Vm-related extracellular potentials observed in red blood cells.

Even in nonexcitable cells, the membrane potential Vm is fundamental to cell function, with roles from ion channel regulation, development, to cancer metastasis. Vm arises from transmembrane ion concentration gradients; standard models assume homogeneous extracellular and intracellular ion concentrations, and that Vm only exists across the cell membrane and has no significance beyond it. Using red blood cells, we show that this is incorrect, or at least incomplete; Vm is detectable beyond the cell surface, and modulating Vm produces quantifiable and consistent changes in extracellular potential. Evidence strongly suggests this is due to capacitive coupling between Vm and the electrical double layer, rather than molecular transporters. We show that modulating Vm changes the extracellular ion composition, mimicking the behaviour if voltage-gated ion channels in non-excitable channels. We also observed Vm-synchronised circadian rhythms in extracellular potential, with significant implications for cell-cell interactions and cardiovascular disease.

Cloning and expression analysis of fused holin-endolysin from RL bacteriophage; Exhibits broad activity against multi drug resistant pathogens.

Antibiotic resistance has become a major risk to community health over last few years because of antibiotics overuse around the globe and lack of new antibiotics development. Phages and their lytic enzymes are considered as an effective alternative of antibiotics to control drug resistant bacterial pathogens. Endolysins prove to be a promising class of antibacterials due to their specificity and less chances of resistance development in bacterial pathogens. Though large number of endolysins has been reported against gram positive bacteria, very few reported against gram negative bacteria due to the presence of outer membrane, which acts as physical barrier against endolysin attack to peptidoglycan. In the current study, we have expressed endolysin (RL_Lys) and holin fused at the N terminus of endolysin (RL_Hlys) from RL phage infecting multi drug resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Both endolysin variants were found active against wide range of MDR strains P. aeruginosa, Klebsella pneumonia, Salmonella Sp. and Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Broth reduction assay showed that RL_Hlys is more active than RL_Lys due to presence of holin, which assist the endolysin access towards cell wall. The protein ligand docking and molecular dynamic simulation results showed that C- terminus region of endolysin play vital role in cell wall binding and even in the absence of holin, hydrolyze a broad range of gram negative bacterial pathogens. The significant activity of RL-Lys and RL_Hlys against a broad range of MDR gram negative and positive bacterial pathogens makes them good candidates for antibiotic alternatives.

Linear and Decoupled Decoders for Dual-Polarized Antenna-Based MIMO Systems.

Quaternion orthogonal designs (QODs) have been used to design STBCs that provide improved performance in terms of various design parameters. In this paper, we show that all QODs obtained from generic iterative construction techniques based on the Adams-Lax-Phillips approach have linear and decoupled decoders which significantly reduce the computational complexity at the receiver. Our result is based on the quaternionic description of communication channels among dual-polarized antennas. Another contribution of this work is the linear and decoupled decoder for quasi-orthogonal codes for non-square as well as square designs. The proposed solution promises diversity gains with the quaternionic channel model and the decoding solution is independent of the number of receive dual-polarized antennas. A brief comparison is presented at the end to demonstrate the effectiveness of quaternion designs in two dual-polarized antennas over available STBCs for four single-polarized antennas. Linear and decoupled decoding of two quasi-orthogonal designs is shown, which has failed to exit previously. In addition, a QOD for 2×1 dual-polarized antenna configuration using quaternionic channel model shows a 3 dB gain at 10-5 in comparison to the same code evaluated for 2×2 complex representation of the quaternionic channel. This gain is further enhanced when the received diversity for these the cases is matched i.e., 2×2. The code using the quaternionic channel model shows a further 13 dB improvement at 10-5 BER.

Intravenous methylprednisolone versus therapeutic plasma exchange for treatment of anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antibody encephalitis: A retrospective review.

INTRODUCTION: Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antibody encephalitis is an increasingly recognized form of autoimmune encephalitis. Conventional treatments include therapies such as corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg), and/or therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE). Although TPE is regularly used for treatment of anti-NMDA receptor antibody encephalitis, the American Society for Apheresis has given it a category III recommendation only. Earlier administered immunotherapies in tumor-negative patients may facilitate faster recoveries, but it remains unclear whether or not TPE is superior to steroids and/or IVIG. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 10 of 14 patients that received steroids and TPE with modified Rankin scores and subjectively assessed the point of largest sustained improvement in all 14 patients. RESULTS: In the patients that received both steroids and TPE at our institution during the same hospitalization (only 10 of 14 patients), 7/10 patients after TPE had improved with the modified Rankin score versus 3/10 patients after steroids. The average modified Rankin score improvement after steroids in this group was -0.1 as compared with 0.4 after TPE. Based on subjective chart review analysis during which all 14 patients were assessed, the largest sustained improvement occurred immediately following the third-fifth exchange in 9/14 patients, whereas only 2/14 patients appeared to have had significant benefit immediately following steroids. CONCLUSIONS: This is compelling preliminary data that suggests that corticosteroids may not be as effective compared to steroids followed by TPE. Given the importance of time-sensitive treatment, more formal studies may illuminate the ideal first-line treatment for anti-NMDA receptor antibody encephalitis.

An update on neuro-ophthalmology of multiple sclerosis: the visual system as a model to study multiple sclerosis.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The purpose of this review is to familiarize the reader with the landscape of current neuro-ophthalmology research in the field of multiple sclerosis and to highlight important findings, directions of future research and advances in the clinical management of visual and ocular motor manifestations of multiple sclerosis. RECENT FINDINGS: Research pertaining to the visual system in multiple sclerosis has identified new biomarkers of disease and is contributing to a better understanding of disease mechanisms. Progress has been made in the symptomatic management of visual manifestations of multiple sclerosis and visual outcome measures are now being included in clinical trials, with important quality of life ramifications. Perhaps the most prominent contribution from neuro-ophthalmology research in multiple sclerosis has been the establishment of the visual system as a model to study disease pathogenesis, and for the systematic, objective, and longitudinal detection and monitoring of protective and restorative neurotherapeutic strategies. The emergence of these sophisticated capabilities has been in large part due to the application of high speed, high definition, and objective methods for the elucidation of both the structure and function of visual system networks. SUMMARY: Advances in neuro-ophthalmology research in multiple sclerosis have led to the establishment of the visual system as a model to objectively study disease pathogenesis, and for the identification of novel neurotherapeutic capabilities. With the prospects of myelin repair and neuroprotective agents increasingly becoming recognized as achievable goals, the validation and utility of new visual outcome measures quantifying changes in axonal integrity, myelin protection, and repair will likely prove invaluable.

The relationship between sleep and cognitive functioning in adult people.

The purpose of the current study is to find out if subjective sleep complaints will have less cognitive functioning in older people (50 years and above). Sleep was assessed with the subscale Sleep Problems of the Symptoms Checklist-90 (Arrendell & Ettema 1986). Cognitive performance was measured with the Mini Mental Status Examination (Folstein, et al 1975) which is used as a dependent variable. Subjective complaints would be negatively associated with cognitive performance, since in elder people biological sleep is likely to be related with cognitive changes. A group of 12 people were given the task of collecting data through purposeful sampling techniques. Sample size of 120 participants was assessed. Each member of the group collected data from 10 subjects. Pearson Correlation Moment was applied for data analysis. In older persons the coefficient of falling asleep difficulty was -0.05 (p=0.33) and for waking up too early the coefficient was -0.13 (p=0.012) while for restless sleep coefficient was calculated as -0.09 (p=0.094). The assumption was verified that sleep problems negatively associated with cognitive functioning.