Prehospital tourniquet placement in extremity trauma.

BACKGROUND: Extremity tourniquets (ET) use has increased in trauma systems to manage traumatic hemorrhage. This study aims to evaluate prehospital ET placement. METHODS: This is a retrospective review of a prospectively collected cohort of 211 adult patients who underwent prehospital ET placement over 3 ½ years. Data regarding ET placement was analyzed regarding ET applier, reported indications, extremity appearance at arrival and outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 211 patients had completed data sheets. Of these patients, 63.2% had no other intervention prior to ET placement. On arrival, nearly 1/3 of the patients had palpable pulses with ET in place and less than ½ had arterial bleeding upon ET release. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that ET are frequently used as the initial intervention in the field. It is of paramount importance that we adapt our first responders training to teach wound assessment and appropriate steps in management of extremity hemorrhagic trauma.

Clinical diagnosis of cholecystitis in emergency department patients with cholelithiasis is indication for urgent cholecystectomy: A comparison of clinical, ultrasound, and pathologic diagnosis.

BACKGROUND: Biliary pathology is a common reason for emergency department visits with discharge and outpatient follow up if sonographic evaluation does not reveal evidence of cholecystitis. This retrospective review was conducted to assess the sensitivity of clinical versus sonographic evaluation for indication of urgent cholecystectomy. METHODS: Retrospective chart review of 308 patients who presented to the emergency department (ED) with right upper quadrant (RUQ) pain and cholelithiasis whom underwent cholecystectomy. The history and physical exam, laboratory values, ultrasound (US), and final surgical pathology were compared for accuracy of clinical to pathologic diagnosis. RESULTS: 95.5% of our patients that presented to the ED secondary to RUQ pain with cholelithiasis had pathologic cholecystitis. Sensitivity of clinical diagnosis was superior to US findings as compared to pathologic diagnosis of cholecystitis at 96% vs 44% and 87% vs 18% for acute (AC) and chronic cholecystitis (CC) respectively. CONCLUSION: RUQ pain with known cholelithiasis lasting longer than 4 hours is sensitive for pathologic cholecystitis. This finding, even with the absence of sonographic evidence of cholecystitis, is indication for index encounter urgent cholecystectomy.

Patient and Tumor Disparities in Breast Cancer Based on Insurance Status.

This study seeks to determine whether uninsured breast cancer patients are more likely to present with advanced disease relative to insured patients. We retrospectively reviewed newly diagnosed breast cancer patients over a 27-month period. Patients were sorted based on insurance status at diagnosis. Demographic and tumor-specific data were collected and analyzed using nonparametric testing. We identified 276 breast tumors in 260 patients. Out of the 260 patients, 71 patients (27.3%) were uninsured and were more likely to be black (P < 0.05), present with a breast-specific complaint rather than an abnormal mammogram (P < 0.05), and present with more advanced disease (52% stage II or worse vs 26.6% in the insured population; P < 0.01). Percentage of invasive carcinoma and tumor biology were independent of insurance status. Insured patients were more likely to receive surgery as first therapy (76.5 vs 46.0%, P < 0.01), whereas uninsured patients were more likely to receive chemotherapy suggesting multimodality treatment. Uninsured patients had a longer time to therapy initiation (56.0 days vs 44.5 days, P < 0.05). Our study confirms that uninsured patients present with higher stage disease are more likely to have breast-specific complaints and are more likely to require chemotherapy as first-line treatment confirming the under-utility of screening mammography within our uninsured patients.