Unlocking sustainable livestock production potential in the Colombian Amazon through paddock division and gender inclusivity.

Low-emissions livestock production can be achieved through scaling production systems integrating trees, forages, and livestock within the same area. Such systems are known as silvopastoral production systems (SPS). However, despite SPS reported benefits, adoption rates globally remain low. This paper, therefore, aims to inform land use policy oriented towards increasing SPS adoption. This study intends to capture this by assessing SPS adoption benefits, identifying determinants of SPS adoption, and thus to contribute to policy for scaling low-emissions livestock production. Data was collected on socioeconomic status, livestock farming technical and economic indicators, and farm and paddock practices through farm-level surveys in four municipalities in the Amazon Piedmont of Colombia. Unlike previous studies that assume homogeneous farm management, when in fact, it is heterogeneous, this study assessed SPS adoption determinants using the paddock (n = 2819) as the unit of analysis. This methodological approach is consistent with paddock-level land use decisions taken by farmers based on socioeconomic and biophysical factors such as soil financial resources, type, and topography. The methodological approach allows us to provide new insights into the determinant of adopting SPS and an understanding of intra-farm level land use decisions. The results show that the adoption of SPS at both paddocks and farm levels in Caquetá is low. The main factors associated with higher SPS adoption levels at the paddock level are framed in gender, resources, and knowledge. We observe that women are more motivated to conserve the environment. Cattle paddocks managed by women, smaller in size, and those with more SPS-related projects show a tendency for medium or high SPS adoption. Furthermore, the positive relationship between access to credit and SPS adoption emphasizes the importance of financial resources tailored to SPS projects. Enhancing gender roles, improving access to finance in land use, and providing training programs on SPS systems can contribute to low-emission livestock production in Colombia. This research paper highlights the significance of implementing diverse management strategies and reaching out to farmers not involved in SPS projects. It emphasizes investments in low-emission livestock production, especially for female heads of households. This approach recognizes the broader benefits of SPS, beyond production and financial gains, promoting the division of paddocks and the adoption of SPS.

Silvopastoral systems benefit invertebrate biodiversity on tropical livestock farms in Caquetá, Colombia.

In the Colombian Amazon, there has been long-term and sustained loss of primary forest threatening biodiversity and climate change mitigation. Silvopastoral practices that integrate trees into livestock production could help address both local economic and wider environmental challenges.We aimed to assess the effects of silvopastoral practices on invertebrate communities on smallholder farms in Caquetá, Colombia. Using sweep nets and malaise trapping, invertebrate communities were compared between traditional pasture, silvopasture and forest edge habitats.Invertebrate communities collected using sweep nets were contrasting among habitat types, communities were significantly different between traditional pasture and forest edge habitats and diversity and evenness were greatest in forest edges compared to traditional pastures. It appears that silvopasture areas, by supporting similar invertebrate assemblages to both traditional pasture and forest edges, may be acting as an intermediate habitat.When individual invertebrate orders were compared, Lepidoptera and Coleoptera were found in greater abundance in the forest edge habitats, while Hemiptera were more abundant in traditional pasture. Hemipterans are often pests of forage plants in pasture systems and these differences in abundance may have implications for ecosystem services and disservices.Silvopastoral approaches cannot replace the unique biodiversity supported by native forests but could deliver benefits for invertebrate conservation and ecosystem services if integrated into landscapes.

Resumen: En la Amazonía colombiana ha habido una pérdida sostenida y a largo plazo de bosque primario que amenaza la biodiversidad y la mitigación del cambio climático. Las prácticas silvopastoriles que integran los árboles en la producción ganadera podrían ayudar a abordar tanto los desafíos económicos locales como los ambientales.Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar los efectos de las prácticas silvopastoriles en comunidades de invertebrados en pequeñas fincas en Caquetá, Colombia. Las comunidades de invertebrados se compararon entre las pasturas nativas, el sistema silvopastoril y los hábitats del borde del bosque mediante el uso redes entomológicas de barrido y trampas Malaise.Las comunidades de invertebrados recolectadas usando redes entomológicas de barrido contrastaban entre los tipos de hábitat. Las comunidades eran significativamente diferentes entre las pasturas nativas y el borde de bosque. Pareciera que las áreas de silvopastoreo, al soportar conjuntos de invertebrados similares tanto a las pasturas nativas como a los bordes del bosque, pueden estar actuando como un hábitat intermedio.Cuando se compararon los órdenes individuales de invertebrados, los lepidópteros y los coleópteros se encontraron en mayor abundancia en los hábitats del borde del bosque, mientras que los hemípteros eran más abundantes en las pasturas nativas. Los hemípteros son a menudo plagas de plantas forrajeras en sistemas de pastoreo y estas diferencias en abundancia pueden tener implicaciones y perjuicios para los servicios ecosistémicos.Los sistemas silvopastoriles no pueden reemplazar la biodiversidad única apoyada por los bosques nativos, pero podrían ofrecer beneficios para la conservación de invertebrados y los servicios ecosistémicos si se integran en los paisajes.

Tratamiento de lesiones osteocondrales de patela con trasplante autólogo: resultados funcionales e imagenológicos / Treatment of patellar osteochondral lesions with autologous grafts: functional and imaging results

Introducción El trasplante osteocondral autólogo es una técnica reproducible y con pocas complicaciones para el manejo de lesiones traumáticas grado III y IV de Outerbridge en patela. Con este estudio se busca evaluar los resultados funcionales e imagenológicos en pacientes manejados con esta técnica. Materiales y métodos Estudio descriptivo tipo serie de casos. Se incluyeron pacientes con lesiones traumáticas grado III y IV de Outerbridge (OB) en patela, menores de 25mm de diámetro, sin otras lesiones agregadas, operados con trasplante osteocondral autólogo entre marzo de 2013 y diciembre de 2016. Se evaluaron la escala visual análoga (EVA) y la escala funcional Kujala prequirúrgicas, y se compararon con los controles a los 3 y 6 meses. Se usó el score MOCART por resonancia magnética nuclear a los 6 meses postquirúrgicos para evaluar el porcentaje de osteointegración del injerto. Resultados El estudio incluyó 13 pacientes, 8 hombres (62%) con una edad promedio de 30 años. La lesión más frecuente fue la tipo IV de OB con un 86.6%. El EVA prequirúrgico promedio fue de 7.8 (±0.83), con controles a los 3 y 6 meses de 3.3 (±1.67) y 2.9 (±2.1) respectivamente, ambos con un valor de p <0.05. La escala funcional Kujala tuvo un promedio prequirúrgico de 33.3 (±10.1), con controles a los 3 y 6 meses de 56.1 (±21.1) y 74 (±17.6) respectivamente, ambos con un valor de p <0.05. El score MOCART promedio a los 6 meses fue de 70.5 (±12.1); 7 pacientes (53.8%) presentaron un valor mayor a 80. Discusión El Trasplante Osteocondral Autólogo en patela es una técnica con buenos resultados en pacientes con lesiones grado III y IV de OB, con mejoría significativa a los 3 y 6 meses del postoperatorio en la escala funcional de Kujala y reducción de la EVA. La tasa de integración del injerto medido por MOCART a los 6 meses fue 53%.

Background Autologous osteochondral grafting is a reproducible technique with few complications for the management of grade III and IV Outerbridge patellar injuries. This study aims to evaluate the functional and imaging results in patients managed with this technique. Methods A Case Series study was performed. The study included patients with grade III and IV Outerbridge (OB) traumatic patellar injuries of less than 25mm in diameter, with no other aggregate lesions, and operated on using autologous osteochondral grafts between March 2013 and December 2016. A pre-surgical assessment was made using a visual analogue scale (VAS) and the Kujala functional scale, and was compared with controls at 3 and 6 months. The MOCART score was used by nuclear magnetic resonance at 6 months post-operatively to evaluate the percentage of osteointegration of the graft. Results The study included 13 patients, 8 men (62%) with a mean age of 30 years. The most frequent lesion was type IV OB, with 86.6%. The mean pre-surgical VAS was 7.8 (± 0.83), with controls at 3 and 6 months of 3.3 (± 1.67) and 2.9 (± 2.1), respectively, both with a value of P<.05. The Kujala functional scale had a pre-surgical mean of 33.3 (± 10.1), with controls at 3 and 6 months of 56.1 (± 21.1) and 74 (± 17.6), respectively, both with a value of P<.05. The mean (magnetic resonance observation of cartilage repair tissue) MOCART score at 6 months was 70.5 (± 12.1), and 7 patients (53.8%) had a value greater than 80. Discussion Autologous osteochondral graft in the patella is a technique that obtained good results in patients with grade III and IV OB lesions. There is a significant improvement 3 and 6 months after surgery in the Kujala functional scale and a reduction of the VAS. The graft integration rate measured by MOCART at 6 months was 53%.

Hunters and hunting across indigenous and colonist communities at the forest-agriculture interface: an ethnozoological study from the Peruvian Amazon.

BACKGROUND: Wildlife has been traditionally used by forest communities as a source of protein, and the Peruvian Amazon is no exception. The articulation of colonist and indigenous communities to urban centers and markets results in changes in livelihood strategies and impacts on wildlife populations. To address the threat of overhunting and forest conversion, we provide a generalized characterization of colonist and indigenous communities and their hunting activities near Pucallpa, Ucayali, Peru. METHODS: A semi-structured household survey was conducted to characterize hunters and describe their prey collections. The data were analyzed by conducting a Kruskal-Wallis test, a multiple regression analysis, and by estimating the harvest rate (H). RESULTS: Less wealthy households were more actively engaged in hunting for food security and as a livelihood strategy. Additionally, older hunters were associated with higher hunting rates. Although the percentage of hunters was relatively low, estimated hunting rates suggest overharvesting of wildlife. Lowland pacas (Cuniculus paca) were the most frequently hunted prey, followed by red brocket deer (Mazama americana) and primates. While hunting intensity was not significantly different between indigenous and colonist communities, hunting rate disparities suggest there are different types of hunters (specialized vs. opportunistic) and that prey composition differs between communities. CONCLUSION: Close monitoring of wildlife populations and hunting activities is ideal for more accurately determining the impact of hunting on wildlife population and in turn on forest health. In lack of this type of information, this study provides insight of hunting as a shifting livelihood strategy in a rapidly changing environment at the forest/agriculture frontier.

Acceso a servicios de salud en mujeres transgénero de la ciudad de Cali, Colombia / Access to Health Services for Transgender Women in the City of Cali, Colombia / Acesso a serviços de saúde para mulheres transgêneros na cidade de Cali, Colômbia

Introducción: La población transgénero enfrenta retos en cuanto a la garantía del derecho a la salud y el acceso efectivo a los servicios de salud en todos los países. Objetivo: Describir y analizar el acceso a los servicios de salud preventivos, curativos, de atención específica, y asociados al gasto de bolsillo, en mujeres transgénero de Cali, Colombia. Metodología: Estudio observacional de tipo transversal con muestreo probabilístico. Se aplicó una adaptación de la Encuesta de Acceso a Servicios de Salud para Hogares Colombianos a un total de 109 personas que se auto identificaron como transgénero, mayores de 18 años. Se efectuó un análisis univariado de la totalidad de las variables evaluadas. Resultados: Si bien el 71.6% de las mujeres transgénero encuestadas se encontraban cubiertas por el sistema de salud, esto no garantiza el acceso oportuno a los servicios. Existe debilidad institucional por parte de las Entidades Promotoras de Salud (EPS) para promover servicios preventivos; el acceso a consulta con especialista y a medicamentos tuvo resultados desfavorables en oportunidad y calidad; no se atienden necesidades relacionadas con su identidad de género ni procesos de transformación corporal. Discusión: Tal como se ha reportado en otros estudios para población general, los hallazgos son coherentes con la estructura del sistema de salud colombiano que está diseñado para invertir los recursos en la atención de la enfermedad y no en la prevención. Conclusiones: Se requieren protocolos de atención diferencial dados los riesgos para personas transgénero por falta de atención médica y psicosocial. De esta manera, se garantiza el pleno derecho a la salud y el respeto por el libre desarrollo de la personalidad, establecido constitucionalmente en el país. [Domínguez CM, Ramírez SV, Arrivillaga M. Acceso a servicios de salud en mujeres transgénero de la ciudad de Cali, Colombia. MedUNAB 2017-2018; 20(3): 296-309].

Introduction: Transgender population faces challenges in terms of guaranteeing the rights to health and an effective access to health services in every country. Objective: To describe and analyze the access to preventive, healing, specific care, and associated out-of-pocket health services for transgender women in Cali, Colombia. Methodology: An observational cross-sectional study with probability sampling. An adaptation of the Survey on Access to Health Services for Colombian Homes was applied to a total of 109 people who identified themselves as transgender, and all of them were over 18. A univariate analysis of all variables evaluated was carried out. Results: Although 71.6% of transgender women surveyed were covered by the health system, this percentage does not guarantee timely access to services. There is an institutional weakness regarding to the Health Promoting Entities (EPS) to promote preventive services; the access to consultation with a specialist and medicines had unfavorable results in opportunity and quality; also, the needs related to their gender identity or processes of corporal transformation are not treated. Discussion: As reported in other studies, for the population in general, the findings are coherent with the Colombian health system structure which is designed to invest resources in treating diseases but not preventing them. Conclusions: Differential care protocols are required given the risks for transgender people due to the lack of medical and psychosocial care. In this way, the full right to health, and the respect for the free development of personality are guaranteed, which were constitutionally established in the country. [Domínguez CM, Ramírez SV, Arrivillaga M. Access to Health Services for Transgender Women in the City of Cali, Colombia. MedUNAB 2017-2018; 20(3): 296- 309].

Introdução: a população transgênera enfrenta desafios em relação à garantia do direito à saúde e ao acesso efetivo aos serviços de saúde, em todos os países. Objetivo: Descrever e analisar o acesso aos cuidados preventivos, curativos e específicos, como também, aos relacionados com os serviços de saúde proprios para as mulheres transexuais em Cali, Colômbia. Metodologia: estudo transversal de observação com amostragem probabilística. Uma adaptação da Pesquisa de Acesso aos Serviços de Saúde para Casas Colombianas, foi aplicada a um total de 109 pessoas que se identificaram como transexuais, com mais de 18 anos de idade. Uma análise univariada, de todas as variáveis avaliadas, foi realizada. Resultados: Apesar de 71,6% das mulheres transexuais entrevistadas, serem cobertas pelo sistema de saúde, isso não garante o acesso oportuno aos serviços. Existe uma fraqueza institucional por parte das Entidades Promotoras da Saúde (EPS), para promover serviços preventivos; o acesso à consulta com especialistas e medicamentos teve resultados desfavoráveis em oportunidade e qualidade; não são atendidas às necessidades relacionadas à sua identidade de gênero ou processos de transformação corporal. Discussão: conforme relatado em outros estudos para a população em geral, os achados são coerentes com a estrutura do sistema de saúde colombiano, projetado para investir recursos no cuidado da doença e não na prevenção. Conclusões: os protocolos de cuidados diferenciais são necessários, dado os riscos para pessoas transexuais devido à falta de cuidados médicos e psicossociais. Desta forma, é garantido o pleno direito à saúde e o respeito pelo livre desenvolvimento da personalidade, constitucionalmente estabelecido no país. [Domínguez CM, Ramírez SV, Arrivillaga M. Acesso a serviços de saúde para mulheres transgêneros na cidade de Cali, Colômbia. MedUNAB 2017-2018; 20(3): 296-309].

Revisión de la producción académica latinoamericana sobre desigualdades en mortalidad 2007-2014 / A Review of Latin American Academic Production on Inequalities in Mortality 2007-2014 / Revisão de pesquisas acadêmicas latino-americana sobre as desigualdades na mortalidade 2007-2014

Resumen El artículo es una revisión de literatura sobre desigualdades/inequidades en salud en Latinoamérica. Se revisaron Scielo y Lilacs entre 2000 y 2014. Los artículos se clasificaron en tres categorías: mortalidad y artículos teóricos, desigualdades en morbilidad y autopercepción del estado de salud y acceso a servicios de salud. Se realizó análisis crítico de artículos de mortalidad entre 2007 y 2014, periodo con mayor proporción de producción académica. Se encontraron más investigaciones en Brasil, Colombia y México, especialmente en universidades, con redes de colaboración incipientes. Las metodologías más utilizadas fueron revisiones teóricas, estudios ecológicos y transversales, y predominó el modelo de determinantes sociales de la salud de la OMS. Las categorías empleadas fueron: clase social, posición económica, género, etnia/raza y unidad geográfica. Se concluyó que hay brechas entre la discusión teórica y las investigaciones empíricas, concentración de la producción en pocos países, escaso uso de otros enfoques teóricos y necesidad de fortalecer la colaboración entre instituciones.

Abstract This article is a literature review on inequalities/inequities in health in Latin America. Scielo and Lilacs databases were reviewed between the years 2000 and 2014. The articles were classified into three categories: mortality and theoretical articles, inequalities in morbidity and self-perception of health condition, and access to health services. We carried out a critical analysis of mortality articles between the years 2007 and 2014, the period with the highest proportion of academic production. More research articles were found in Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico, especially in universities with emerging collaboration networks. The most used methodologies were theoretical reviews, ecological and cross-section studies, and a prevailing use of the model of social determinants of health of the WHO. The categories used were: social class, economic position, gender, ethnicity/race, and geographical unit. It was concluded that there are gaps between the theoretical discussion and the empirical research, a concentration of production in a few countries, little use of other theoretical approaches, and a need to strengthen collaboration between institutions.

Resumo O artigo é revisão de literatura sobre desigualdades/inequidades em saúde na América Latina. Revisaram-se Scielo e Lilacs entre 2000 e 2014. Os artigos foram classificados em três categorias: mortalidade e artigos teóricos, desigualdades em morbidade e autopercepção do estado de saúde e acesso a serviços de saúde. Análise crítica de artigos de mortalidade entre 2007 e 2014, período com maior proporção de produção académica, foi realizada. Encontraram-se mais pesquisas no Brasil, Colômbia e México, especialmente em universidades, com redes de colaboração emergindo. As metodologias mais utilizadas foram revisões teóricas, estudos ecológicos e transversais, e predominou o modelo de determinantes sociais da saúde da OMS. As categorias empregadas foram: camada social, posição económica, género, etnia/raça e unidade geográfica. Concluiu-se que tem fendas entre discussão teórica e pesquisas empíricas, concentração da produção em poucos países, utilização insuficiente de outros enfoques teóricos e necessidade de fortalecer a colaboração entre instituições.

¿Qué es primero: desigualdades o inequidades? A propósito del caso de la mortalidad por VIH/ sida en Cali, Colombia (1986-2012) / What Came First, Inequalities or Inequities? Regarding the Mortality due to HIV/Aids Case in Cali, Colombia (1986-2012) / O que é primeiro: desigualdades ou iniquidades? A propósito do caso da mortalidade por VIH/sida em Cali, Colômbia (1986-2012)

Resumen Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la mortalidad por VIH/sida en Cali, Colombia, en el periodo 1986-2012, y a partir de ahí, comprender, desde el punto de vista conceptual, los determinantes sociales relacionados. Se llevó a cabo un estudio observacional, longitudinal, retrospectivo, con un total de 14 192 casos. Se encontró una tendencia creciente de la tasa de mortalidad, en especial a partir del año 1996; en el 2011 se presentó la mayor tasa de todo el periodo. La medición de la desigualdad reveló que se han producido más muertes en estratos medios y bajos, en comparación con el estrato alto. Este estudio aporta evidencia sobre las desigualdades persistentes en la mortalidad por VIH/sida como expresión de inequidades de tipo estructural en la ciudad de Cali. En la perspectiva de Breilh, son procesos críticos de determinación económica y social que pudieron afectar la mortalidad, especialmente de los grupos con más vulnerados socialmente.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to analyze the mortality due to HIV/Aids in Cali, Colombia, in the 1986-2012 period, and, from there, understand from a conceptual point of view the related social determinants. We carried out a retrospective observational longitudinal study with a total of 14,192 cases. We found a growing tendency in the mortality rate, particularly starting in 1996. The higher rate for the whole period was seen in 2011. The inequality measure revealed a higher number of deaths in lower and middle social strata, when compared with the high strata. This study provides evidence on the persistent inequalities in the mortality due to HIV/Aids, as an expression of the structural inequalities present in Cali. In Breilh's perspective, critical social and economic determination processes could have affected mortality, especially in the groups whose social rights have been violated the most.

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a mortalidade por VIH/sida em Cali, Colômbia, no período 19862012, e a partir daí, compreender desde o ponto de vista conceitual, as determinantes sociais relacionadas. Um estudo observacional, longitudinal, retrospectivo, com um total de 14 192 casos foi realizado. Encontrara-se uma tendência crescente da taxa de mortalidade, em especial a partir do ano 1996; no ano 2011 apresentou-se a maior taxa do período tudo. A medição da desigualdade revelou que foram produzidas mais mortes nas camadas sociais medias e baixas, em comparação com as altas. Este estudo fornece evidencia sobre as desigualdades persistentes na mortalidade por VIH/sida, como expressão de iniquidades de tipo estrutural na cidade de Cali. Na perspectiva de Breilh, são processos críticos de determinação económica e social que puderam afetar a mortalidade, especialmente dos grupos com mais vulnerados socialmente.

Estado del arte de la investigación en acceso a los servicios de salud en Colombia, 2000-2013: revisión sistemática crítica / State of the Art in Access to Health Services Research in Colombia, 2000-2013: a Systematic Review / Estado da arte da pesquisa em acesso aos servidos de saúde na Colombia, 2000-2013: revisáo sistemática crítica

Este estudio presenta una revisión sistemática de los trabajos de investigación en el tema del acceso a servicios de salud en Colombia en el periodo 2000-2013. Las bases de datos empleadas para la búsqueda fueron Ebsco, Jstor, Proquest, ISI Web of Science, scíelo y Cochrane. Los resultados mostraron que la mayoría de los estudios se efectuaron entre 2006 y 2011, la mayor parte de los cuales analizaron áreas urbanas. Una tercera parte consistió en una investigación sobre datos nacionales, en donde las temáticas estuvieron centradas en equidad en la utilización de servicios, algunos grupos de población vulnerables, acceso a algunos servicios específicos, así como en las implicaciones de la Ley 100 de 1993 en el acceso. Los resultados sugirieron que es necesario que Colombia mejore las fuentes de información, que los marcos teóricos sean adaptados al contexto y que se realicen estudios que aborden de manera integral todos los eslabones que involucran el acceso.

This study shows a systematic review of research works on the topic of access to health services in Colombia in the period 2000-2013. The databases used were Ebsco, Jstor, Proquest, ISI Web of Science, scíelo and Cochrane. Results showed that most of the studies were carried out between 2006 and 2011. The majority of them analyzed rural areas, and a third part consisted on analysis of national data. Thematically, they were focused on equality in the use of services, some vulnerable population groups, access to some specific services, as well as the implications of the law 100 of 1993 on access to health services. Results suggested that Colombian researchers need to improve their information sources, and that the theoretical frameworks must be adapted to the context. There is the need of more studies that address in a more comprehensive way all aspects involved in access.

Este estudo apresenta revisao sistemática dos trabalhos de pesquisa no tema do acesso a servicos de saúde na Colombia no período 2000-2013. As bases de dados empregadas para a procura foram Ebsco, Jstor, Proquest, ISI Web of Science, scíelo e Cochrane. Os resultados mostraram que a maioria dos estudos foram realizados entre 2006 e 2011, a maior parte dos quais analisaram áreas urbanas. Uma terca parte consistiu em uma pesquisa sobre dados nacionais, na que as temáticas estiveram centradas em equidade na utilizacao de servicos, alguns grupos de populacao vulneráveis, acesso a alguns servicos específicos, assim como as implicates da Lei 100 de 1993 no acesso. Os resultados sugeriram que é preciso a Colombia melhorar as fontes de informacao, que os quadros teóricos forem adaptados ao contexto e que forem realizados estudos para abordar de maneira integral todos os elos que envolvem o acesso.

Escala de Apoyo Social para cuidadores familiares de adultos mayores mexicanos / Social Support Scale for Family Caregivers of Elder Mexicans

Mediante análisis factoriales exploratorios y confirmatorios, se validó la Escala de Apoyo Social para Cuidadores Familiares de Adultos Mayores. 23 ítems con cargas factoriales > 0.51, agrupados en cuatro factores explican 63% de la varianza del constructo, con valores de Alfa de Cronbach ≥ 0.85; se demostró que el apoyo social tiene una relación causal positiva y significativa con apoyo material (β = 0.66), apoyo práctico (β = 0.69), apoyo emocional (β = 0.6) y apoyo de orientación (β = 0.81); los valores de ajuste del modelo son ≥ 0.97. La escala validada puede ser aplicada junto con otras medidas que permitan valorar las necesidades que enfrentan las familias para generar acciones de apoyo dirigidas al adulto-mayor y a quien lo cuida.

Using exploratory and confirmatory analysis factor, was validated the Social Support Scale for Family Caregivers of Older Adults. 23 items with factor loadings ≥ 0.51, grouped into four factors it explain 63% of the variance of the construct, with Cronbach's alpha values ≥ 0.85; was shown that social support has a positive and significant causal relationship with material support (β = 0.66), practical support (β = 0.69), emotional support (β = 0.6), and counseling support (β = 0.81), the model fit values was ≥ 0.97. The validated scale can be applied together with other measures to assess needs faced by families to generate support actions aimed at adult-senior and caregiver.

VIH/SIDA y determinantes sociales estructurales en municipios del Valle del Cauca-Colombia / HIV/AIDS and structural determinants in the municipalities of Valle del Cauca, Colombia / VIH/SIDA e determinantes sociais estruturais em municípios do Vale do Cauca-Colômbia

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la asociación entre la prevalencia de VIH/SIDA según autorreporte en el período 2000-2005 y algunos determinantes sociales estructurales en los municipios del departamento del Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Se llevó a cabo un estudioobservacional, descriptivo, ecológico. Los datos se tomaron del Censo de Población (2005) realizado por el Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE). Las variablesrelacionadas con determinantes sociales estructurales fueron la calidad de las viviendas, la infraestructurasanitaria, el nivel mínimo de capital humano y el acceso a los servicios de atención en salud. Se encontró evidencia estadísticamente significativa (p= 1%, p=5%) de la asociación entre estos determinantes y la prevalencia de VIH en nueve de 21 municipios analizados. La determinación estructural del VIH/SIDA merece análisis adicionales que deben conducirse desde la perspectiva de los derechos económicos y sociales de la población afectada por el virus; todo ello en garantía del derecho a la salud...

This study aimed to determine the association between the prevalence of HIV/AIDS, according to self-report for the period 2000-2005 and some structural determinants in the municipalities of the department of Valle del Cauca, Colombia. An observational, descriptive and ecological study was conducted. The data were taken from the Census of Population (2005) conducted by the National Administrative Statistics Department (DANE). Variables related to social structural determinants were the quality of housing, sanitary infrastructure, the minimum level of human capital and access to health care services. Evidence statistically significant (p=1%, p=5%) of the association between these determinants and the prevalence of HIV in nine of 21 municipalities studied was found. The structural determination of HIV/AIDS deserves additional analysis that should be conducted from the perspective of economic and social rights of people affected bythe virus, all in guaranteeing the right to health...

Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar a associação entre prevalência de VIH/SIDA porauto-relato para o período 2000-2005 e alguns determinantes sociais estruturais nos municípios do departamento de Vale do Cauca, na Colômbia. Estudo observacional, descritivo, ecológicofoi realizado. Os dados foram extraídos do Censo da População (2005) conduzido pelo DepartamentoAdministrativo Nacional de Estatística (DANE). As variáveis relacionadas com os determinantes sociais estruturais foram qualidade das moradias, infra-estrutura de saneamento, nível mínimo de capital humano e acesso a serviços de cuidados em saúde. Foram encontradas evidências estatisticamente significativas (p=1%, p=5%) da associação entre esses determinantese prevalência de VIH em nove dos 21 municípios estudados. A determinação estrutural de VIH/SIDA merece análise adicional a ser dirigidos desde uma perspectiva dos direitos econômicose sociais das pessoas afetadas pelo vírus, mesmo para garantir o direito à saúde...

Prevalencia de prácticas sexuales de riesgo en población adulta de Colombia / Prevalence of risky sexual behaviours in the adult population of Colombia

Objetivos Establecer la prevalencia de prácticas sexuales de riesgo en Colombia y su relación con características sociodemográficas en población adulta. Métodos Estudio de fuente secundaria basada en los datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2007. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 29 760 personas entre 18 y 69 años, seleccionada con un muestreo probabilístico, por conglomerados, estratificado y polietápico. Resultados Se encontró una alta prevalencia de prácticas sexuales de riesgo en la población colombiana, en cuanto al número de parejas sexuales, uso de preservativo en las relaciones sexuales y consumo de bebidas alcohólicas o drogas durante estas, principalmente en hombres, en solteros, en rango de edad entre 18 y 24 años, y en personas sin afiliación a seguridad social. Conclusiones El estudio señala como grupo de mayor riesgo a los hombres jóvenes y resalta la importancia de tener en cuenta en los programas de promoción de la salud sexual y reproductiva aspectos como la influencia de determinantes culturales que privilegian el "machismo" y la promiscuidad, así como la baja percepción de riesgo hacia las ITS/VIH en parejas estables.

Objectives To estimate the prevalence of risky sexual behaviors in Colombia and their relation to sociodemographic characteristics in the adult population. Methods Secondary data source study using the 2007 National Health Survey. The sample was comprised of 29 760 persons aged 18 to 69 years and selected with probabilistic, stratified, multiphasic and by conglomerate sampling. Results Data showed a high prevalence of risky sexual behavior in the Colombian population, in terms of number of sexual partners, use of condoms and consumption of alcohol or drugs during the sexual intercourse, mainly in men, singles, in the 18-24 age group, and in subjects without social insurance. Conclusions The study revealed that the young men was the most risky group and highlighted the importance of taking cultural determinants such as male chauvinism and promiscuity and the low risk perception for STD/HIV in stable couples into account by the sexual and reproductive promotion programs.

Infecciones de transmisión sexual en Colombia: análisis basado en la encuesta nacional de salud: año 2007 / Infecções de transmissão sexual na Colômbia: análise baseado no inquérito nacional de saúde: ano 2007 / Sexual transmitted diseases in Colombia: analysis based on national health survey: 2007

Estudio que tuvo como objetivo analizar la presencia de diagnóstico de infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS) según auto-reporte en población adulta colombiana. Se realizó un análisis de fuente secundaria con datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud-2007, autorizado por el Ministerio de la Protección Social. La muestra fue de 29.760 personas entre 18 y 69 años. A nivel nacional, se encontró diagnóstico de ITS por auto-reporte de 0,6%; los más altos porcentajes se presentaron en las regiones Pacífica y Atlántica, y el más bajo en Bogotá. Los hallazgos muestran que la oportunidad de riesgo de ITS es mayor en las mujeres (OR= 1,7), en población de 18 a 24 años (OR= 11,9) y en población afiliada al régimen subsidiado (OR= 2,1). Determinaciones sociales vinculadas con la posición socioeconómica, la pobreza, el acceso a los servicios de salud y los roles de género deben considerarse al analizar las ITS en Colombia...

The aim of this study was to analyze the diagnosis of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) according to self-reporting by a sample of Colombian adult population. A secondary source analysis was carried out using data of the National Health Survey-2007. The sample consisted of 29,760 persons between ages 18 and 69. At national level, a self-reported diagnosis of STD of 0.6% was found; the highest percentages occurred in the Pacific and Atlantic regions, and the lowest in Bogotá. Findings showed that women (OR=1.7), adults in the 18 – 24 age range (OR=11.9), and population affiliated to the subsidized regime (OR=2.1) were more likely to report STD diagnosis. Social determinants linked to the socio-economic position, poverty, access to health services and the roles of gender must be taken into consideration when analyzing STDs in Colombia...

Estudo que teve como objetivo a análise da presencia de diagnóstico de infecções de transmissão sexual (ITS) segundo auto-reportação em população adulta colombiana. Realizou-se análise de fonte secundária com dados do Inquérito Nacional de Saúde–2007, autorizado pelo Ministério da Proteção Social. A amostra foi de 29.760 pessoas entre 18 até 69 anos. No nível nacional, encontrou-se diagnóstico de ITS por auto-reportação de 0,6%. As porcentagens mais altas apareceram nas regiões Pacífica e Atlântica e a mais baixa em Bogotá. Os achados amostram que a oportunidade de risco é maior nas mulheres (OR = 1,7), em população de 18 até 24 anos (OR =11,9) e em população afiliada ao regime subsidiado (OR = 2,1). Determinações sociais vinculadas com a posição social socioeconômica, pobreza, ao acesso a serviços de saúde e aos papeis de gênero devem se considerar ao analisar as ITS na Colômbia...

Análisis de las barreras para la adherencia terapéutica en mujeres colombianas con VIH/sida: cuestión de derechos de salud

Objetivo. Identificar y analizar barreras para la adherencia terapéutica de mujeres colombianas con VIH/sida. Material y métodos. Estudio cualitativo, descriptivo-interpretativo, con análisis de contenido conducido entre los años 2008 y 2009. Las participantes fueron 66 mujeres de la ciudad de Cali, con quienes se efectuaron cinco grupos focales. Se desarrollaron también entrevistas semiestructuradas con siete informantes clave. Resultados. Las principales barreras están determinadas estructuralmente por el sistema de salud vigente en Colombia, basado en el mercado de aseguramiento. Las mujeres ven afectados sus derechos al tratamiento oportuno y continuo, a la confidencialidad y a la no discriminación, y a la atención integral con enfoque de género, por lo que la adherencia terapéutica se ve afectada. Conclusiones. El sistema de salud vigente en Colombia determina procesos críticos que afectan la adherencia de mujeres con VIH/sida. No obstante, debe conducirse más investigación para identificar asociaciones y relaciones específicas con los sistemas de salud no universales.

Objective. To identify and analyze HIV/AIDS treatment adherence among Colombian women. Material and Methods. A qualitative, descriptive-interpretative study with content analysis was developed between 2008 and 2009. Sixty six women participated in five focus group discussions. To complement data, semi-structured interviews with seven key informants were conducted. Results. Main barriers are determined structurally by the current Colombian health system, based on insurance market. The right to access to treatment in a timely and continuous manner, the rights to confidentiality and non discrimination, and the right to quality care with gender focus are affected among participant women. Consequently, adherence is negatively affected. Conclusions. The current Colombian health system determines critical processes affecting HIV/AIDS treatment adherence in women. However, further research must be conducted to identify specific associations with non-universal health systems.

[Analysis of barriers to therapeutic adherence for Colombian women with HIV/AIDS: a question of health rights]. / Análisis de las barreras para la adherencia terapéutica en mujeres colombianas con VIH/sida: cuestión de derechos de salud.

OBJECTIVE: To identify and analyze HIV/AIDS treatment adherence among Colombian women. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A qualitative, descriptive-interpretative study with content analysis was developed between 2008 and 2009. Sixty six women participated in five focus group discussions. To complement data, semi-structured interviews with seven key informants were conducted. RESULTS: Main barriers are determined structurally by the current Colombian health system, based on insurance market. The right to access to treatment in a timely and continuous manner, the rights to confidentiality and non discrimination, and the right to quality care with gender focus are affected among participant women. Consequently, adherence is negatively affected. CONCLUSIONS: The current Colombian health system determines critical processes affecting HIV/AIDS treatment adherence in women. However, further research must be conducted to identify specific associations with non-universal health systems.

Dimensiones de adherencia terapéutica en mujeres colombianas con VIH/SIDA: una perspectiva social / Dimensions of treatment adherence among Colombian women living with HIV/AIDS: a social perspective

Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo identificar y analizar las asociaciones entre tres dimensiones de adherencia terapéutica (prácticas, significados, barreras y condiciones de vida) y la posición social de mujeres colombianas con VIH/Sida. Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal, con diseño descriptivo-correlacional con 269 mujeres. Se aplicó un cuestionario de datos clínicos y socio-demográficos, un Cuestionario de Adherencia Terapéutica y una Encuesta de Posición Social diseñados y validados por la autora. Los resultados indican que el 43% de las mujeres participantes presentó baja adherencia, mientras que el 57% obtuvo puntuaciones de alta adherencia. A su vez, se encontró que existe asociación estadística entre las variables de estudio, y que mayores niveles de posición social se asocian con mayores niveles de adherencia. Se destaca que todas las variables de la dimensión "barreras y condiciones de vida" estuvieron asociadas con la posición social de las participantes. En particular, las mujeres de posición social media y alta tienen condiciones de vida más favorables y enfrentan menos barreras para la adherencia en comparación con mujeres de posición social baja. De igual forma, tienen mejores prácticas de adherencia. Por el contrario, en la dimensión "significados" hay mayores coincidencias entre ambos grupos. Como conclusión general, se plantea que para avanzar en una perspectiva social de la adherencia en casos de VIH/Sida, la posición social y las consideraciones de género deben incorporarse tanto al concepto de adherencia, como a la intervención e investigación en el campo.

The purpose of this study was to identify and analyze the associations between social position and three dimensions of treatment adherence (practices, beliefs, barriers) and living conditions among Colombian women with HIV/Aids. A cross-sectional study with a descriptive correlational design was conducted with 269 women who completed a sociodemographic and Clinical Characteristics Questionnaire, an Adherence to Treatment Questionnaire, and a Social Position Survey. Results indicated that approximately one out of two (43%) of the participants presented low adherence to treatment and that higher levels of adherence were associated with higher scores in the Social Position Survey. All variables in the "barriers and living conditions" dimension were associated with social position of the participants. Women with a middle or high social position had more favorable living conditions and less barriers for access and showed higher adherence to treatment in comparison with women with a low social position. Additionally, they showed better adherence "practices". Meanwhile, in the "beliefs" dimension, both groups showed similar trends. Overall, the study concluded that the concept of treatment adherence, as well as research projects and interventions with the goal of improving adherence to HIV/Aids treatment among women ought to incorporate a social perspective based on a gender approach and on the acknowledgement of the critical role played by the social position of women.

Femoral nerve palsy secondary to iliopsoas haemorrhage in patients with haemophilia: results from biceps femoral transfer / Parálisis del nervio femoral secundario a hemorragia del psoas ilíaco en paciente con hemofilia: resultado de transferencia del bíceps femoral

Hemophilia causes injuries of peripheral nerves secondary to compressions by hematoma. In general, these injuries recover spontaneously after the cause of the compression is solved. A case of a 16-year-old adolescent with injury of the left femoral nerve, causing loss of the extension of the knee is described herein. During the evolution there was no recovery. For this reason a tendinous transfer of the femoral biceps was practiced. This technique was described formerly for the correction of poliomyelitis. Excellent results were obtained with complete recovery of the extension and force 4+/5.

La hemofilia causa lesiones de nervio periférico secundarias a compresiones por hematoma. En general estas lesiones se recuperan espontáneamente después de resolverse la causa de la compresión. Se describe el caso de un adolescente de 16 años con lesión del nervio femoral izquierdo que ocasionó la pérdida de la extensión en la rodilla. Como durante la evolución no hubo recuperación, se hizo una transferencia tendinosa del bíceps femoral, técnica descrita antiguamente para correcciones en poliomielitis. Hubo un excelente resultado con recuperación completa de la extensión y fuerza 4+/5.

Políticas públicas, sistema de salud y mujeres con VIH/SIDA en Colombia: un análisis crítico / Políticas públicas, sistema de saúde e mulheres com VIH/SIDA na Colômbia: uma análise crítica / Public policies, health systems, and women with HIV/AIDS in Colombia: a critical analysis

Este artículo estudia las políticas públicas y los componentes del sistema de salud relacionados con el VIH/SIDA que afectan a las mujeres colombianas. Si bien existe un interés nacional por el control de la epidemia, las formulaciones no se traducen en líneas de acción específicas, con enfoque de género, para garantizar la atención integral. Los lineamientos se enmarcan en las políticas económicas vigentes y en la reforma de salud desde la Ley 100 de 1993. Las políticas de salud en VIH/SIDA requieren el apoyo de políticas económicas que faciliten a la población más vulnerable superar las condiciones de inequidad social; se requiere también un sistema de salud que garantice el pleno acceso a los servicios de las mujeres que más lo necesitan...

The large number of young adults (among 15 - 24 years old) living with HIV infection acquired through unprotected sex practices in Latin America stands out. Many of these young adults are vulnerable to HIV/AIDS infection due to their sexual behavior, the consumption of illegal substances, the lack of access to HIV information and health services and also due to economic and social reasons. Education programs in the field of sexual and reproductive health (considered successful) help delay the initiation of sexual activity and protect sexually active young adults against HIV and others sexually transmitted diseases and also prevent unwanted pregnancies. The education programs improve contextual factors that may stop the epidemic, increasing access to quality education, transforming the environmental inequality, valuing diversity and promoting principles of equality, democracy and respect for human rights...

Este artigo estuda as políticas públicas e os componentes do sistema de saúde relacionados com o VIH/SIDA que afeitam as mulheres colombianas. Se bem existe um interesse nacional pelo controle da epidemia, as formulações não se traduzem em linhas de ação específicas, com enfoque de gênero, para garantir a atenção integral. Os lineamentos se enquadram nas políticas econômicas vigentes e na reforma de saúde da lei 100 de 1993. As políticas de saúde em VIH/SIDA requerem o apoio de políticas econômicas que facilitem para a população mais vulnerável poder superar as condições de desigualdade social. Também é necessário um sistema de saúde que possa garantir o acesso aos serviços para as mulheres que mais o precisam...

Psicología y salud pública: tensiones, encuentros y desafíos / Psychology and public health: tensions, encounters and challenges

En este artículo se desarrollan algunas relaciones entre Psicología y Salud Pública. Se presentan las tensiones esenciales entre estos campos y las condiciones de interdisciplinariedad posibles que permitirían producir efectos benéficos en la salud de individuos y colectividades. Luego se describen los encuentros entre la Psicología de la Salud (de corte comportamental) y la corriente dominante de la Salud Pública (basada en una noción individualista de lo social y lo público), especialmente en las áreas de Promoción de la Salud y Prevención de la Enfermedad. Para finalizar, se proponen algunos desafíos a la Psicología Colombiana para avanzar en la integración con la Salud Pública en cinco escenarios: como campo del saber, de formación, de prácticas, de investigación y como comunidad científica y profesional. Se plantea la necesidad de desarrollar un enfoque renovado desde una Psicología de la Salud que construya nuevos modelos y abordajes de lo individual en relación con lo colectivo y lo público.

This paper shows the relationship between Psychology and Public Health.The main tensions among these fields and the possible interdisciplinaryconditions that will allow the production of beneficial effects in individual and population health are presented. Then, the encounters between Health Psychology -with a behavioral approach- and the dominant current of Public Health -based on an individualistic notion of the social and public issues- are described, especially in the areas of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention. Finally, some challenges for Colombian Psychology in order to advance in the integration with the Public Health in five scenarios are presented: as a field of knowledge, education, practice, research and as a scientific and professional community. The principal challenge is to develop a renovated approach from Health Psychology, constructing new models and approaches of individuality in relation to collectivity.

Un estudio comparativo de tres métodos de muestreo para poblaciones ocultas ode difícil acceso / A comparison of three methods for sampling hard - to - reach or hidden populations

Los proyectos de investigación que necesitan reclutar participantes pertenecientesa poblaciones “ocultas” o “difíciles de encontrar” requieren de métodos de muestreoque no solo faciliten la recolección de los datos y la confidencialidad, sino tambiénque incrementen la validez externa y permitan hacer inferencias estadísticasapropiadas. Este artículo presenta tres métodos que han demostrado ser útiles enlos trabajos de investigación con estas poblaciones estigmatizadas, clandestinaso de difícil acceso: 1) Muestreo basado en sitios y horarios específicos (VenueBased Time- Location Sampling). 2) Muestreo de áreas en las que se localiza lapoblación blanco o población objeto de estudio (Targeted Sampling). 3) Muestreodirigido por el participante (Respondent Driven Sampling). Luego de analizar lascaracterísticas, ventajas y limitaciones de cada método de muestreo, se presentauna comparación de todos ellos en términos de validez externa, posibilidad deobtener muestras probabilísticas y empleo de investigación etnográfica.

Research projects that need to recruit “hard-to-reach” or “hidden populations”require sampling methods that not only facilitate data collection and confidentialitybut also increase external validity and allow for statistically appropriate inferences.This paper presents three sampling methods useful for researchers who workwith stigmatized hard-to-reach or clandestine populations: 1) Venue Based Time/Location Sampling, 2) Targeted Sampling; and 3) Respondent Driven Sampling.The characteristics, advantages and limitations for each method are analyzed.They are also compared in terms of the possibility of obtaining probabilisticsamples, external validity, and use of ethnographic research.

Projetos de pesquisa que necessitam recrutar participantes pertencentesa povoações “oculta” ou “difíceis de encontrar” requerem de métodos deamostragem que não só facilitem a colheita dos dados e a confidencialidade mastambém que aumentem a validade externa e permitam fazer inferências estatísticasapropriadas. Este artigo teórico apresenta três métodos que demonstraram serúteis nos trabalhos de pesquisa com estas povoações estigmatizadas, clandestinasou de difícil acesso: 1) Amostragem baseado em lugares e horários específicos(Venue Based Time- Location Sampling); 2) Amostragem de áreas nas quais selocaliza a população branco ou população objeto de estudo (Targeted Sampling);e 3) Amostragem dirigido pelo participante (Respondent Driven Sampling).Depois de analisar as características, vantagens e limitações de cada método deamostragem, se apresenta uma comparação de todos eles em termos de validadeexterna, possibilidade de obter amostras probabilísticas e emprego de pesquisaetnográfica.