Playing Online as Preparation for Mathematics: The Cultural-Historical Approach as an Alternative to Constructivism.

Background: While the traditional method of teaching consists of repetition and memorization, the constructivist theory proposes independent discovery and free play. The cultural-historical approach, on the other hand, does not insist on the early introduction of formal mathematics as implicit or explicit knowledge. According to this outlook, important psychological developmental is necessary for the child before he/she can learn mathematics in primary school. Objective: To present a methodology for organizing the play activity of children of preschool age by introducing symbolic means on the materialized and perceptual levels as an essential aspect of preparation for learning mathematical concepts in primary school. Design: The experiment consisted in pedagogical work in the online modality by the authors at a private college in the city of Puebla, Mexico. Eighteen children from three levels of preschool education (from three to six years old) participated in 45-minute sessions three times per week. There were six children from each preschool level. Results: It was shown that playing with roles online allows children at least partially to include different symbolic means in their activity. This allows the children not only to satisfy their curiosity and be positively engaged in the topic of the play, but also to develop symbolic functions as preparation for intellectual actions with numerical content in primary school. Conclusion: The article shows a feasible way to organize preschool play with roles online and thus to scaffold the formation of children's imagination and ability to use symbolic means, which is important for future learning. The cultural-historical approach offers useful guidelines here, although more research is needed to support the development of children's symbolic function within math-specific activity, based on activity theory applied to learning.

Corrigendum: The program for introduction of basic mathematical knowledge: the effects in six years old Mexican children.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1198675.].

The program for introduction of basic mathematical knowledge: the effects in six years old Mexican children.

Introduction: The process of teaching and learning mathematics in primary school represents an obstacle for both teachers and pupils. According to the historical-cultural conception of development and education, the way how intellectual concepts are initially introduced may radically affect a student's success in learning. The historical-cultural conception of development, together with activity theory, may serve as the basis for creating a novel methodology for pedagogical work on mathematical concepts with pre-school and school children. Methods: The goal of the present study was to show the effects of work with an original program for the initial introduction of mathematical concepts to young school children. The program included reflexive symbolic and logical actions on the materialized and perceptual level, which were introduced and performed collectively by six-year-old children under the guidance and assistance of a teacher. The pupils were tested before and after their work with the program. Results: The results showed important qualitative and quantitative progress by the children in solving the tasks of the assessment, together with an increment of reflection on their intellectual actions. Discussion: The study points to the necessity for more intensive and extensive research, involving specialists in psychology and pedagogy trained in cultural-historical methodology.

The First Year Developmental Crisis: Origin of Cultural Action.

According to the conception of cultural historical psychology, introduced by L. S. Vigotsky, the first year of a child's life represents a specific period of development or the first psychological age. Psychological development should be differentiated from biological development and have proper objective indicators. Psychological development starts with the possibility of initial cultural communication between an adult and child, within a unique kind of social situation of development. The goal of the article is to describe the content of the crisis of the first year of life as a psychological phenomenon and to propose psychological and neuropsychological indicators for qualitative assessment of the progress of psychological development at the end of the first year of life. The article opens the discussion about guiding the activity of the first age, new psychological formations of the crisis of the first year, and qualitative changes in the social situation of development. The content of the first psychological age and crisis is presented in the article, according to proposals of cultural historical psychology. Future interdisciplinary research should be continued in order to establish optimal strategies for adult and child interaction during a stable period of development and the crisis of the first year.

Neuropsychological Assessment of Difficulties in Reading Spanish: A Cultural-Historical Approach.

Background: This paper argues that Cultural-Historical neuropsychology provides a solid theoretical framework for the assessment of reading difficulties. Objective: The objective of the paper is to discuss how reading process and reading difficulties are perceived through the prism of Cultural-Historical neuropsychology. Design: This paper is of a theoretical and methodological nature, directed to practice and research in the field of neuropsychology. Results: This paper provides an outline of the fundamental concepts and principles of Cultural-Historical theory that are relevant to the assessment of reading difficulties. It provides a blueprint for the assessment of difficulties in reading Spanish via a presentation of data on common mistakes and their relationship to neuropsychological factors. Conclusion: The crucial role of in-school teaching in facilitating students to avoid developing reading difficulties, or to overcome them, is highlighted.

Revision of Conception of Gradual Formation of Actions for Education and Psychological Development.

The psychological conception of the formation of action by stages has been one of the most significant contributions to activity theory. This conception can be understood in two ways: (1) in a broad way as general psychological conception and (2) in a straight way as a conception of the process of teaching and learning according to activity theory. We propose to consider the union of these two conceptual possibilities as a general methodological proposal for the study of development. The article offers a revision of the conception of gradual formation of action by stages according to modern educational needs in the sense of a union between Vigotsky's and Galperin's conception of psychological development. The article revises the possibility for usage of this methodology in a broad way as a general psychological conception, which might include modes of positive development together with developmental difficulties. From the point of view of an activity theory approach, brain functional systems might be understood as psycho-physiological dynamic mechanisms of actions and operations fulfilled by a subject. At the same time, the subject's own action is always accomplished within the context of one or another cultural activity. The conception of the gradual formation of action by stages helps to plan and organize specific types of interactions between child and adult in significant cultural situations. The stages of formation of cultural action, discussed in the article, are: material action with objects, materialized actions with external symbols, perceptive concrete action with concrete images, perceptive symbolic action with perceptive symbols, and verbal actions. The orientation base of action is an essential part of action on each level. These stages differ from the original proposal within Galperin's theory and offer a possibility to work with different kinds of actions: practical, intellectual, artistic, and physical actions. These types of actions might be used in educational processes in optimal situations and in situations with children with developmental difficulties. Our proposal opens a question about the types of actions which might be considered during the formation process, such as practical and intellectual actions. We discuss the usefulness of this psychological conception for the methods of assessment, correction, and teaching, which contribute to the development of the child.

Fiber-optic pulseoximeter for local oxygen saturation determination using a Monte Carlo multi-layer model for calibration.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Local tissue oxygenation determines the relationship between the supply and the demand for oxygen by the tissue and it is an important indicator of the physiological or pathological condition of the tissue. Moreover, some therapeutic methods strongly depend on the oxygen content of the tissue. In photodynamic therapy, when molecular oxygen is present, the irradiation of the photosensitizer with light triggers the generation of reactive oxygen species that kill the target diseased cells within the treated tissue. To ensure the best possible therapy response, the tissue must be well oxygenated; hence, oxygen concentration measurement becomes a decisive factor. In this work, the design, construction and calibration of a module to locally measure the blood oxygen saturation in tissue is presented. METHODS: The system is built using a red (660-nm) and an infrared (940-nm) light emitting diodes as light sources, a photodiode as a detector, and a homemade handheld fiber optic-based reflectance pulse oximetry sensor. In addition, the developed sensor was modeled by means of multilayered Monte Carlo simulations, to study its behavior when used in different thickness and melanin content skin. RESULTS: From the simulation reflectance values, the oxygen saturation calibration curves considering different melanin concentrations and skin thicknesses were obtained for two different skin models, one comprising three skin layers and the second, assuming seven different layers for the skin. A comparison of the performances of the developed pulse oximeter sensor with a commercial one is also presented. CONCLUSIONS: A new pulseoximeter for the measurement of local oxygenation in tissue was developed. Its calibration strongly depends on the site of measurement due to the influence of tissue thickness, vascularization, and melanin content. A three-layer skin model is proved to be suitable for the calibration of the pulseoximeter in thin and medium thickness skin.

Discovering new 3D bioprinting applications: Analyzing the case of optical tissue phantoms.

Optical tissue phantoms enable to mimic the optical properties of biological tissues for biomedical device calibration, new equipment validation, and clinical training for the detection, and treatment of diseases. Unfortunately, current methods for their development present some problems, such as a lack of repeatability in their optical properties. Where the use of three-dimensional (3D) printing or 3D bioprinting could address these issues. This paper aims to evaluate the use of this technology in the development of optical tissue phantoms. A competitive technology intelligence methodology was applied by analyzing Scopus, Web of Science, and patents from January 1, 2000, to July 31, 2018. The main trends regarding methods, materials, and uses, as well as predominant countries, institutions, and journals, were determined. The results revealed that, while 3D printing is already employed (in total, 108 scientific papers and 18 patent families were identified), 3D bioprinting is not yet applied for optical tissue phantoms. Nevertheless, it is expected to have significant growth. This research gives biomedical scientists a new window of opportunity for exploring the use of 3D bioprinting in a new area that may support testing of new equipment and development of techniques for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.

Fluorescence Spectroscopy as a Tool for the Assessment of Liver Samples with Several Stages of Fibrosis.

BACKGROUND: During the last years, fluorescence spectroscopy has been used as a potential tool for the evaluation and characterization of tissues with different disease conditions due to its low cost, high sensitivity, and minimally or noninvasive character. OBJECTIVE: In this study, fluorescence spectroscopy was used to study 19 paraffin blocks containing human liver tissue from biopsies. METHODS AND RESULTS: All samples were previously analyzed by two senior pathologists in a single-blind trial. After their evaluation, four liver samples were classified as nonfibrosis (F0), four as initial fibrosis (F1-F2), four as advanced fibrosis (F3), and six as cirrhosis (F4). The fluorescence was induced at different wavelengths as follows: 330, 365, and 405 nm using a portable fiber-optic system. The fluorescence spectra were recorded in the range of 400-750 nm. A distinctive correlation between the shape of each spectrum and the level of fibrosis in the liver sample was detected. A multi-variate statistical analysis based on principal component analysis followed by linear discrimination analysis was applied to develop algorithms able to distinguish different stages of fibrosis based on the characteristics of fluorescence spectra. Pairwise comparisons were performed: F0 versus F1-F2, F1-F2 versus F3, F3 versus F4, and F1-F2 versus F4. The algorithms applied to each set of data yielded values of sensitivity and specificity that were higher than 90% and 95%, respectively, in all the analyzed cases. CONCLUSIONS: With this study, it is concluded that fluorescence spectroscopy can be used as a complementary tool for the assessment of liver fibrosis in liver tissue samples, which sets the stage for subsequent clinical trials.

Clinical features of brain activation deficit in children / Características clínicas de niños con déficit de activación cerebral general

Abstract Introduction: Brain activation is considered as one of the mechanisms of the brain related to the functional state of deep subcortical structures. A deficit in this mechanism may be involved in behavioral disorders during development and school learning. Objective: To identify the clinical features of Mexican schoolchildren with general brain activation deficit, and to determine the neuropsychological tasks that help to detect this syndrome. Materials and methods: The sample included 20 Mexican schoolchildren attending regular schools and diagnosed with behavioral and/or learning disorders. The types of errors and performance in neuropsychological tasks were analyzed by categories. Results: The results showed that there are common clinical features in schoolchildren, particularly, executive instability, fatigue and/or slow execution, and instability in memory and perceptive graphic tasks. These features can be demonstrated through the qualitative syndromic analysis of perceptive graphic tasks, retention tasks and manual praxis. Conclusions: Qualitative assessment is effective to differentiate this type of cases from other possible neuropsychological conditions.

Resumen Introducción. La activación cerebral general se considera como un mecanismo de trabajo cerebral relacionado con el estado funcional de las estructuras subcorticales profundas; su déficit puede subyacer a los trastornos conductuales durante el desarrollo y el aprendizaje escolar. Objetivos. Precisar las características clínicas de escolares mexicanos con déficit de activación cerebral general e identificar las tareas neuropsicológicas que ayudan a la detección de este síndrome. Materiales y métodos. Se incluyeron 20 casos de escolares mexicanos: alumnos de escuelas regulares con problemas de conducta o aprendizaje que solicitaron apoyo de evaluación neuropsicológica. Se analizaron los tipos de error y la forma de ejecución de tareas neuropsicológicas por categorías. Resultados. Se demostró que existen características clínicas comunes en los escolares evaluados. Como rasgos particulares se identificó inestabilidad en la ejecución de tareas neuropsicológicas, fatiga o lentificación e inestabilidad en el mantenimiento de huellas mnésicas y durante la realización de tareas gráfico-perceptivas. Estos rasgos se evidenciaron a través del análisis sindrómico cualitativo en tareas gráfico-perceptivas, de retención en diversas modalidades y de praxias manuales. Conclusión. Se encontró eficacia clínica de diferenciación en este tipo de casos frente a otras posibles dificultades a nivel neuropsicológico.

In Vitro Photoirradiation System for Simultaneous Irradiation with Different Light Doses at a Fixed Temperature.

OBJECTIVE: In this work an irradiance and temperature controlled in-vitro system for conducting investigations in PDT and phototherapy is presented. BACKGROUND DATA: The development of new light sources has caused a considerable increase in research and application of several photodynamic (PDT) therapeutic methods, as well as other light-based therapeutic techniques. However, further work is needed to fully understand and elucidate the mechanisms as well as to increase the effectiveness of PDT. Nowadays, there are no commercial systems to perform automated light exposure experiments with cultured cells. Also, there are very few reports of similar photoirradiation systems. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The system is composed of 24 independent light-emitting diodes that can be used to irradiate separate wells in a microwell plate. The system includes a module to measure changes in temperature within each irradiated well without contact. The light sources are placed on a plate that can easily be changed in order to irradiate at different wavelengths. The performance of the system is fully controlled with a computer, and all the experimental data are properly recorded. RESULTS: The design, construction, operation, and a full characterization of the system are presented. CONCLUSIONS: A novel fully automated photoirradiation system has been developed. The system allows the design of the experiments in this area with precise dosimetry, temperature, and irradiation regime controls reducing manipulation of the samples and saving time.

Effect of mechanical tactile noise on amplitude of visual evoked potentials: multisensory stochastic resonance.

The present investigation documents the electrophysiological occurrence of multisensory stochastic resonance in the human visual pathway elicited by tactile noise. We define multisensory stochastic resonance of brain evoked potentials as the phenomenon in which an intermediate level of input noise of one sensory modality enhances the brain evoked response of another sensory modality. Here we examined this phenomenon in visual evoked potentials (VEPs) modulated by the addition of tactile noise. Specifically, we examined whether a particular level of mechanical Gaussian noise applied to the index finger can improve the amplitude of the VEP. We compared the amplitude of the positive P100 VEP component between zero noise (ZN), optimal noise (ON), and high mechanical noise (HN). The data disclosed an inverted U-like graph for all the subjects, thus demonstrating the occurrence of a multisensory stochastic resonance in the P100 VEP.

Utilidad del dibujo para superar problemas en la escritura: estudio de un caso / Correction of problems in writing through drawing: a case study

En los problemas de aprendizaje los casos de dificultades en la escritura son muy frecuentes. Dichas dificultades pueden ser analizadas desde el punto de vista neuropsicológico a partir de la diferenciación de indicadores particulares de los errores que presentan los niños. A través del análisis neuropsicológico, es posible identificar los mecanismos cerebrales que subyacen a estas dificultades. La actividad gráfica (dibujo) comparte algunos mecanismos indispensables para la adquisición de la escritura, tales como: estrategia perceptiva; global y analítica, la organización cinética, la regulación y control así como las imágenes objetales. Estos mecanismos pueden ser desarrollados durante la corrección basada en la formación de la actividad gráfica. En este artículo se presenta el contenido de este tipo de corrección neuropsicológica, sus etapas y los resultados obtenidos a partir de su aplicación en un escolar del segundo grado de primaria con reportes de problemas de escritura y antecedentes de riesgo neurológico perinatal y TCE leve. Los resultados indican mejoría significativa en la acción de la escritura en la evaluación posterior a la aplicación del método. Se discuten amplias posibilidades del uso de la actividad gráfica durante los procedimientos de corrección en la etapa escolar...

In cases of the learning disabilities, the cases of writing difficulties are frequent. These difficulties can be analyzed from neuropsychological background based on differentiation of particular indicators of errors that children commit. Through neuropsychological analysis it is possible to identify the brain mechanisms that underlie those difficulties. Graphic activity (drawing) shares some essential mechanisms for the acquisition of writing, such as: perceptual strategy; global and analytical, kinetic organization, regulation and control, and the object images. These mechanisms may be developed during the correction based on the formation of the graphic activity. This article presents the content of such kind of neuropsychological correction, its stages and the results obtained from its application in a schoolboy of second grade with writing problems reports and a history of perinatal neurological risk and mild head injury. The results indicate significant improvement in writing actions during neuropsychological assessment after implementation of the method. Extensive possibilities are discussed about the use of the graphic activity during the correction procedures at school age...

Análisis neuropsicológico y neurofisiológico en una niña con autismo: estudio longitudinal con resultados de intervención / Neuropsychologic and neurophysiological analysis in autistic girl with results of intervention

El presente estudio es acerca del análisis neuropsicológico y neurofisiológico a partir del trabajo de evaluación e intervención neuropsicológica, en el caso de una niña de edad preescolar con características de espectro autista. La niña fue evaluada por presentar retraso en el desarrollo y ausencia del lenguaje. El diagnóstico de la evaluación neuropsicológica y psicológica permitió precisar los aspectos fuertes y débiles del desarrollo psicológico de la niña y precisar las estrategias de intervención. El programa de intervención fue elaborado de acuerdo a la consideración de la edad psicológica e incluyó varias etapas de introducción y formación de la actividad lúdica con apoyos simbólicos y verbales. Se realizaron estudios neuropsicológicos y electrofisiológico de seguimiento. Los resultados permitieron observar cambios favorables en la actividad de la niña a partir del proceso de corrección neuropsicológica, permitiendo acceso a las actividades escolares y la comunicación social. Se discute que a pesar de presencia de diagnósticos desfavorables en la edad infantil con indicaciones del daño cerebral, la corrección neuropsicológica es un instrumento poderoso para superación de dificultades y desarrollo progresivo en las edades infantiles...

The following study is related to the neuropsychological and neurophysiological analysis from a neuropsychological assessment and intervention of a preschool girl with autism spectrum characteristics. The girl was evaluated due to severe developmental disorders and absence of oral expression. Neuropsychological and psychological diagnosis allowed to determine strong and weak development aspects and to establish strategies for intervention. The intervention program was conducted according to consideration of psychological age of the girl and included diverse stages of game activities with symbolic and verbal means. The result showed improvement in the girl’s activity such as the possibility to take part in school learning and in social communication. We discuss that even in cases of severe diagnosis and probability of brain injury, neuropsychological intervention can play an important role and be powerful instrument for overcoming of developmental difficulties and serve for progressive development in childhood...

Caracterización neuropsicológica de una población infantil urbana a través de la Evaluación Neuropsicológica Infantil Puebla-Sevilla / Neuropsychological Characterization of an Urban Infant Population by means of a Neuropsychological Evaluation of Children in Puebla-Sevilla / Caracterização neuropsicológica de uma população infantil urbana através da Avaliação Neuropsicológica Infantil Puebla-Sevilla

Objetivo. Recientemente se han desarrollado instrumentos de evaluación en la Neuropsicología infantil, sin embargo, se requiere continuar las investigaciones intentando combinar las posibilidades del análisis observacional y cuantitativo de los resultados. Es necesario precisar las características de ejecución con base en parámetros como edad, escolaridad, procedencia de las poblaciones infantiles. El objetivo del artículo es caracterizar los tipos de ejecuciones de niños mexicanos preescolares y escolares normales urbanos, a través de una evaluación neuropsicológica. Método. Participaron 210 niños de preescolares y primarias urbanas. A todos se les aplicó la Evaluación Neuropsicológica Infantil Puebla-Sevilla (Solovieva, Quintanar y León-Carrión, 2013), instrumento derivado de las propuestas de la Neuropsicología cultural, dirigido a valorar el estado funcional de los mecanismos neuropsicológicos. Resultados. Los resultados mostraron diferencias cualitativas y cuantitativas específicas de los tipos de respuestas de los niños dependientes del grado escolar. En los niños preescolares se observó la mayor cantidad de errores en las tareas que valoran los mecanismos de regulación y control, organización secuencial de movimientos y acciones e integración espacial. Los errores disminuyeron notablemente a partir del tercer grado escolar, observándose ejecuciones correctas en los grados escolares de cuarto a sexto, con excepción de la retención audio-verbal, en la que los errores se observaron en todos los grados escolares. En ninguno de los grupos se percibieron dificultades en las tareas que valoran el mecanismo integración fonemática. Conclusión. Se analiza la utilidad de diferenciar los tipos específicos de ejecución para cada mecanismo cerebral, lo cual facilita el análisis observacional de las respuestas.

Objective. Different neuropsychological instruments for assessment have recently been created, however it is necessary to continue with research in this field, combining the possibilities of quantitative and qualitative analysis of results. It is necessary to specify the characteristics of task fulfillment, depending on parameters of age, school grade and origin of the populations of children. The objective of this article is to present recent data of the characterization of types of fulfillment of neuropsychological battery tasks by preschool and regular urban Mexican schoolchildren. Method. 210 children were included in the study. The neuropsychological assessment instrument "Child Neuropsychological Battery Puebla-Sevilla" (Solovieva, Quintanar & León-Carrión, 2013) was applied to all children. The battery was constructed based on cultural neuropsychology and enabled evaluation to be made of the functional state of brain mechanisms. Results. The results have shown both specific quantitative and qualitative differences in children's responses, depending on their school grade. Preschool children have shown poorer results in "programming and control", "motor organization of movements and actions" and "spatial integration". The errors become less severe starting from third grade. Correct answers predominate, beginning in fourth grade, with the exception of "audio-verbal retention" which shows poor results in all grades. Another exception is "phonematic integration" which shows acceptable results in the majority of children in all grades. Conclusion. The article analyses the usefulness of differentiation in task fulfillment levels in each brain mechanism, which facilitates qualitative analyses of responses.

Escopo. Recentemente instrumentos de avaliação tem sido desenvolvidos na Neuropsicologia infantil, contudo, é requerido continuar as pesquisas tentando combinar as possibilidades da análise observacional e quantitativa dos resultados. É preciso ajustar as características de execução com base em parâmetros como idade, escolaridade e procedência das populações infantis. O escopo do artigo é caracterizar os tipos de execuções de crianças mexicanas pré-escolares e escolares normais urbanas, através de uma avaliação neuropsicológica. Metodologia. Participaram 210 crianças de pré-escolares e ensino primário urbanas. Em todas as crianças foi aplicada a Avaliação Neuropsicológica Infantil Puebla-Sevilla (Solovieva, Quintanar e León-Carrión, 2013), instrumento derivado das propostas da Neuropsicologia cultural, dirigido a valorar o estado funcional dos mecanismos psicológicos. Resultados. Os resultados mostraram diferencias qualitativas e quantitativas específicas dos tipos de resposta das crianças dependendo da graduação escolar. Nas crianças pré-escolares foi observada uma maior quantidade de erros nas tarefas que valoram os mecanismos de regulação e controle, organização sequencial de movimentos e ações e integração espacial. Os erros diminuíram notavelmente a partir do terceiro grado escolar, sendo observado em execuções corretas nos grados escolares de quarto a sexto, com exceção da retenção áudio-verbal, na que os erros foram observados em todos os grados escolares. Em nenhum dos grupos foram observadas dificuldades nas tarefas que valoram o mecanismo de integração fonemática. Conclusão. Foi analisada a utilidade de diferenciar os tipos específicos de execução para cada um dos mecanismos cerebrais, facilitando a análise observacional das respostas.

Evaluación neuropsicológica y electrofisiológica en un adolescente autista y su corrección / Neuropsychological and electrophysiological assessment with correction of adolescent with autism

El autismo es uno de los trastornos del desarrollo más complejos, tanto por la comprensión del cuadro clínico, su diagnóstico como y la falta de programas eficientes para el tratamiento. Una alternativa que está abordando este trastorno es la neuropsicología histórico-cultural. El objetivo es mostrar la eficacia de un programa de corrección que es formulado a partir de la evaluación neuropsicológica y la utilidad del electroencefalograma para tener un diagnóstico funcional claro en un paciente de 16 años con diagnóstico de autismo y retraso mental. El proceso de evaluación pre y post se realizó con la metodología luriana, así como el programa de corrección. El análisis de los resultados fue intra-sujeto, diseño pre-experimental. El EEG se registró de acuerdo al sistema internacional 10-20 y para la conclusión se utilizó el esquema estructural para el análisis de fenómenos electrofisiológicos. La evaluación reveló insuficiencia funcional en los factores de regulación y control de la actividad voluntaria y en el análisis espacial simultáneo. El análisis cualitativo del electroencefalograma facilitó identificar la disfunción en los sistemas límbicos cerebrales regulatorios. El programa de corrección evidenció mejorías en todas las esferas del paciente. Se concluye que la metodología aplicada puede ser de utilidad para el tratamiento de autismo en la adolescencia.

The autism is considered as one of the most complex disturbances in child development including both clinic assessment and organization of methods for intervention. Not all methods are efficient enough. Historic and cultural neuropsychology could be one of alternative proposals. The objective of our study is to show the efficiency of the Program for intervention formulated on the bases of neuropsychological assessment in a case of autism in the age of adolescence of16 years old. Qualitative visual analysis of EEG was included as one of the methods for assessment of the patient. Clinical assessment and creation of the Program for intervention was designed according to Luria’s methodology. The study presents the results of neuropsychological assessment before and after implementation of the program of intervention. The EEG was applied according to international system10)20. Qualitative visual analysis of electrophysiological phenomenon was fulfilled. Neuropsychological assessment before the implementation of the program pointed out strong deficit of regulation and control of voluntary activity. The electrophisiological analysis detected severe disfunction of limbic subcortical regulation. The results of assessment alter correction showed significant improvement in activity and life of the patient. The proposed method could be useful in cases of autism in adolescence.

La responsabilidad social de las instituciones de salud pública (caso centro de rehabilitación e integración social zona oriente del estado de México) / Public Health Institutions' social responsibility (the case of Rehabilitation and Social Integration Center in the east side of the State of Mexico) / Responsabilidade social das instituições de saúde pública (o caso do Centro de Processo para Reabilitação e integração social

La investigación que se presenta es el resultado de un diagnóstico en el Centro de Rehabilitación e Integración Social de Chalco, estado de México, dependiente del Sistema de Desarrollo Integral de la Familia (DIF), que establece la relación entre la calidad del servicio y la responsabilidad social que brindan las instituciones de salud pública a los individuos, las organizaciones y a la sociedad, regidas por la administración pública en sus diferentes niveles (municipal, estatal y federal). Éstas tienen la función de otorgar servicios de calidad, mediante programas de rehabilitación de amplia cobertura y dependen de las políticas públicas establecidas por los municipios y los estados, en atención al cumplimiento de las metas enunciadas. El objetivo de lainvestigación es evaluar la calidad en los servicios de rehabilitación y su influencia en la responsabilidad social del Centro de Rehabilitación e Integración Social (CRIS) del Sistema Municipal de Desarrollo Integral de la Familia del municipio de Chalco estado de México. La hipótesis que se formula para cumplir con el objetivo planteado es que la calidad en el servicio que se brinda en el centro de rehabilitación e integración social es influenciada por la responsabilidad social que muestran las autoridades de la institución, en su trato con los pacientes y el trato que reciben entre pares, autoridades y subordinados, de tal forma que lapercepción que existe en este momento está sesgada en función del flujo de información que se proporciona entre servidores públicos y usuarios...

This is the result of a diagnose in the Rehabilitation and Social Integration Center in Chalco, State of Mexico, depends on the System for Integral Development of Families (DIF by its Spanish initials) that establishes the relationship between quality of service and social responsibility given by public health institutions to the people, to organizations and to society, within the frame of public administration in its different levels (municipal, state and federal). These are obliged to provide quality services through wide coveragerehabilitation programs and depend on public policies established by municipalities and states, regardingfulfillment of goals. The aim of this research is to evaluate the quality in rehabilitation services and their influence on social responsibility of the Rehabilitation and Social Integration Center from the System for Integral Development of Families in the municipality of Chalco, State of Mexico. The hypothesis proposed is that the quality of the service in this Center is influenced by social responsibility shown by the institution’s authorities, in dealing with patients and dealing with coworkers, authorities and subordinates. Thus, the perception is skewed regarding flow of information between public servants and users.Keywords author: Quality, Service, Responsibility, Social, Management, Public...

A pesquisa apresentada é o resultado do diagnóstico sobre o Centro de Reabilitação e Integração Social deChaco, no Estado do México -dependente do Sistema de Desenvolvimento Integral da Família (DIF)- que estabelece relação entre a qualidade dos serviços e a responsabilidade social brindadas pelas instituições públicas de saúde para os indivíduos, organizações e sociedade, que são regidos pela administração pública em diferentes níveis (municipal, estadual e federal). Estas instituicoes têm a função de prestar serviços dequalidade mediante programas de reabilitação de cobertura abrangente e dependem das políticas públicas estabelecidas pelos municípios e pelos estados em resposta ao cumprimento do alvo definido. Assim, o objetivo da pesquisa é avaliar a qualidade dos serviços de reabilitação e sua influência sobre a responsabilidade social no Centro de Reabilitação e Integração Social (CRIS) do Sistema Municipal de Desenvolvimento Integral da Família do município de Chalco, no estado do México. A hipótese que se formula para atingir o objetivo exposto é que a qualidade do serviço prestado no Centro de Reabilitação e Integração Social estainfluenciada pela responsabilidade social demonstrada pelas autoridades da instituição, na atenção para os pacientes e os pares, autoridades e subordinados de modo tal que a percepção existente é enviesada em função do fluxo de informação fornecida entre funcionários públicos e usuários...

Identification of exocytotic membrane proteins, syntaxin-1 and SNAP-25, in Entamoeba histolytica from hamster liver.

Entamoeba histolytica is a protozoan parasite causing dysentery and in some cases liver abscesses. These effects have been attributed to cytolytic substances released by exocytosis. In this study, the presence of the proteins syntaxin-1 and SNAP-25, which are assumed to be involved in exocytosis, were examined by immunohistochemistry, immunoelectron microscopy and western blot analysis. Syntaxin-1 and SNAP-25 were expressed in the vesicular, vacuolar and plasma membranes of E. histolytica trophozoites. It can be concluded that these proteins might be involved in exocytosis processes.