Synthesis and characterization of marine seagrass (Cymodocea serrulata) mediated titanium dioxide nanoparticles for antibacterial, antibiofilm and antioxidant properties.

Cymodocea serrulata mediated titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) were successfully synthesized. The XRD pattern and FTIR spectra demonstrated the crystalline structure of TiO2 NPs and the presence of phenols, flavonoids and alkaloids in the extract. Further SEM revealed that TiO2 NPs has uniform structure and spherical in shape with their size ranged from 58 to 117 nm. Antibacterial activity of TiO2 NPs against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Vibrio cholerae (V. cholerae), provided the zone of inhibition of 33.9 ± 1.7 and 36.3 ± 1.9 mm, respectively at 100 µg/mL concentration. MIC of TiO2 NPs against MRSA and V. cholerae showed 84% and 87% inhibition at 180 µg/mL and 160 µg/mL respectively. Subsequently, the sub-MIC of V. cholerae demonstrated minimal or no impact on bacterial growth at concentration of 42.5 µg/mL concentration. In addition, TiO2 NPs exhibited their ability to inhibit the biofilm forming V. cholerae which caused distinct morphological and intercellular damages analysed using CLSM and TEM. The antioxidant properties of TiO2 NPs were demonstrated through TAA and DPPH assays and exposed its scavenging activity with IC50 value of 36.42 and 68.85 µg/mL which denotes its valuable antioxidant properties with potential health benefits. Importantly, the brine shrimp based lethality experiment yielded a low cytotoxic effect with 13% mortality at 100 µg/mL. In conclusion, the multifaceted attributes of C. serrulata mediated TiO2 NPs encompassed the antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-biofilm inhibition effects with low cytotoxicity in nature were highlighted in this study and proved the bioderived TiO2 NPs could be used as a promising agent for biomedical applications.

Anti-quorum Sensing and Anti-biofilm Effect of Nocardiopsis synnemataformans RMN 4 (MN061002) Compound 2,6-Di-tert-butyl, 1,4-Benzoquinone Against Biofilm-Producing Bacteria.

In this study, the anti-biofilm compound of 2,6-Di-tert-butyl, 1,4-benzoquinone was purified from Nocardiopsis synnemataformans (N. synnemataformans) RMN 4 (MN061002). To confirm the compound, various spectroscopy analyses were done including ultraviolet (UV) spectrometer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), analytical high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), preparative HPLC, gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS), and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Furthermore, the purified compound was shown 94% inhibition against biofilm-producing Proteus mirabilis (P. mirabilis) (MN396686) at 70 µg/mL concentrations. Furthermore, the metabolic activity, exopolysaccharide damage, and hydrophobicity degradation results of identified compound exhibited excellent inhibition at 100 µg/mL concentration. Furthermore, the confocal laser scanning electron microscope (CLSM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) results were shown with intracellular damages and architectural changes in bacteria. Consecutively, the in vivo toxicity effect of the compound against Artemia franciscana (A. franciscana) was shown to have a low mortality rate at 100 µg/mL. Finally, the molecular docking interaction between the quorum sensing (QS) genes and identified compound clearly suggested that the identified compound 2,6-Di-tert-butyl, 1,4-benzoquinone has anti-quorum sensing and anti-biofilm activities against P. mirabilis (MN396686).

Morphological modification of silver nanoparticles against multi-drug resistant gram-negative bacteria and cytotoxicity effect in A549 lung cancer cells through in vitro approaches.

In the present study, the individual cultures of Proteus mirabilis (P. mirabilis) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) were treated with morphologically modified silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) and were found to display zones of inhibition of ~ 8 mm, 16 mm, 20 mm, and 22 mm (P. mirabilis) and 6 mm, 14 mm, 20 mm, and 24 mm (K. pneumoniae) at concentrations of 25 µg/ml, 50 µg/mL, 75 µg/mL, and 100 µg/mL, respectively. In addition, turbidity tests were performed based on O. D. values, which exhibited 92% and 90% growth inhibitions at 100 µg/mL concentration for P. mirabilis and K. pneumoniae, respectively. Furthermore, the IC50 concentration of Ag NPs was established for A549 lung cancer cells and found to be at 500 µg/mL. Evidently, the morphological variation of Ag NPs treated A549 lung cancer cells was exhibited with differential morphology studied by phase-contrast microscopy. The results demonstrated that the synthesized Ag NPs was not only efficient against gram-positive bacteria but also against gram-negative bacteria and A549 cancer cells, suggesting that the potential of these biosynthesized Ag NPs is a future drug discovery source for inhibiting bacteria and cancer cells.

New Benzotrithiophene-Based Molecules as Organic P-Type Semiconductor for Small-Molecule Organic Solar Cells.

A new benzotrithiophene-based small molecule, namely 2,5,8-Tris[5-(2,2-dicyanovinyl)-2-thienyl]-benzo[1,2-b:3,4-b':6,5-b″]-trithiophene (DCVT-BTT), was successfully synthesized and subsequently characterized. This compound was found to present an intense absorption band at a wavelength position of ∼544 nm and displayed potentially relevant optoelectronic properties for photovoltaic devices. Theoretical studies demonstrated an interesting behavior of charge transport as electron donor (hole-transporting) active material for heterojunction cells. A preliminary study of small-molecule organic solar cells based on DCVT-BTT (as the P-type organic semiconductor) and phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (as the N-type organic semiconductor) exhibited a power conversion efficiency of 2.04% at a donor: acceptor weight ratio of 1:1.

Understanding the Molecular Conformation and Viscoelasticity of Low Sol-Gel Transition Temperature Gelatin Methacryloyl Suspensions.

For biomedical applications, gelatin is usually modified with methacryloyl groups to obtain gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA), which can be crosslinked by a radical reaction induced by low wavelength light to form mechanically stable hydrogels. The potential of GelMA hydrogels for tissue engineering has been well established, however, one of the main disadvantages of mammalian-origin gelatins is that their sol-gel transitions are close to room temperature, resulting in significant variations in viscosity that can be a problem for biofabrication applications. For these applications, cold-water fish-derived gelatins, such as salmon gelatin, are a good alternative due to their lower viscosity, viscoelastic and mechanical properties, as well as lower sol-gel transition temperatures, when compared with mammalian gelatins. However, information regarding GelMA (with special focus on salmon GelMA as a model for cold-water species) molecular conformation and the effect of pH prior to crosslinking, which is key for fabrication purposes since it will determine final hydrogel's structure, remains scarce. The aim of this work is to characterize salmon gelatin (SGel) and salmon methacryloyl gelatin (SGelMA) molecular configuration at two different acidic pHs (3.6 and 4.8) and to compare them to commercial porcine gelatin (PGel) and methacryloyl porcine gelatin (PGelMA), usually used for biomedical applications. Specifically, we evaluated gelatin and GelMA samples' molecular weight, isoelectric point (IEP), their molecular configuration by circular dichroism (CD), and determined their rheological and thermophysical properties. Results showed that functionalization affected gelatin molecular weight and IEP. Additionally, functionalization and pH affected gelatin molecular structure and rheological and thermal properties. Interestingly, the SGel and SGelMA molecular structure was more sensitive to pH changes, showing differences in gelation temperatures and triple helix formation than PGelMA. This work suggests that SGelMA presents high tunability as a biomaterial for biofabrication, highlighting the importance of a proper GelMA molecular configuration characterization prior to hydrogel fabrication.

Metal tolerance and biosorption of Pb ions by Bacillus cereus RMN 1 (MK521259) isolated from metal contaminated sites.

Recent years, metal pollution is an alarming factor to know about protects the environmental ecosystem due to the toxic, persistent and abundant in nature. Metals are present everywhere in the biotic and abiotic samples including soil, water, and microbes. The rate of bioaccumulation and biotransformation are very high. The excess concentration of the metals causes heavy metal pollution or contamination. Due to these defects, the removal of metals using biological sources is heightened in the current research. In this current investigation, the biosorption potential ability of the metal tolerable Bacillus cereus on Pb and Cu rich environment was chosen and thoroughly monitored. The 16s rRNA of the Bacillus cereus was sequenced, and named as Bacillus cereus RMN 1 (MK521259). The various test concentration (10-60 mg/mL) of Pb and Cu was exhibited the maximum removal percentages of 85.2% and 60.2%. The result of bisorption factors exhibited, 300 mg/mL of the biosorbent potency, 60 min contact time and pH 7, and they found to be optimal to remove the maximum of Pb ion from the solution. In the regression coefficients, the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models were used to study the adsorption kinetics of metal ions. In addition, the isotherm model confirmed that the of B. cereus biomass medicated metal adsorption was more favourable reaction for metal degradation. With the above evidences, the results of the present investigation proved that B. cereus derived biomass was actively adsorbing the metals ions. Thus we are recommending for the implementation of effective waste water treatment.

Review: Auxetic Polymer-Based Mechanical Metamaterials for Biomedical Applications.

Over the last three decades but more particularly during the last 5 years, auxetic mechanical metamaterials constructed from precisely architected polymer-based materials have attracted considerable attention due to their fascinating mechanical properties. These materials present a negative Poisson's ratio and therefore unusual mechanical behavior, which has resulted in enhanced static modulus, energy adsorption, and shear resistance, as compared with the bulk properties of polymers. Novel advanced polymer processing and fabrication techniques, and in particular additive manufacturing, allow one to design complex and customizable polymer architectures that are particularly relevant to fabricate auxetic mechanical metamaterials. Although these metamaterials exhibit exotic mechanical properties with potential applications in several engineering fields, biomedical applications seem to be one of the most relevant with a growing number of articles published over recent years. As a result, special focus is needed to understand the potential of these structures and foster theoretical and experimental investigations on the potential benefits of the unusual mechanical properties of these materials on the way to high performance biomedical applications. The present Review provides up to date information on the recent progress of polymer-based auxetic mechanical metamaterials mainly fabricated using additive manufacturing methods with a special focus toward biomedical applications including tissue engineering as well as medical devices including stents and sensors.

Preparation of antibacterial Zn and Ni substituted cobalt ferrite nanoparticles for efficient biofilm eradication.

Zinc (Zn) and, alternatively, nickel (Ni) substituted cobalt ferrite (CF) nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by sol-gel method. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the formation of cubic structure of cobalt ferrite. FTIR analysis confirmed the vibrational band located at 550-580 cm-1 that belongs to the M - O bond (M = Ni, and Zn). The alteration of the surface morphology of CF after the addition of Zn and Ni ions was observed from scanning electron microscopic images. The additional peaks in the energy dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDX) analysis spectra were found to correspond to Zn and Ni. The presence of Zn and, alternatively, Ni ions enhanced the biocidal properties of CF NPs against gram negative organisms, in a concentration and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, exposure to CF, CF-Zn and CF-Ni NPs decreased metabolic activity due to the damage of extra polymorphic substances, live/dead cell variation, architecture and surface integrity of the cells. Altogether, the present investigation provides the basis of metal ion substituted metal oxide NPs as anti-biofilm agents against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

Biosorption and adsorption isotherm of chromium (VI) ions in aqueous solution using soil bacteria Bacillus amyloliquefaciens.

This study looked at the development of effective biosorbents to recover the most toxic elements from industrial water. B. amyloliquefaciens was isolated from marine soils showing extreme resistance to Chromium (Cr(VI)) ions. During the 60 min of contact time, 79.90% Cr(VI) was adsorbed from the aqueous solution. The impact of important factors such as biomass concentration, pH of the medium, and initial metal ions concentration on biosorption rate was also examined. The desorption study indicated that 1 M HCl (91.24%) was superior to 0.5 M HCl (74.81%), 1 M NaOH (64.96%), and distilled water (3.66%). Based on the Langmuir model, the maximum adsorption capacity of the bio-absorbent was determined to be 48.44 mg/g. The absorption mechanism was identified as monolayer, and 1/n from the Freundlich model falls within 1, thus indicating favorable adsorption. Based on the findings of the present study, the soil bacterium B. amyloliquefaciens was found to be the best alternative and could be used to develop strategies for managing existing environmental pollution through biosorption.

Development of chitosan decorated Fe3O4 nanospheres for potential enhancement of photocatalytic degradation of Congo red dye molecules.

Fe3O4 nanospheres (Nsps) and chitosan (Cts)/Fe3O4 Nsps were prepared using a one-pot hydrothermal method and subsequently used as photocatalysts against the degradation of Congo red (CR) dye molecules. The sphere-shaped Fe3O4 nanoparticles were heterogeneously decorated by the Cts matrix, which was confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopies. The Cts/Fe3O4 Nsps demonstrated 98% efficient photocatalytic activity against CR dye molecules upon 60 min exposure to visible light compared to Fe3O4 Nsps (77% for 60 min). When compared to Fe3O4 Nsps, the visible light photocatalytic efficiency of Cts/Fe3O4 Nsps against CR dye molecules was significantly improved.

Highly efficient antibacterial activity of graphene/chitosan/magnetite nanocomposites against ESBL-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae.

In the present study, chitosan-containing nanocomposites were investigated as new antibacterial agents. Magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (NPs) as well as chitosan (CS)/Fe3O4 nanocomposites (NCs) and graphene(Gr)/CS/Fe3O4 NCs were synthesized by simple hydrothermal method. Their composition, structure and morphology were studied, followed by the evaluation of their antibacterial activity against ESBL-producing and gram-negative P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae bacterial strains. The Gr/CS/Fe3O4 NCs showed significantly higher antibacterial activity compared to Fe3O4 NPs and CS/Fe3O4 NCs (105 and 69 % higher against P. aeruginosa as well as 91 and 77 % higher against K. pneumoniae, respectively). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Gr/CS/Fe3O4 NCs against P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae were 60 and 70 µg/mL, respectively. The synergistic antibacterial activity and facile synthesis of Gr/CS/Fe3O4 NCs suggests their applicability as novel highly efficient antibacterial agents with potential for a wide range of biomedical applications, where antibacterial properties are needed.

Enhanced anti-cancer activity of chitosan loaded Morinda citrifolia essential oil against A549 human lung cancer cells.

In the present study, the chemical composition of Morinda citrifolia essential oils was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and was found to contain several anti-cancer compounds including L-scopoletin, nordamnacanthal, ß-morindone, α-copaene, 9-H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole, ß-thujene and terpinolene. The physico-chemical characterization of chitosan, chitosan nanoparticles and Morinda citrifolia essential oils loaded chitosan nanoparticles combination was carried out by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction and dynamic light scattering coupled with zeta potential. The morphological observation obtained by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy provided clear indication that the immobile chitosan polymer formed a coating onto the Morinda citrifolia essential oils surface. The cytotoxic effect of Morinda citrifolia essential oils loaded chitosan nanoparticles against A549 cells were investigated, resulting in 54% inhibition at 40 µg/ml-1. Information about in vitro morphological modification, nucleus damages, ROS generation and cell cycle arrest was obtained by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometer analysis. The toxicity evaluation against human red blood cells suggested that the Morinda citrifolia essential oils loaded chitosan nanoparticles possess minimum cytotoxicity. Altogether, the present study suggests that these Morinda citrifolia essential oils loaded chitosan nanoparticles are valuable biomaterials owing to their ability to fight against A549 cancer cells.

Highly efficient multifunctional graphene/chitosan/magnetite nanocomposites for photocatalytic degradation of important dye molecules.

Multifunctional chitosan/magnetite (CS/Fe3O4) and graphene/chitosan/magnetite (Gr/CS/Fe3O4) nanocomposites (NCs) were synthesized using a simple hydrothermal method. The NCs were subsequently evaluated as magnetic photocatalysts towards the photodegradation of dye molecules that are detrimental to the environment. In the present study, sphere shaped Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) were found to uniformly decorate CS and Gr surfaces. The synthesized Fe3O4 NPs, CS/Fe3O4 and Gr/CS/Fe3O4 NCs were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, UV-visible diffuse reflectance and photoluminescence spectroscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The Gr/CS/Fe3O4 NCs showed 100% photocatalytic efficiency against rhodamine B (40 min), bromothymol blue (60 min), methylene blue (80 min) and methyl orange (100 min) compared to Fe3O4 NPs (100 min for Rh-B, 120 min for BTB, 160 min for MB and 180 min for MO) and CS/Fe3O4 NCs (90 min for Rh-B, 100 min for BTB, 140 min for MB and 150 min for MO). The photocatalytic irradiation efficiency of Fe3O4 NPs, CS/Fe3O4 and Gr/CS/Fe3O4 NCs, evaluated against visible light, was found to be significantly higher for Rh-B (100% within 40 min) compared to the other tested dyes.

Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles for inhibition of antibacterial resistance and biofilm formation of methicillin-resistant coagulase negative Staphylococci.

The ability of a natural stabilizing and reducing agent on the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) was explored using a rapid and single-pot biological reduction method using Nocardiopsis sp. GRG1 (KT235640) biomass. The UV-visible spectral analysis of Ag NPs was found to show a maximum absorption peak located at a wavelength position of ∼422 nm for initial conformation. The major peaks in the XRD pattern were found to be in excellent agreement with the standard values of metallic Ag NPs. No other peaks of impurity phases were observed. The morphology of Ag NPs was confirmed through TEM observation, demonstrating that the particle size distribution of Ag NPs entrenched in spherical particles is in a range between 20 and 50 nm. AFM analysis further supported the nanosized morphology of the synthesized Ag NPs and allowed quantifying the Ag NPs surface roughness. The synthesized Ag NPs showed significant antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against biofilm positive methicillin-resistant coagulase negative Staphylococci (MR-CoNS), which were isolated from urinary tract infection as determined by spectroscopic methods in the concentration range of 5-60 µg/ml. The inhibition of biofilm formation with coloring stain was morphologically imaged by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Morphological alteration of treated bacteria was observed by SEM analysis. The results clearly indicate that these biologically synthesized Ag NPs could provide a safer alternative to conventional antibiofilm agents against uropathogen of MR-CoNS.

Cold-adaptation of a methacrylamide gelatin towards the expansion of the biomaterial toolbox for specialized functionalities in tissue engineering.

Tissue regeneration is witnessing a significant surge in advanced medicine. It requires the interaction of scaffolds with different cell types for efficient tissue formation post-implantation. The presence of tissue subtypes in more complex organs demands the co-existence of different biomaterials showing different hydrolysis rate for specialized cell-dependent remodeling. To expand the available toolbox of biomaterials with sufficient mechanical strength and variable rate of enzymatic degradation, a cold-adapted methacrylamide gelatin was developed from salmon skin. Compared with mammalian methacrylamide gelatin (GelMA), hydrogels derived from salmon GelMA displayed similar mechanical properties than the former. Nevertheless, salmon gelatin and salmon GelMA-derived hydrogels presented characteristics common of cold-adaptation, such as reduced activation energy for collagenase, increased enzymatic hydrolysis turnover of hydrogels, increased interconnected polypeptides molecular mobility and lower physical gelation capability. These properties resulted in increased cell-remodeling rate in vitro and in vivo, proving the potential and biological tolerance of this mechanically adequate cold-adapted biomaterial as alternative scaffold subtypes with improved cell invasion and tissue fusion capacity.

Graphene/nickel oxide nanocomposites against isolated ESBL producing bacteria and A549 cancer cells.

The synthesis of nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO NPs) and graphene/nickel oxide nanocomposites (Gr/NiO NCs) was performed using a simple chemical reduction method. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to examine the crystalline nature and thermal stability of the synthesized NiO NPs and Gr/NiO NCs, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were utilized to observe the morphology of NiO NPs and Gr/NiO NCs and estimate their size range. TEM suggested that the NiO NPs were speared onto the surface of Gr nanosheet. The efficiency of NiO NPs and Gr/NiO NCs against extended spectrum ß-lacamase (ESBL) producing bacteria, which was confirmed by specific HEXA disc Hexa G-minus 24 (HX-096) and MIC strip methods (CLSI); namely Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) was investigated using the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) methods. MIC results suggested that the NiO NPs and Gr/NiO NCs possess maximum growth inhibition of 86%, 82% and 94%, 92% at 50 and 30 µg/mL concentrations, respectively. Similarly, both nanomaterials were found to inhibit the ß-lacamase enzyme at concentrations of 60 µg/mL and 40 µg/mL, respectively. The cytotoxicity of NiO NPs and Gr/NiO NCs was quantified against A549 human lung cancer cells. Cell death percentage values of 52% at 50 µg/mL against NiO NPs and 54% at 20 µg/mL against Gr/NiO NCs were obtained, respectively. The NCs were found to reduce cell viability, increase the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and modify both the mitochondrial membrane permeability and cell cycle arrest.

Anti-ESBL investigation of chitosan/silver nanocomposites against carbapenem resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

In the present investigation functional chitosan/silver nanocomposites (CS/Ag NCs) were successfully synthesized and found to possess favorable antibacterial activity against extended spectrum beta-lactasame (ESBL) producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Powder X-ray diffraction showed that the obtained CS/Ag NCs are constituted of highly crystalline Ag nanoparticles (NPs) embedded in an amorphous CS matrix material. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis provided structural information about CS/Ag NCs, revealing the formation of spherical cluster structures constituted of Ag NPs with size ranging from 6 to 18 nm embedded in the amorphous CS matrix. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of Ag NPs and CS/Ag NCs were found to inhibit the ESBL producing P. aeruginosa at 80 µg/mL (76%) and 50 µg/mL (92%), respectively. Confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed that P. aeruginosa experienced reduced cell viability and morphological cell membrane damage at desired MIC. The in-vivo toxicity effect of Ag NPs and CS/Ag NCs suggested an increased mortality rate when Artemia franciscana were exposed for 24 h to increasing concentrations of Ag NPs and CS/Ag NCs. Anti-ESBL activity and toxicity effect of CS/Ag NCs revealed that these NCs possess promising antibacterial properties to overcome numerous communicable bacterial strains.

Chitosan/silver nanocomposites for colorimetric detection of glucose molecules.

This study was about the simple method for the rapid colorimetric and visual detection of glucose molecules in water medium. Silver nanoparticles were spread on the chitosan surface (CS/Ag NCs) and it was characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The CS/Ag NCs displayed a strong surface plasmon resonance band at 429 nm which disappears in the addition of accelerative concentrations of glucose molecules and it was attended by color alteration from yellow to colorless. The interaction of glucose molecules on the CS/Ag NCs was displayed through TEM technique. Glucose molecules was detected not only by naked eyes (from yellow to purple grey) but also by UV-vis spectrophotometer in the concentration range between 0 and 100 µM, with limit detection of 5 µM and a good linear relationship of R2 value = 0.99. The proposed paper was used for the application of the detection of glucose molecules in water sample with adequate outcome. This CS/Ag NCs was very simple and low cost system without using any other enzymatic catalyst and organic chromogenic agents for glucose molecules detection.

Biologically synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles enhanced intracellular damage in ciprofloxacin resistant ESBL producing bacteria.

Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) were synthesized biologically using leaf extract of Camilla japonica. The typical UV-visible spectral peak of CuO NPs was observed at a wavelength of ∼290 nm, which confirmed their successful synthesis. From scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) analyses, the synthesized CuO NPs were found to possess spherical shape. Energy dispersive X-ray analyzer (EDX) results revealed that the CuO NPs are almost pure with atomic percentages of 50.92 for Cu and 49.08 for O. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) confirmed the presence of an absorption peak located at a wavenumber position of ∼480 cm-1 typical for highly pure CuO NPs. TEM images displayed that the particles are relatively uniform in size ∼15-25 nm. The P. aeruginosa and K. pneumonia showed complete resistance against Hexa 077 antibiotic discs. The result of ≤22 ceftazidime and ≤27 cefotaxime confirmed that both the uropathogens were ESBL producers. The ≥8 mm of the MIC stripe further confirmed that both the uropathogens were ESBL producers. Furthermore, the antibacterial activity of CuO NPs against selected ESBL producing P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae at minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of 100 µg/mL. The decreased cell viability and damaged membrane construction of both the uropathogens were observed by confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) using AO/EB stains at desired MIC dose. The morphological damage of the bacterial cells was demonstrated by SEM analysis. Hence, based on the above in vitro findings, the results suggested that the CuO NPs are efficient antibacterial compounds against ESBL producing bacteria, and that the plant leaf mediated CuO NPs can be considered as novel and promising material to act against various infectious bacteria.

3D Printing of Antimicrobial Alginate/Bacterial-Cellulose Composite Hydrogels by Incorporating Copper Nanostructures.

Novel antimicrobial 3D-printed alginate/bacterial-cellulose hydrogels with in situ-synthesized copper nanostructures were developed having improved printability. Prior to 3D printing, two methods were tested for the development of the alginate hydrogels: (a) ionic cross-linking with calcium ions followed by ion exchange with copper ions (method A) and (b) ionic cross-linking with copper ions (method B). A solution containing sodium borohydride, used as a reducing agent, was subsequently added to the hydrogels, producing in situ clusters of copper nanoparticles embedded in the alginate hydrogel matrix. The method used and concentrations of copper and the reducing agent were found to affect the stability of the alginate/copper hydrogels, with method A producing more stable materials. By increasing the alginate concentration from 1 to 4 wt % and by using method A, alginate/bacterial-cellulose/copper hydrogel structures were 3D-printed having excellent printability as compared with pure alginate hydrogels. It is noteworthy that after reduction with sodium borohydride, the 3D structures presented antimicrobial behavior against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus strains. Our results introduce a simple route for the production of alginate/cellulose inks with improved behavior toward antimicrobial 3D-printed materials.