Efetividade de uma intervenção baseada em Mindfulness para redução de estresse e melhora da qualidade de vida em estudantes de enfermagem: Effects on stress and quality of life / Mindfulness based intervention for nursing students / Efectividad de una intervencion basada en Mindfulness para reduccion de estres y mejora de la calidad de vida en estudiantes de enfermeria

OBJETIVO: avaliar a efetividade de uma intervenção para redução de estresse baseada em Mindfulness em aspectos relacionados à Qualidade de Vida, Atenção Plena e Estresse Percebido, em estudantes de graduação e pós-graduação em enfermagem. MÉTODO: aplicados instrumentos de avaliação para a construção de uma linha basal e posteriormente a amostra foi submetida a um Programa de Redução de Estresse e aumento da Qualidade de Vida baseado em Mindfulness, formatado em encontros semanais por oito semanas. RESULTADOS: após a intervenção, houve diminuição do nível de Estresse Percebido, aumento do nível de Atenção Plena e melhora da Qualidade de Vida em âmbito psicológico. CONCLUSÃO: intervenções baseadas em Mindfulness se mostram efetivas e podem constituir um importante recurso para o gerenciamento do estresse e melhora na Qualidade de Vida dos estudantes.

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention to reduce stress based on Mindfulness in aspects related to Quality of Life, Mindfulness and Perceived Stress in undergraduate and postgraduate students of Nursing. METHOD: evaluation instruments were applied to establish baseline data, and the sample was subsequently submitted to a Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction and Quality of Life, formatted eight consecutive weeks. RESULTS: after the intervention, there was a decrease in the level of Perceived Stress, increase in the level of Mindfulness and improvement of the Quality of Life in the psychological area. CONCLUSION: interventions based in Mindfulness are effective and can offer important resources for managing stress and improving the Quality of Life of students.

OBJETIVO: evaluar la efectividad de una intervención para reducción de estrés basada en Mindfulness en relación a la Calidad de Vida, Atención Plena y Estrés Percibido, en universitarios y estudiantes de postgrado de Enfermería. MÉTODO: previamente se aplicaron instrumentos de evaluación para la construcción de una línea basal y posteriormente la muestra fue sometida a un Programa de Reducción de Estrés y aumento de la Calidad de Vida basado en Mindfulness, constituído de encuentros semanales, durante ocho semanas consecutivas. RESULTADOS: se observó que después de la intervención, hubo disminución del nivel de Estrés Percibido, aumento del nivel de Atención Plena y mejora de la Calidad de Vida en ámbito psicológico. CONCLUSIÓN: intervencones basadas en Mindfulness se muestran efectivas y pueden constituir un importante recurso para manejar el estrés y mejorar la Calidad de Vida de los estudiantes.

Criação do Centro Brasileiro de Mindful Eating: resgate da consciência e do amor ao comer / Creation of the Brazilian Center of Mindful Eating: recovery of conscience and love when eating / Creación del Centro Brasileño de Mindful Eating: el rescate de la conciencia y del amor al comer

OBJETIVO: descrever a trajetória da criação do Centro Brasileiro de Mindful Eating e buscar compreender as motivações, os objetivos, os resultados já alcançados e as perspectivas e desafios para o futuro dessa organização. MÉTODO: estudo descritivo, exploratório com delineamento qualitativo. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de consultas aos documentos disponíveis no site do Centro e relatos de profissionais envolvidos em sua idealização e criação. As informações reunidas foram organizadas em categorias temáticas para oferecer descrição consistente do referido Centro enquanto marco referencial para o movimento científico e profissional do comer consciente. RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO: a criação do Centro compreendeu: Organização e estrutura: independência, descentralização e horizontalidade; Objetivos e motivações: amor, cuidado e ética; Desafios e perspectivas futuras: plantar, cuidar e colher. Tais categorias, exploradas em conjunto, revelaram a importância da criação do Centro ao colaborar, entre outras questões, para o estabelecimento do tema no Brasil. CONCLUSÃO: o Centro tem colaborado para o desenvolvimento profissional ético dessa área de conhecimento no Brasil, estabelecendo-se no sentido de organizar e oferecer referência para disseminação das referidas práticas. Estudos baseados nessa temática poderão contribuir para que o Mindful Eating se fortaleça enquanto importante recurso para a saúde e qualidade de vida.

OBJECTIVE: to describe the trajectory of the creation of the Brazilian Center of Mindful Eating and to attempt to understand the motivations, objectives, the already obtained results, as well as the future perspectives and challenges of this organization. METHOD: exploratory descriptive study with a qualitative design. Data collection was carried out by consulting the documents available on the Center's website and compiling the accounts given by the professionals involved in conceiving and creating the Center. The obtained information was sorted into categories so as to provide a consistent description of said Center as a milestone for the mindful eating scientific and professional movement. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: creating the Center required: Organization and structure: independence, decentralization and horizontality; Objectives and motivations: love, care and ethics; Challenges and future perspectives: cultivating, taking care of and reaping the benefits of it. Those categories, explored together, have shown how important it was to create the Center to cooperate, among other things, to inaugurate the topic in Brazil. CONCLUSION: the Center has been contributing to the ethical professional development of this field of knowledge in Brazil and has been establishing itself so as to organize and be the reference to disseminate such practices. Studies based on this subject may contribute to strengthen Mindful Eating as an important resource for health and quality of life.

OBJETIVO: describir la trayectoria de la creación del Centro Brasileño de Mindful Eating y buscar comprender los motivos, los objetivos, los resultados ya alcanzados y las perspectivas y desafíos para el futuro de esta organización. METODOLOGIA: estudio descriptivo, exploratorio con enfoque cualitativo. La recolección de datos se realizó a través de consultas a los documentos disponibles en la página web del Centro y relatos de profesionales involucrados en su creación. La información recabada fue organizada en categorías temáticas para ofrecer una descripción consistente de dicho Centro como marco referencial para el movimiento científico y profesional del comer consciente. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN: la creación del Centro involucró: Organización y estructura: independencia, descentralización y horizontalidad; Objetivos y motivos: amor, cuidado y ética; Desafíos y perspectivas futuras: plantar, cuidar y cosechar. Tales categorías, exploradas en conjunto, han revelado la importancia de la creación del Centro al colaborar, entre otros aspectos, al desarrollo de este tema en Brasil. CONCLUSIÓN: el Centro ha contribuido al desarrollo profesional y ético de esta área de conocimiento en Brasil, estableciéndose a modo de organizar y servir de referencia para la difusión de tales prácticas. Los estudios con base en este tema podrán ayudar a que el Mindful Eating se fortalezca como un importante recurso para la salud y la calidad de vida.

Green tea supplementation improves oxidative stress biomarkers and modulates IL-6 circulating levels in obese women.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: obesity is associated with high levels of oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation. There is a lot of evidence that some polyphenols, such as green tea, have a positive impact on the OS state and consecutively, on inflammation. Objectives: the purposes of this study were: a) evaluate OS biomarkers in both obese and normal weight women; and b) evaluate if green tea supplementation has an impact on OS and inflammatory cytokine biomarkers of obese women. Methods: we evaluated obese (body mass index [BMI] ≥ 40 kg/m²) and normal weight (BMI between 18.5 and 24.9 kg/m²) women. Blood samples were used to access malondialdehyde (MDA), trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and inflammatory cytokines. We randomly chose obese patients (18 individuals) and then gave them green tea supplementation for eight weeks. Statistical analysis included the Shapiro-Wilk, Wilcoxon, independent and paired t tests; p < 0.05 were considered as significant. Results: we enrolled 42 obese (BMI: 48.2 ± 9.3kg/m2) and 21 normal weight (BMI: 22.5 ± 2 kg/m2) women with an average age of 36.2 ± 9.1 years old. The serum levels of MDA were higher in obese (2.52 ± 0.31 µmol/l) than in eutrophic women (2.13 ± 0.26 µmol/l; p = 0.000). On the other hand, lower TEAC values were observed in the obese (0.75 ± 0.06 mM/l) than in the eutrophic group (0.78 ± 0.04 mM/l; p = 0.009). After the green tea intervention, MDA decreased 4.7% and TEAC increased 10%. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) serum levels decreased 12.7% after treatment (p = 0.03). Conclusions: a) the obese group had lower antioxidant capacity than eutrophic; and b) green tea supplementation ameliorated TEAC and MDA and reduced serum levels of IL-6 in obese women.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: la obesidad se asocia con altos niveles de estrés oxidativo (EO) e inflamación. Existe mucha evidencia de que algunos polifenoles, como el té verde, tienen un impacto positivo en el estado del EO y, consecutivamente, en la inflamación. Objetivos: los propósitos de este estudio fueron: a) evaluar los biomarcadores de EO en mujeres obesas y de peso normal; y b) evaluar si la suplementación con té verde tiene un impacto en el EO y biomarcadores de citoquinas inflamatorias de las mujeres obesas. Métodos: evaluamos mujeres obesas (índice de masa corporal [IMC] ≥ 40 kg/m²) y con peso normal (IMC entre 18,5 y 24,9 kg/m²). Se utilizaron muestras de sangre para determinar el malondialdehído (MDA), la capacidad antioxidante equivalente de trolox (TEAC) y las citoquinas inflamatorias. Elegimos al azar pacientes obesas (18 individuos) y luego les dimos suplementos de té verde durante ocho semanas. El análisis estadístico incluyó las pruebas de Shapiro-Wilk, Wilcoxon, t pareadas e independientes; p < 0,05 fueron considerados como significativos. Resultados: se reclutaron 42 mujeres obesas (IMC: 48,2 ± 9,3 kg/m2) y 21 de peso normal (IMC: 22,5 ± 2 kg/m2) con un promedio de edad de 36,2 ± 9,1 años. Los niveles séricos de MDA fueron más altos en las personas obesas (2,52 ± 0,31 µmol/L) que en las mujeres eutróficas (2,13 ± 0,26 µmol/L; p = 0,000). Por otro lado, se observaron valores TEAC más bajos en los obesos (0,75 ± 0,06 mM/L) que en el grupo eutrófico (0,78 ± 0,04 mM/L; p = 0,009). Después de la intervención con té verde, la MDA disminuyó 4.7% y el TEAC aumentó 10%. Los niveles séricos de interleucina-6 (IL-6) disminuyeron 12.7% después del tratamiento (p = 0,03). Conclusiones: a) mujeres obesas tienen menor capacidad antioxidante que las eutrófica; y b) la suplementación con té verde mejora TEAC y MDA y redujo los niveles séricos de IL-6 en mujeres obesas.

Impact of green tea epigallocatechin-3-gallate on HIF1-α and mTORC2 expression in obese women: anti-cancer and anti-obesity effects? / Impacto del té verde epigalocatequina-3-galato en la expresión de HF1-a y mTORC2 en mujeres obesas: ¿efectos anticancerígenos y antiobesidad?

Introduction: epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is the most abundant catechin contained in green tea (Camellia sinensis) and has been associated with anti-obesity and anti-cancer effects, but the exact molecular mechanisms remain elusive. In this context, this study was designed to improve the understanding of the EGCG anti-obesity and anti-cancer action. Objectives: this study was designed to examine the effects of EGCG on the expression of genes involved in obesity and cancer pathways in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of obese women. Material and methods: this longitudinal interventional study enrolled eleven women with severe obesity that were submitted to eight weeks of green tea (decaffeinated green tea capsules with 450.7 mg of EGCG, two capsules/day) supplementation (intervention group) and ten eutrophic women as a control group. Weight (kg), body mass index (BMI, kg/m2), fat mass (kg) and gene expression (qPCR method) were assessed before and after supplementation. HIF1-alpha (HIF1-α), phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 1 (PIK3R1) and rapamycin-insensitive companion of mTOR (RICTOR) were selected as potential targets. Results: after supplementation, body weight (114.9 ± 14.3 versus 115 ± 13.8 kg), body mass index (44.1 ± 3.7 versus 44.1 ± 3.9 kg/m2) and fat mass (47.6 ± 3.3 versus 47.3 ± 3.4 kg) did not change. EGCG upregulated the RICTOR and HIF1-α expression, however, did not modify PI3K expression. Conclusion: this study demonstrated that EGCG has a potential role to obesity and cancer related to obesity control and can be used not only for the purpose of weight loss, but also for the improvement of obesity-related comorbidities

Introducción: la obesidad se asocia con altos niveles de estrés oxidativo (EO) e inflamación. Existe mucha evidencia de que algunos polifenoles, como el té verde, tienen un impacto positivo en el estado del sistema operativo y consecutivamente en la inflamación. Objetivos: los propósitos de este estudio fueron: a) acceso a biomarcadores de EO en mujeres obesas y de peso normal; y b) evaluar si la suplementación con té verde tiene impacto en los biomarcadores de citoquinas inflamatorias y de EO de mujeres obesas. Métodos: evaluamos mujeres obesas (índice de masa corporal - IMC ≥ 40 kg/m²) y peso normal (IMC entre 18,5 y 24,9 kg/m²). Se utilizaron muestras de sangre para acceder al malondialdehído (MDA), la capacidad antioxidante equivalente de Trolox (TEAC) y las citoquinas inflamatorias. Elegimos al azar pacientes obesos (18 individuos) y luego les dimos suplementos de té verde durante 8 semanas. El análisis estadístico incluyó las pruebas de Shapiro-Wilk, Wilcoxon, t pareadas e independientes, p < 0,05 se consideraron significativas. Resultados: se reclutaron 42 mujeres obesas (IMC: 48,2 ± 9,3 kg/m2) y 21 de peso normal (IMC: 22,5 ± 2 kg/m2) con una edad promedio de 36,2 ± 9,1 años. Los niveles séricos de MDA fueron más altos en las personas obesas (2,52 ± 0,31 μmol/L) que en las mujeres eutróficas (2,13 ± 0,26 μmol/L; p = 0.000). Por otro lado, se observaron valores de TEAC más bajos en obesos (0,75 ± 0,06 mM) que en el grupo eutrófico (0,78 ± 0,04 mM; p = 0,009). Después de la intervención del té verde, la MDA disminuyó 4,7% y el TEAC aumentó 10%. Los niveles séricos de interleucina-6 (IL-6) disminuyeron 12,7% después del tratamiento (p = 0,03). Conclusiones: el grupo obeso tenía menor capacidad antioxidante que el eutrófico. La suplementación con té verde mejoró TEAC y MDA y redujo los niveles séricos de IL-6 en mujeres obesas

Impact of green tea epigallocatechin-3-gallate on HIF1-α and mTORC2 expression in obese women: anti-cancer and anti-obesity effects?

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is the most abundant catechin contained in green tea (Camellia sinensis) and has been associated with anti-obesity and anti-cancer effects, but the exact molecular mechanisms remain elusive. In this context, this study was designed to improve the understanding of the EGCG anti-obesity and anti-cancer action. Objectives: this study was designed to examine the effects of EGCG on the expression of genes involved in obesity and cancer pathways in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of obese women. Material and methods: this longitudinal interventional study enrolled eleven women with severe obesity that were submitted to eight weeks of green tea (decaffeinated green tea capsules with 450.7 mg of EGCG, two capsules/day) supplementation (intervention group) and ten eutrophic women as a control group. Weight (kg), body mass index (BMI, kg/m2), fat mass (kg) and gene expression (qPCR method) were assessed before and after supplementation. HIF1-alpha (HIF1-α), phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 1 (PIK3R1) and rapamycin-insensitive companion of mTOR (RICTOR) were selected as potential targets. Results: after supplementation, body weight (114.9 ± 14.3 versus 115 ± 13.8 kg), body mass index (44.1 ± 3.7 versus 44.1 ± 3.9 kg/m2) and fat mass (47.6 ± 3.3 versus 47.3 ± 3.4 kg) did not change. EGCG upregulated the RICTOR and HIF1-α expression, however, did not modify PI3K expression. Conclusion: this study demonstrated that EGCG has a potential role to obesity and cancer related to obesity control and can be used not only for the purpose of weight loss, but also for the improvement of obesity-related comorbidities.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: la obesidad se asocia con altos niveles de estrés oxidativo (EO) e inflamación. Existe mucha evidencia de que algunos polifenoles, como el té verde, tienen un impacto positivo en el estado del sistema operativo y consecutivamente en la inflamación. Objetivos: los propósitos de este estudio fueron: a) acceso a biomarcadores de EO en mujeres obesas y de peso normal; y b) evaluar si la suplementación con té verde tiene impacto en los biomarcadores de citoquinas inflamatorias y de EO de mujeres obesas. Métodos: evaluamos mujeres obesas (índice de masa corporal - IMC ≥ 40 kg/m²) y peso normal (IMC entre 18,5 y 24,9 kg/m²). Se utilizaron muestras de sangre para acceder al malondialdehído (MDA), la capacidad antioxidante equivalente de Trolox (TEAC) y las citoquinas inflamatorias. Elegimos al azar pacientes obesos (18 individuos) y luego les dimos suplementos de té verde durante 8 semanas. El análisis estadístico incluyó las pruebas de Shapiro-Wilk, Wilcoxon, t pareadas e independientes, p < 0,05 se consideraron significativas. Resultados: se reclutaron 42 mujeres obesas (IMC: 48,2 ± 9,3 kg/m2) y 21 de peso normal (IMC: 22,5 ± 2 kg/m2) con una edad promedio de 36,2 ± 9,1 años. Los niveles séricos de MDA fueron más altos en las personas obesas (2,52 ± 0,31 µmol/L) que en las mujeres eutróficas (2,13 ± 0,26 µmol/L; p = 0.000). Por otro lado, se observaron valores de TEAC más bajos en obesos (0,75 ± 0,06 mM) que en el grupo eutrófico (0,78 ± 0,04 mM; p = 0,009). Después de la intervención del té verde, la MDA disminuyó 4,7% y el TEAC aumentó 10%. Los niveles séricos de interleucina-6 (IL-6) disminuyeron 12,7% después del tratamiento (p = 0,03). Conclusiones: el grupo obeso tenía menor capacidad antioxidante que el eutrófico. La suplementación con té verde mejoró TEAC y MDA y redujo los niveles séricos de IL-6 en mujeres obesas.

A new resting metabolic rate equation for women with class III obesity.

OBJECTIVE: Resting metabolic rate (RMR) is an important parameter to guide the nutritional therapy of class III obese patients. The aims of the present study were to develop a predictive equation for RMR estimation in class III obese women using anthropometric indicators and to compare indirect calorimetry with other predictive equations. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study on women with class III obesity (body mass index >40 kg/m2). Weight, height, fat-free mass, fat mass, and RMR of all individuals were measured. Multiple linear regression was used to determine the new RMR equation and the Bland-Altman plot was used to analyze the agreement between indirect calorimetry and the results of predictive equations. RESULTS: We evaluated 101 women with obesity class III and a mean age of 36.3 ± 10 y. The anthropometric and body composition variables used in the new equation had a coefficient of determination of 0.80, and a significant influence on RMR (P = 0.01). Harris-Benedict and World Health Organization equations showed similar bias and limits (181.6, +2 SD = 765.5, -2 SD = -402.2; 156.4, +2 SD = 799.4, -2 SD = -486.6, respectively). The Mifflin-St Jeor and Owen equations showed large clinical bias (mean, 239.2 and 463.9, respectively), and a tendency to overestimate RMR. CONCLUSION: The prediction equations tested in the study had low accuracy in estimating RMR of women with class III obesity. However, our equation was developed specifically for this population, using variables known to influence their energy expenditure.

Green tea supplementation upregulates uncoupling protein 3 expression in severe obese women adipose tissue but does not promote weight loss.

This study aims (i) to verify expression of the UCPs, PLIN1, PPARG2, and ADRB3 genes in the abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese women at baseline and after 8 weeks of supplementation with decaffeinated green tea extract, and (ii) to associate findings with clinical parameters. This is a longitudinal study during which 11 women with obesity grade III were submitted to supplementation with 450 mg of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) (intervention group); the control group consisted of 10 eutrophic women. Anthropometric parameters [weight, height, and body mass index (BMI)], resting metabolic rate (RMR, measured by indirect calorimetry), and gene expression (measured by real-time PCR, RT-qPCR) were determined before and after supplementation. After 8 weeks, clinical parameters and UCP1, PLIN1, PPARG2, and ADRB3 expression remained unaltered in the intervention group (p > .05). Genetic analysis also showed that the UCP3 gene was upregulated (p = .026), but its upregulation did not promote weight loss.

Clinical and Vitamin Response to a Short-Term Multi-Micronutrient Intervention in Brazilian Children and Teens: From Population Data to Interindividual Responses.

SCOPE: Micronutrients are in small amounts in foods, act in concert, and require variable amounts of time to see changes in health and risk for disease. These first principles are incorporated into an intervention study designed to develop new experimental strategies for setting target recommendations for food bioactives for populations and individuals. METHODS AND RESULTS: A 6-week multivitamin/mineral intervention is conducted in 9-13 year olds. Participants (136) are (i) their own control (n-of-1); (ii) monitored for compliance; (iii) measured for 36 circulating vitamin forms, 30 clinical, anthropometric, and food intake parameters at baseline, post intervention, and following a 6-week washout; and (iv) had their ancestry accounted for as modifier of vitamin baseline or response. The same intervention is repeated the following year (135 participants). Most vitamins respond positively and many clinical parameters change in directions consistent with improved metabolic health to the intervention. Baseline levels of any metabolite predict its own response to the intervention. Elastic net penalized regression models are identified, and significantly predict response to intervention on the basis of multiple vitamin/clinical baseline measures. CONCLUSIONS: The study design, computational methods, and results are a step toward developing recommendations for optimizing vitamin levels and health parameters for individuals.

Influence of expression of UCP3, PLIN1 and PPARG2 on the oxidation of substrates after hypocaloric dietary intervention.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: In addition to environmental and psychosocial factors, it is known that genetic factors can also influence the regulation of energy metabolism, body composition and determination of excess weight. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of UCP3, PLIN1 and PPARG2 genes on the substrates oxidation in women with grade III obesity after hypocaloric dietary intervention. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This is a longitudinal study with 21 women, divided into two groups: Intervention Group (G1): 11 obese women (Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥40 kg/m2), and Control Group (G2): 10 eutrophic women (BMI between 18.5 kg/m2 and 24.9 kg/m2). Weight (kg), height (m), BMI (kg/m2), substrate oxidation (by Indirect Calorimetry) and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue were collected before and after the intervention. For the dietary intervention, the patients were hospitalized for 6 weeks receiving 1200 kcal/day. RESULTS: There was a significant weight loss (8.4 ± 4.3 kg - 5.2 ± 1.8%) and reduction of UCP3 expression after hypocaloric dietary intervention. There was a positive correlation between carbohydrate oxidation and UCP3 (r = 0.609; p = 0.04), PLIN1 (r = 0.882; p = 0.00) and PPARG2 (r = 0.791; p = 0.00) expression before dietary intervention and with UCP3 (r = 0.682; p = 0.02) and PLIN1 (r = 0.745; p = 0.00) genes after 6 weeks of intervention. There was a negative correlation between lipid oxidation and PLIN1 (r = -0.755; p = 0.00) and PPARG2 (r = 0.664; p = 0.02) expression before dietary intervention and negative correlation with PLIN1 (r = 0.730; p = 0.02) expression after 6 weeks of hypocaloric diet. CONCLUSION: Hypocaloric diet reduces UCP3 expression in individuals with obesity and the UCP3, PLIN1 and PPARG2 expression correlate positively with carbohydrate oxidation and negatively with lipid oxidation.

Comparison of gene expression profile between blood cells and white adipose tissue of patients with obesity

INTRODUCTION: Gene expression analyses from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and white adipose tissue are conflicting. It seems that results from single tissue are not enough to explain how changes affect humans as a complex biological system. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare, from obesity subjects, PBMC and white adipose tissue gene expression that regulates adipogenesis (perilipin 1 [PLIN1], adrenoreceptor beta 3 [ADRB3] and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor [PPARG2]) and the energy metabolism (uncoupling protein UCP1, UCP2 and UCP3) process. METHODS: This study enrolled 35 obese patients, with a body mass index (BMI) > 40 kg/m2 (obesity group [OG]), and ten eutrophic health subjects, 18 > BMI > 24.9 kg/m2 (control group [CG]). Anthropometric and body composition data were assessed at recruitment using standardized protocols. Samples of peripheral blood and subcutaneous adipose tissue (biopsy) were collected to analyze gene expression by RT-qPCR technique. For statistical analysis, we used the Shapiro-Wilk test and Wilcoxon tests by the SPSS software version 20.0; a p < 0.05 significance level was adopted. RESULTS: There were significant differences of PLIN1, ADRB3, PPARG2 and UCP3 expression between blood against adipose tissue samples, showing that these genes are upregulated in adipose tissue. UCP2 expression was upregulated in PBMC. CONCLUSION: The PLIN1, ADRB3, PPARG2 and UCP3 genes were preferentially expressed in adipose tissue. However, UCP2 was upregulated in PBMC, suggesting that this gene may be assessed in a peripheral blood cell, which is easily accessible, safe and practical.

Comparison of gene expression profile between blood cells and white adipose tissue of patients with obesity / Comparación del perfil de expresión génica entre células de la sangre y el tejido adiposo blanco de pacientes con obesidad

Introduction: Gene expression analyses from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and white adipose tissue are conflicting. It seems that results from single tissue are not enough to explain how changes affect humans as a complex biological system. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare, from obesity subjects, PBMC and white adipose tissue gene expression that regulates adipogenesis (perilipin 1 [PLIN1], adrenoreceptor beta 3 [ADRB3] and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor [PPARG2]) and the energy metabolism (uncoupling protein UCP1, UCP2 and UCP3) process. Methods: This study enrolled 35 obese patients, with a body mass index (BMI) > 40 kg/m2 (obesity group [OG]), and ten eutrophic health subjects, 18 > BMI > 24.9 kg/m2 (control group [CG]). Anthropometric and body composition data were assessed at recruitment using standardized protocols. Samples of peripheral blood and subcutaneous adipose tissue (biopsy) were collected to analyze gene expression by RT-qPCR technique. For statistical analysis, we used the Shapiro-Wilk test and Wilcoxon tests by the SPSS software version 20.0; a p < 0.05 significance level was adopted. Results: There were significant differences of PLIN1, ADRB3, PPARG2 and UCP3 expression between blood against adipose tissue samples, showing that these genes are upregulated in adipose tissue. UCP2 expression was upregulated in PBMC. Conclusion: The PLIN1, ADRB3, PPARG2 and UCP3 genes were preferentially expressed in adipose tissue. However, UCP2 was upregulated in PBMC, suggesting that this gene may be assessed in a peripheral blood cell, which is easily accessible, safe and practical (AU)

Introducción: la expresión de genes de células mononucleares de sangre periférica y de tejido adiposo blanco es contradictoria. Los resultados del tejido no son suficientes para explicar cómo afectan los cambios al ser humano como un sistema biológico complejo. Objetivo: el objetivo de este estudio fue comparar, en individuos con obesidad, la expresión de genes que regulan los procesos de adipogénesis (PLIN1, ADRB3 y PPARg2) y el metabolismo energético (UCP1, UCP2 y UCP3) en sangre y tejido adiposo blanco. Métodos: este estudio incluyó a 35 pacientes con obesidad e índice de masa corporal (IMC) > 40 kg/m2 en el grupo obesidad (GO) y a diez personas sanas con peso normal (18 > IMC > 24,9 kg/m2) en el grupo control (GC). Los datos antropométricos y de composición corporal fueron obtenidos por protocolos estandarizados. Se recogieron muestras de sangre periférica y tejido adiposo subcutáneo (biopsia) para analizar la expresión génica por la técnica de RT-qPCR. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizaron el test de Shapiro-Wilk y pruebas de Wilcoxon mediante el programa SPSS versión 20.0 (p < 0,05). Resultados: no se encontraron diferencias significativas en la expresión de genes PLIN1, ADRB3, PPARg2 y UCP3 entre la sangre y las muestras de tejido adiposo, mostrando que estos genes son regulados positivamente en el tejido adiposo. La expresión del gen UCP2 fue regulada positivamente en sangre. Conclusión: los genes PLIN1, ADRB3, PPARg2 y UCP3 se expresaron de forma preferente en el tejido adiposo. Sin embargo, el gen UCP2 se reguló positivamente en sangre, lo que sugiere que puede ser evaluado en sangre periférica, que es fácilmente accesible, de forma segura y práctica (AU)

UCP2 and PLIN1 Expression Affects the Resting Metabolic Rate and Weight Loss on Obese Patients.

BACKGROUND: Analysis of the expression of genes related to the energy metabolism can elucidate the understanding of physiological and genetic factors that contribute to obesity. This study aimed to evaluate the expression of genes and its influence on resting metabolic rate and weight loss in obese patients before and after bariatric surgery. METHODS: This study was conducted on 23 women, who were divided into two groups: bariatric surgery (preoperative and 6 months after surgery) and control. Abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue samples were collected to analyze the gene expression, and the resting metabolic rate (RMR) was measured by indirect calorimetry. RESULTS: Significant differences were observed in weight reduction (22 %, p = 0.01), BMI (22.5 %, p = 0.01), and RMR values (10.5 %, p = 0.01) after the bariatric surgery, while the weight-adjusted RMR increased (15.8 %, p = 0.01). Increased UCP2 expression after 6 months of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) as compared to preoperative period (0.764 to 1.268, p = 0.01) was observed. Analysis with weight-adjusted RMR as dependent variable revealed that UCP2 (r 2 = 0.517, p = 0.01) and PLIN1 (r 2 = 0.420, p = 0.04) expression determine the RMR values in preoperative period. Moreover, UCP2 and PLIN1 expression in preoperative period influenced the percentage of weight loss, even when adjusted for age and BMI. CONCLUSIONS: We have demonstrated that after 6 months of bariatric surgery, there is significant increase in the UCP2 expression. Additionally, the expression of UCP2 and PLIN1 genes influences the resting metabolic rate in obese individuals and could predict the weight loss after bariatric surgery.

LEP -2548G>A Polymorphism of the Leptin Gene and Its Influence on the Lipid Profile in Obese Individuals.

BACKGROUND/AIM: We studied the molecular pathogenesis of obesity, involving complex interactions between environmental and genetic factors, with a focus on the leptin gene. It was our aim to characterize the LEP -2548G>A leptin polymorphism and lipid profile in obese and normal-weight individuals. METHODS: A total of 212 individuals were divided into the study group including 136 obese patients (body mass index, BMI≥30) and the control group with 76 normal-weight individuals (BMI>18.5 and ≤24.9). DNA was amplified by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism. The lipid profile was analyzed by enzymatic colorimetric methods. The level of significance was set at p<0.05. RESULTS: There was a prevalence of the GA genotype in both groups. However, comparative group analysis showed an association of the recessive model (AA+GA) with increased triglycerides (TG) and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels in the study group. CONCLUSION: This study did not confirm an association between obesity and the LEP -2548G>A polymorphism. However, AA+GA genotypes, in the presence of obesity, seem to contribute to a reduction in HDL-C and an increase in TG compared with normal-weight individuals. This should be confirmed in further studies.