the PCA and correlation analyses revealed that eleven metrics were selected as the core metrics to construct the integrated index of stream ecological health, including water temperature, flow velocity, BOD5, NH4+-N, Cu, the density of phytoplankton and zooplankton, the Shannon-Wiener diversity index of macroinvertebrates and fish, the BMWP index, and the qualitative habitat evaluation index. According to the health assessment results, 4.95% of the sampling sites were healthy, 23.76% were subhealthy, and 71.29% were in a fair or below healthy state. The river health status showed strong spatial heterogeneity, and the river health statuses in the northern and western regions were relatively good, whereas the river health status in the central and southeastern regions were relatively poor. The results of four aspects stream ecosystem assessment showed that the overall water quality of the rivers was "subhealthy" and the aquatic organisms and habitat were "general poor," but the hydrology was "poor." The evaluation results of five water systems demonstrated that the Chaobai River had the best health status, followed by that of the Yongding River, Daqing River, and Jiyun River, and the Beiyun River had the worst health status. Maintaining river ecological baseflow, ensuring river system connectivity, and improving and restoring the river habitat environment are the key aspects of river ecological restoration and protection in Beijing in the future.

Relationship between gastric xanthoma, gastric precancerous lesions, and gastric cancer: A retrospective study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between gastric cancer and its precancerous lesions and gastric xanthoma. METHODS: Medical records of 47 736 patients who underwent gastroscopy in our center from January 2020 to December 2021 were reviewed. Patients' age, sex, endoscopic and histopathological findings, and the presence, number and location of gastric xanthoma were recorded. To investigate the detection rate of gastric xanthoma at different stages of gastric lesions, the participants were further divided into the chronic gastritis group (n = 42 758), the precancerous lesion group (n = 3672), and the gastric cancer group (n = 1306), respectively. RESULTS: The overall detection rate of gastric xanthoma was 2.85%, and it was most commonly observed in the gastric antrum (52.50%). In addition, gastric xanthoma was more common in men and more likely to be single lesion. It was most detected in the precancerous lesion group (8.39%), followed by the gastric cancer group (5.44%), and least in the chronic gastritis group (2.29%). Multivariate analysis showed that gastric xanthoma was closely related to precancerous lesions (odds ratio [OR] 3.197, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.791-3.662, P < 0.001) and gastric cancer (OR 1.794, 95% CI 1.394-2.309, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Gastric xanthoma is closely related to gastric precancerous lesions and gastric cancer.

[Temporal-spatial distribution and ecological evaluation of macroinvertebrate functional feeding groups in Yongding River Basin]. / æ°¸å®šæ²³æµåŸŸå¤§åž‹åº•æ –åŠ¨ç‰©åŠŸèƒ½æ‘„é£Ÿç±»ç¾¤æ—¶ç©ºåˆ†å¸ƒåŠç”Ÿæ€è¯„ä»·.

We investigated community structure of macroinvertebrate, water environment factors, hydrological factors at 23 sampling sites of the Yongding River basin from spring 2017 (April) to autumn 2017 (November). We analyzed the composition, spatial and temporal distribution of the macroinvertebrate functional feeding groups, as well as their responses to changes in riverine habitat. A total of 78 macroinvertebrate species were identified, with 52, 50 and 53 macroinvertebrate species in spring, summer and autumn respectively. The dominant functional feeding groups were gather-collectors, followed by predators, while the proportion of scrapers, filter-collectors and shredders were extremely low. Dominant species in the three seasons were all gather-collectors, including Orthocladius, Rheotanytarsus, Cricotopus in spring, Glyptotendipes in summer, and Polypedilum, Chironomus, Orthocladius in autumn. Results of redundancy analysis showed that the functional feeding groups of macroinvertebrate community structure were mainly influenced by water temperature, flow velocity, salinity, and total phosphorus in spring, by total phosphorus, dissolved oxygen, conductivity and flow capacity in summer, and by total phosphorus and dissolved oxygen in autumn. Total phosphorus had positive correlation with gather-collectors in all three seasons, indicating that the functional feeding groups of macroinvertebrates were affected by water pollution. The evaluation based on the metrics of functional feeding groups showed that: 1) in terms of material cycle, primary productivity of Guishui River were significantly higher than other regions, and that in autumn were significantly higher than other seasons. The secondary productivity and decomposition capacity of Yanghe River were significantly higher than other regions, and those in spring were significantly higher than other seasons. The autotrophy/heterotrophy of Yanghe River was significantly lower than other regions, and that in spring were significantly higher than other seasons. 2) The longitudinal transport capacity of Sanggan River was significantly higher than other regions, and that in autumn was significantly higher than other seasons. 3) The lateral input capacity of Guishui River was significantly higher than other regions, and that in summer was significantly higher than other seasons.

[Distribution pattern of macroinvertebrate community and its relationships with environmental factors in the Yongding River Basin]. / æ°¸å®šæ²³æµåŸŸå¤§åž‹åº•æ –åŠ¨ç‰©ç¾¤è½åˆ†å¸ƒæ ¼å±€åŠå ¶å½±å“å› å­.

Human disturbances have altered global stream ecosystems in multiple ways. Understan-ding spatio-temporal dynamics of aquatic organism composition and their relationships with environmental factors play an important role in revealing changes in the structure and function of river ecosystems. The macroinvertebrates and environmental parameters were sampled in the Yongding River Basin at spring (March), summer (July), and autumn (November) in 2017. The results showed that chironomids were the dominant group in the Yongding River Basin, including Orthocladius, Chironomus, Glyptotendipes, and Polypedilum. Results of the cluster analysis showed significant spatial variations of macroinvertebrate community. Sampling sites were clustered into two groups based on the similarities of macroinvertebrate composition in the Yongding River. Sampling sites belonging to group 1 mainly located in the Sanggan River and Dongyang River, with Orthocladius sp.being the dominant species. Sampling sites belonging to group 2 mainly located in the Yang River, Guishui River and main section of the Yongding River, with Glyptotendipes sp. being the dominant species. The biomass, Shannon index, Margalef index, Pielou evenness index and taxa richness of group 2 were significantly higher than those of group 1. Higher values of biological indices indicated better ecological condition of the stream ecosystem. The density, biomass and diversity indices of summer were significantly lower than those of both spring and autumn. Results of Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) showed that the spatio-temporal distribution of macroinvertebrate in the Yongding River was mainly influenced by water temperature, ammonium, pH, dissolved oxygen, and total phosphorus. From the perspective of hydrological characteristics, flow velocity and flow capacity were significantly correlated. The significant positive correlations between hydrological parameters of velocity and capacity and biological indices of density and EPT% in group 2 indicated the preference of fast flow to sensitive taxa of EPT (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera). The negative correlations between flow capacity and biodiversity indices implied the adverse effects of high flow on macroinvertebrate biodiversity. Our results confirmed that the composition and biodiversity of macroinvertebrate were affected by both water environment and hydrology, which reflected the multiple human activities in aquatic ecosystems of the Yongding River. It is important to control water contamination and sustain environmental flow at the specific reaches for the restoration of Yongding River.

[Spatio-Temporal Distribution and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Middle and Lower Reaches of Le'an River].

The Le'an River is a main tributary of the Poyang Lake, which is the largest freshwater lake in China. The aim of this study is to research the distribution and potential ecological risks of heavy metals in the middle and lower reaches of the Le'an River, which is contaminated by nearby copper mines. Sediment and water samples were collected from 12 stations during the dry, wet, and normal season in 2016, respectively. The geo-accumulation index and potential ecological risk index were used to determine general pollution characteristics of trace metals in sediments. Results suggested that sediments in the Le'an River were considerably polluted by Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn. Sediment concentrations of heavy metals showed significant spatial variations. The concentrations of heavy metals such as Cu, Zn, and Cd in water are higher in the dry season than in the normal and wet seasons. The distribution of heavy metals along the river is influenced by hydraulic conditions. The flow velocities in wet and normal seasons are positively correlated with the concentrations of heavy metals such as Cd, Pb, Cu, and Cr. There are seasonal differences in the distribution characteristics of heavy metals in surface sediments. In the dry season, the concentration of heavy metals in sediments is the highest in the middle reaches of rivers near mining areas, while during the wet and normal season, it reaches the highest value in the lower reach near the estuary. Except for Cd, whose major form of heavy metal in the sediment is in an exchanging state, the other heavy metals occur mainly in stable states. The assessment of the geo-accumulation index showed significant Cu, Cd, and Cr pollution. Among the heavy metals investigated, Cd was likely to result in more harmful effects.

[Therapeutic effect of exercise acupuncture and osteopathy on traumatic knee arthritis].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical efficacy of exercise acupuncture and osteopathy in the treatment of traumatic knee arthritis. METHODS: Fifty-one patients with traumatic knee arthritis were divided into three groups:routine group, exercise acupuncture group and osteopathy group. In the routine group, there were 17 cases, 12 males and 5 females, with a mean age of (49.4±8.9) years old; the averaged course of disease was (4.89±1.52) years; total WOMAC score before treatment was 100.77±15.48. Seventeen patients (11 males and 6 females) in the exercise acupuncture group were aged (48.6±10.1) years old; the course of disease was (4.21±1.37) years; and the total WOMAC score before treatment was 106.16±14.95. In the osteopathy group, there were 17 cases, 8 males and 9 females, with a mean age of (52.3±8.4) years old; the average course of disease was (4.79±1.50) years; total WOMAC score before treatment was 103.87±10.14. The patients in the routine group were treated with routine rehabilitation; the patients in the exercise acupuncture group were treated with routine rehabilitation combined with exercise acupuncture, and the patients in the osteopathy group were treated with osteopathy combined with routine rehabilitation. The changes of WOMAC score and ROM in three groups were compared before treatment and 4 weeks after treatment. RESULTS: The overall effect of osteopathy group was better than that of routine group (Z=3.151, P=0.005). The scores of WOMAC before and after treatment:pain of 23.84±4.66, 11.98±2.66, stiffness of 10.44±1.71, 6.42±0.74, daily life of 66.49±11.85, 35.80±4.44 in the routine group; pain of 22.64±3.22, 8.90±2.19, stiffness of 11.82±2.57 , 6.03±1.06, daily life of 71.72±13.59, 32.94±4.73 in the exercise acupuncture group; pain of 22.38±3.68, 10.66±2.75, stiffness of 11.81±2.08, 5.63±1.69, daily life of 69.69±8.96, 28.84±5.76 in the osteopathy group. Compared with the other two groups after treatment, the improvement of pain score in the exercise acupuncture group was better than those in the other two groups. There were no significant differences in stiffness score among the three groups. The degree of difficulty in daily life in the osteopathy group was better than that in the other two groups. The total score of WOMAC in the exercise acupuncture group and the osteopathy group were better than that in the conventional group, but there was no significant difference between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of routine rehabilitation treatment, exercise needling and osteopathy have positive significance for the improvement of joint pain and dysfunction of joint movement in patients with traumatic knee arthritis, with certain popularlized value in the treatment of traumatic knee arthritis.

Friction factor for turbulent open channel flow covered by vegetation.

The need for operational models describing the friction factor f in streams remains undisputed given its utility across a plethora of hydrological and hydraulic applications concerned with shallow inertial flows. For small-scale roughness elements uniformly covering the wetted parameter of a wide channel, the Darcy-Weisbach f = 8(u*/Ub)2 is widely used at very high Reynolds numbers, where u* is friction velocity related to the surface kinematic stress, Ub = Q/A is bulk velocity, Q is flow rate, and A is cross-sectional area orthogonal to the flow direction. In natural streams, the presence of vegetation introduces additional complications to quantifying f, the subject of the present work. Turbulent flow through vegetation are characterized by a number of coherent vortical structures: (i) von Karman vortex streets in the lower layers of vegetated canopies, (ii) Kelvin-Helmholtz as well as attached eddies near the vegetation top, and (iii) attached eddies well above the vegetated layer. These vortical structures govern the canonical mixing lengths for momentum transfer and their influence on f is to be derived. The main novelty is that the friction factor of vegetated flow can be expressed as fv = 4Cd(Uv/Ub)2 where Uv is the spatially averaged velocity within the canopy volume, and Cd is a local drag coefficient per unit frontal area derived to include the aforemontioned layer-wise effects of vortical structures within and above the canopy along with key vegetation properties. The proposed expression is compared with a number of empirical relations derived for vegetation under emergent and submerged conditions as well as numerous data sets covering a wide range of canopy morphology, densities, and rigidity. It is envisaged that the proposed formulation be imminently employed in eco-hydraulics where the interaction between flow and vegetation is being sought.

[Contamination status and speciation for the sediment nutrients in Panjiakou-Daheiting Reservoir]. / æ½˜å¤§æ°´åº“è¡¨å±‚æ²‰ç§¯ç‰©è¥å »ç›æ±¡æŸ“çŠ¶å†µåŠèµ‹å­˜å½¢æ€.

As the source of the "Luanhe-Tianjin Diversion Project", water environment status in the Panjiakou-Daheiting Reservoir directly affects drinking water safety in the water receiving area, and therefore plays important role in the development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. Field survey was carried out in July 2016 to examine the pollution status of the sediment nitrogen, phospho-rus and organic matter. The results showed that total nitrogen (TN) content of surface sediments in Panjiakou-Daheiting Reservoir ranged from 1175.41 to 2415.67 mg·kg-1 with a mean of 1648.71 mg·kg-1. Total phosphorus (TP) ranged from 1773.25 to 3471.70 mg·kg-1 with a mean of 2790.89 mg·kg-1. Organic matter (OM) ranged from 6.0% to 25.3% with a mean of 12.5%. Daheiting Reservoir which located downstream of Panjiakou Reservoir had higher value in TP content, while had similar TN content. Results from speciation analysis showed that sediment nitrogen was mainly composed of organic nitrogen and phosphorus mainly consisted of calcium-phosphorus which belonged to inorganic phosphorus. The value of C/N ratio indicated that OM mainly originated from exogenous substances. The pollution assessment results demonstrated that the sediment Panjiakou-Daheiting Reservoir was in a severe pollution status, and might have potential effect to the water environment improvement through the nutrient exchange at the sediment-water interface.

[Relationship Between Macrophyte Communities and Macroinvertebrate Communities in an Urban Stream].

The channelization has caused severe degradation of aquatic ecosystems during the past decades of rapid urbanization in metropolitan areas of China. The re-construction of the in-stream habitat of aquatic organisms and the restoration of aquatic ecosystems were more difficult in the urban stream than in the natural stream with the effluence of nutrient enrichment, water contamination, and in-stream habitat loss. Considering the ecological effects of the submerged macrophyte replantation on macroinvertebrate communities, one of the urban streams that used replantation restoration strategy was seasonally monitored from October 2012 to July 2013. There were four sampling sites, two located at the upper region and two in the middle region. Due to the relatively high levels of organic matter contamination, there are no sites in the downstream region of Qinghe River. Four types of submerged macrophyte were planted at each site to restore the in-stream habitat of two years ago, including Potamogeton pectinatus, Potamogeton crispus, Hydrilla verticillate, and Ceratophyllum demersum. Because of the unexpected development, Myriophyllum spicatum and Acorus calamus appeared at the upper reach of Qinghe River. Considering the average water depth of 30-40 cm, the revised Surber net with the enlarged net was used to collect macroinvertebrate samples. At each sampling site, three replicates of macroinvertebrates were carefully collected for each type of macrophyte. Three replicates were sampled for the comparison at the imperviously concrete sections of each site. The community composition of the macroinvertebrate was determined by cluster analysis and ordination analysis. The density, biodiversity, and community stability were higher in the sampling sections with the replantation of macrophyte than in impervious concrete sections. The occurrence of intermediate tolerant taxa such as Ephemera sp., Caenis sinensis Gui, Ecnomus sp., and Hydropsyche sp. indicated the recovery and restoration of macroinvertebrates in Qinghe River. However, the differences in the community structure, density, taxa richness, biodiversity index, and the composition of functional feeding groups of macroinvertebrates among different types of submerged macrophyte were not identified. Unlike providing extra habitats for macroinvertebrates in the vertical direction in natural streams and lakes, the submerged macrophyte provided more stable benthic habitats in urban streams. The stem and leaf of macrophytes could adjust the hydraulics and continually absorb, fix, and accumulate the suspended solids in the sediment and water interface. The root systems could stabilize the microhabitat of the sediment for macroinvertebrates, benthic algae, and microorganisms. Those aquatic organisms played an important role in the decomposition, transformation, and mineralization of nutrients and organic matter in urban streams. Following the recovery of stabilized microhabitats, community restoration and secondary succession of macroinvertebrates could continually and slowly happen. This study improved the understanding of the ecological effects of macrophytes on the restoration of aquatic organisms and ecosystems in urban streams.

Salvianolic acid B attenuates toxin-induced neuronal damage via Nrf2-dependent glial cells-mediated protective activity in Parkinson's disease models.

Salvianolic acid B (SalB), a bioactive compound isolated from the plant-derived medicinal herb Danshen, has been shown to exert various anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities in several neurological disorders. In this study, we sought to investigate the potential protective effects and associated molecular mechanisms of SalB in Parkinson's disease (PD) models. To determine the neuroprotective effects of SalB in vitro, MPP+- or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuronal injury was achieved using primary cultures with different compositions of neurons, microglia and astrocytes. Our results showed that SalB reduced both LPS- and MPP+-induced toxicity of dopamine neurons in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, SalB treatment inhibited the release of microglial pro-inflammatory cytokines and resulted in an increase in the expression and release of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) from astrocytes. Western blot analysis illustrated that SalB increased the expression and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2). The knockdown of Nrf2 using specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) partially reversed the SalB-induced GDNF expression and anti-inflammatory activity. Moreover, SalB treatment significantly attenuated dopaminergic (DA) neuronal loss, inhibited neuroinflammation, increased GDNF expression and improved the neurological function in MPTP-treated mice. Collectively, these findings demonstrated that SalB protects DA neurons by an Nrf-2 -mediated dual action: reducing microglia activation-mediated neuroinflammation and inducing astrocyte activation-dependent GDNF expression. Importantly the present study also highlights critical roles of glial cells as targets for developing new strategies to alter the progression of neurodegenerative disorders.

[Influence on the spatial distribution of fish in Taizi River basin by environmental factors at multiple scales].

The deterioration of fish is influenced by various types of environmental factors. To develop protection plans that are more suitable, non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis (NMS) was used to investigate the influence of environmental factors at multiple scales on the spatial distribution of fish. The results of cluster analysis showed that there were three types of spatial distribution of fish, i.e. upstream timber and tributary headstream area, midstream hilly area, and downstream plain area. Results of NMS analysis indicated the significant correlations between spatial distribution of fish and environmental factors at multiple scales. Altitude, stream order and land use were three important factors influencing the fish distribution at the watershed scale. Combination of velocity and depth, habitat inhomogeneity and electrical conductivity significantly affected fish distribution at the reach scale, whereas the quality of bottom material showed significant influence at the microhabitat scale. Therefore, the effect of specific environmental factors at multiple scales should be taken into consideration in the basin fish conversation management.

[Comparison and application of biological indices of macroinvertebrates in river health assessment].

The different biological indices usually result in different results in the river health assessment. It is imperative and valuable to identify the correlation among different indices and their applicability for assessing stream health. In this study, totally five biological indices were selected and compared in the investigation of macroinvertebrate communities in the Taizi river. The results showed significant correlations among the five indices. However, due to the difference in health rating criteria for each biological index, different results of health ratings were obtained when different indices were used. The responding sensitivities to disturbance caused by different types of human activities were studied for each index to determine their applicability in assessment of river health. The data indicated that the BI index had significant correlations with land use and dissolved oxygen and was a good indicator for these two types of disturbance. The FBI index could well reflect the acid and ammonia contamination of the investigated stream. Strong negative correlation was found between the ASPT index and several water quality parameters concerning oxygen consumption. The B-IBI index had a significant negative correlation with the total nitrogen concentration, being a good indicator for nitrogen contamination. Besides, the B-IBI index was also significantly correlated to disturbance caused by other types of human activities and can be used as an indicator for both land use and aquatic pollution. To be concluded, the BI index and ASPT index can be individually used to assess the land use of a riverine and the impact of hydrochemical index on the ecosystems, whereas the B-IBI index could be a suitable indicator for evaluating the stream health correlated with various human activities.

Risk factors analysis on traumatic brain injury prognosis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the independent risk factors of traumatic brain injury (TBI) prognosis. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed in 885 hospitalized TBI patients from January 1, 2003 to January 1,2010 in the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University .Single-factor and logisticregression analysis were conducted to evaluate the association of different variables with TBI outcome. RESULTS: The single-factor analysis revealed significant association between several variables and TBI outcome, including age ( P=0.044 for the age group 40-60, Pü0.001 for the age group ≥60), complications ( P<0.001), cerebrospinal fluid leakage( P<0.001), Glasgow Coma Scale(GCS) ( P<0.001), pupillary light reflex ( P<0.001), shock ( P<0.001), associated extra-craniallesions ( P=0.01), subdural hematoma ( P<0.001), cerebral contusion ( P<0.001), diffuse axonal injury ( P<0.001), and subarachnoid hemorrhage( P<0.001), suggesting theinfluence of those factors on the prognosis of TBI. Furthermore, logistic regression analysis identified age, GCS score, pupillary light reflex, subdural hematoma,and subarachnoid hemorrhage as independent risk factors of TBI prognosis. CONCLUSION: Age, GCS score, papillary lightreflex, subdural hematoma, and subarachnoid hemorrhage may be risk factors influencing the prognosis of TBI. Paying attention to those factors might improve the outcome of TBI in clinical treatment.

[Community structure and biological integrity of periphyton in Hunhe River water system of Liaoning Province, Northeast China].

Taking the Hunhe River water system in Liaoning Province of Northeast China as a case, this paper investigated the community structure of periphyton and the physical and chemical characteristics of water environment at 62 sampling sites, and, by using the biological integrity index of periphyton (P-IBI) and the habitat environment quality index (QHEI), a health assessment on the aquatic ecosystem of the water system was conducted. There was a great spatial heterogeneity in the periphyton community structure, and the sampling sites could be divided into 4 groups, with significant differences in the community structure, species richness, density, and Shannon diversity index among the groups. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) showed that ammonia nitrogen (NH4(+)-N) and dissolved phosphorus (PO4(3-)-P) were the main water environment factors driving the formation of the periphyton community structure in the water system. The health assessment of the water system based on P-IBI and QHEI was basically in consistency, though the assessment of several reaches had large discrepancy. Overall, the Suzi River at the upper reaches of the water system had a better health status, while the upper reaches of Hunhe River and the main stream of Hunhe River at its middle and lower reaches were worse in health.

[Macrobenthos in Jinping reach of Yalongjiang River and its main tributaries].

In this paper, an investigation was made on the macrobenthos at 25 sites in the Jinping reach of Yalongjiang River and its main tributaries in May and November 2004, aimed to study the relationships between macrobenthos distribution and environmental factors. The results showed that the dominant species of macrobenthos was Baetis sp. (Baetidae, Ephemeroptera), with a relative abundance being 14.9% and 27.0% in May and November, respectively. Based on the species composition and their relative abundance, and by using two-way indictor species analysis (TWINSPAN) and detrended correspondence analysis (DCA), the macrobenthods was divided into four groups, according to the habitat types of the sites. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) on the relationships between macrobenthods community structure and environmental factors indicated that in May, elevation and water hardness and NH4+ -N content were the main environmental factors affecting macrobenthods distribution, while in November, elevation, water hardness, NH4+ -N and SiO2 contents were the main ones.