[Comparison of the first and sixth waves of the SARS-COV-2 coronavirus pandemic in patients with immune-mediated disease.] / Comparación entre la primera y la sexta ola de la pandemia por el coronavirus SARS-COV-2 en pacientes con enfermedad inmunomediada.

Recent evidence shows that COVID-19 infection does not have a worse prognosis in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMID), although they develop a worse response to vaccination.Objective To compare the incidence of COVID-19 and clinical features in patients with IMID between the first and sixth waves.Method Prospective observational study of two cohorts of IMID patients diagnosed with COVID-19. First cohort March to May 2020, and second cohort December/2021 to February/2022.Sociodemographic and clinical variables were collected and, in the second cohort, COVID-19 vaccination status. Statistical analysis established differences in characteristics and clinical course between the two cohorts.Results In total, 1627 patients were followed up, of whom 77 (4.60%) contracted COVID-19 during the first wave and 184 in the sixth wave (11.3%). In the sixth wave, there were fewer hospitalisations, intensive care unit admissions, and deaths than in the first wave (p=.000) and 180 patients (97.8%) had at least one dose of vaccine.Conclusion Early detection and vaccination have prevented the occurrence of serious complications.

Poor body condition is associated with lower hippocampal plasticity and higher gut methanogen abundance in adult laying hens from two housing systems.

It is still unclear which commercial housing system provides the best quality of life for laying hens. In addition, there are large individual differences in stress levels within a system. Hippocampal neurogenesis or plasticity may provide an integrated biomarker of the stressors experienced by an individual. We selected 12 adult hens each with good and poor body condition (based on body size, degree of feather cover and redness of the comb) from a multi-tier free range system containing H&N strain hens, and from an enriched cage system containing Hy-Line hens (n = 48 total). Immature neurons expressing doublecortin (DCX) were quantified in the hippocampus, contents of the caecal microbiome were sequenced, and expression of inflammatory cytokines was measured in the spleen. DCX+ cell densities did not differ between the housing systems. In both systems, poor condition hens had lower DCX+ cell densities, exhibited elevated splenic expression of interleukin-6 (IL6) mRNA, and had a higher relative caecal abundance of methanogenic archea Methanomethylophilaceae. The findings suggest poor body condition is an indicator that individual hens have experienced a comparatively greater degree of cumulative chronic stress, and that a survey of the proportion of hens with poor body conditions might be one way to evaluate the impact of housing systems on hen welfare.

Production and characterization of a new detergent-stable keratinase expressed by Pedobacter sp. 3.14.7, a novel Antarctic psychrotolerant keratin-degrading bacterium.

BACKGROUND: Antarctica is one of the harshest environments in the world. Despite this fact, it has been colonized by microorganisms, which had to develop different adaptations in order to survive. By studying their enzymes, we can harness these adaptations in order to use them in various industrial processes. Keratinases (E.C. 3.4.99.11) are characterized by their robustness in withstanding extreme conditions and, along with other enzymes, are commonly added to laundry detergents, which makes their study of industrial interest. RESULTS: In this work, a novel keratinase producer, Pedobacter sp. 3.14.7 (MF 347939.1), isolated from Antarctic birds' nests, was identified. This psychrotolerant isolate displays a typical psychrotolerant growth pattern, with an optimal temperature of 20 °C (µmax=0.23 h-1). After 238 h, maximum proteolytic (22.00 ± 1.17 U ml-1) and keratinolytic (33.04 ± 1.09 U ml-1) activities were achieved with a feather sample conversion of approximately 85%. The keratinase present in crude extract was characterized as a metalloprotease with a molecular weight of 25 kDa, stable in a wide range of pH, with an optimum pH of 7.5. Optimum temperature was 55 °C. Wash performance at 20 °C using this crude extract could remove completely blood stain from cotton cloth. CONCLUSION: We report a new keratinolytic bacteria from maritime Antarctica. Among its biochemical characteristics, its stability in the presence of different detergents and bleaching agents and its wash performance showed promising results regarding its potential use as a laundry detergent additive.

[Withdrawal of benzodiazepines in the elderly]. / Retirada de benzodiacepinas en el anciano.

TITLE: Retirada de benzodiacepinas en el anciano.

Instructors' Perspectives of Social and Motor Influences on Participation in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Participation is key to childhood development and is essential for health and well-being; yet children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) participate less in social and physical activities compared to their typically developing peers and little is known about how social and motor challenges impact participation patterns. Purpose: The current research garnered experiential insights of the quality and quantity of participation, through the lens of instructors (N = 9) working with a child or children with ASD. Method: Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted to capture a comprehensive and informative profile of how social and motor functioning of children with ASD influence involvement in social and physical activities. Results: Thematic analysis revealed consistent viewpoints in four main areas: (1) Viewpoints extend beyond the World Health Organization definition of participation; (2) Participation depends on who is involved; (3) Although motivation, confidence, and competence in social/motor domains underlie participation, social challenges were perceived as the greatest barrier; (4) While acknowledging the benefits of participation, it is necessary to be cognizant of the required supports. Throughout these themes, the notion of heterogeneity was made very clear. Conclusion: Collectively, perspectives offer descriptive insight which may be useful when designing opportunities for participation in social and physical activities among children with ASD.

El sexismo en las y los profesionales de salud mental: un factor de riesgo psicosocial para la detección de la desigualdad de género / Sexism in Mental Health Professionals: A Social Psychological Risk Factor for Detecting Gender Inequality

Diversos organismos recomiendan a las y los profesionales de salud superar las propias creencias sexistas y apuntan a la importancia de abordar la desigualdad de género. En este sentido, este trabajo se centra en: (1) conocer los niveles de sexismo ambivalente en profesionales de salud mental, (2) analizar la asociación entre sexismo y características sociodemográficas y de perspectiva de género y (3) estudiar la asociación entre sexismo y detección de desigualdad de género en consulta. 449 profesionales de salud mental completaron la Escala de Sexismo Ambivalente, así como otro cuestionario desarrollado ad-hoc. Se realizaron análisis no paramétricos. Los datos mostraron, entre otros aspectos, un nivel bajo de sexismo en la muestra, así como que las y los profesionales que manifestaron niveles significativamente más bajos de sexismo, detectaron más problemas de desigualdad en consulta. Los resultados subrayan la importancia de reducir el sexismo de las y los profesionales para identificar los problemas de desigualdad de género (AU)

Some organizations recommend that healthcare professionals overcome their own sexist beliefs and emphasize the importance of dealing with gender inequality. Thus, this study focused on: (1) find out the levels of ambivalent sexism in a network of mental health professionals in Spain, (2) analyze the association between sexism, sociodemographic cha-racteristics and gender perspective, and (3) study the association between sexism and gender inequality detection during clinical attention. The sample was comprised of 449 mental health professionals who filled in the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory and another ad hoc questionnaire developed. Variables were compared by nonparametric analysis. The data showed low levels of sexism in the sample, and that the professionals who obtained lower levels of sexism found more problems related to gender inequality during clinical attention. The results underline the importance of intervention for reducing sexism of professionals in order to contribute to a more unbiased detection of problems of gender inequality (AU)

Alteraciones metabólicas y circadianas en personal de enfermería de un hospital público del noroeste de México / Circadian and metabolic alterations among nursing personnel in a northeastern public hospital in Mexico / Alterações metabólicas e circadianas na equipe de enfermagem de um hospital público no noroeste do México

RESUMEN Introducción Las alteraciones metabólicas se vinculan a los ritmos biológicos, dado que es tos sistemas controlan aspectos fisiológicos como patrones de sueño/vigilia, temperatura corporal, presión arterial y liberación de hormonas endocrinas. Objetivo Identificar la relación entre los componentes del síndrome metabólico y disincro nía circadiana en personal de enfermería de un hospital público. Métodos Estudio correlacional. Muestra censal de 30 profesionales de enfermería de dos turnos. Para la recolección de datos se utilizaron tres cédulas: a) antecedentes biosociode mográficos y laborales; b) síndrome metabólico; c) ciclo circadiano. En el procesamiento de datos se utilizó pruebas Chi-cuadrada, R de Pearson y Rho de Spearman, se verificó el su puesto de normalidad con Shapiro-Wilk. Se contó con autorización del Comité de Ética de la institución de salud y con el consentimiento informado de participantes. Resultados 43.3 % del personal de enfermería cumplió con criterios diagnósticos de síndro me metabólico, 100 % del turno nocturno presentó disincronía circadiana con base en el indicador patrón de sueño. El consumo de alcohol y nivel alto de triglicéridos, mostraron relación positiva estadísticamente significativa con la presencia de insomnio (p ≤ 0.001; p ≤ 0.05). Conclusión El síndrome metabólico es un problema de salud con alta prevalencia entre el personal de enfermería, independientemente del nivel académico o del turno laboral. El peso y los triglicéridos fueron indicadores que mostraron relación con patrones de sueño afectados. Esto enfatiza la importancia de incidir en la prevención y tratamiento del sín drome metabólico como una prioridad en el personal de enfermería, desde la salud laboral.

ABSTRACT Introduction Metabolic alterations are linked to biologic rhythms because these cycles control physiologic patterns including sleep/awake, body temperature, blood pressure, and hormones release. Objective To identify the relationship between the metabolic syndrome components and the circadian alterations among nursing personnel in a public hospital in Mexico. Method This is a correlational study. The sample was constituted of 30 nursing professio nals working in 2 shifts. Data were collected using three registers: a) bio socio-demographic and labor-related backgrounds; b) metabolic syndrome; c) circadian cycle. Chi-square, Pearson's R, Spearman's Rho, and Shapiro-Wilk normality test were calculated. The study approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of the Health Institution. The corresponding informed consent was obtained from all participants. Results 43.3 % of the nursing personnel qualified for the metabolic syndrome diagnostic criteria. 100 % of the nurses working the night shift showed circadian alterations in terms of sleep patterns. Alcohol consumption and high levels of triglycerides were positively and significantly related to insomnia (p ≤ 0.001; p ≤ 0.05). Conclusion The metabolic syndrome is a health problem with a high prevalence in all kinds of nursing personnel. Bodyweight and triglyceride levels were indicators suggesting altered sleep patterns. This situation highlights the importance of designing and implementing strategies aimed at preventing and addressing metabolic syndrome among nursing person nel as a labor health priority.

RESUMO Introdução As alterações metabólicas estão ligadas aos ritmos biológicos, pois esses siste mas controlam aspectos fisiológicos como padrões de sono/vigília, temperatura corporal, pressão arterial e liberação de hormônios endócrinos. Objetivo Identificar a relação entre os componentes da síndrome metabólica e a dissincro nia circadiana na equipe de enfermagem de um hospital público. Métodos Estudo correlacional. Amostra censitária de 30 profissionais de enfermagem com dois turnos. Para a coleta de dados foram utilizados três cartões: a) antecedentes biossociodemográficos e laborais; b) síndrome metabólica; c) ciclo circadiano. No processa mento dos dados foram utilizados os testes Qui-quadrado, R de Pearson e Rho de Spearman, a suposição de normalidade foi verificada com Shapiro-Wilk. Contou-se com a autorização do Comitê de Ética da instituição de saúde e o termo de consentimento informado dos participantes. Resultados 43.3 % da equipe de enfermagem atendeu aos critérios diagnósticos para sín drome metabólica, 100 % do plantão noturno apresentou dissincronia circadiana com base no indicador padrão de sono. O consumo de álcool e o nível elevado de triglicerídeos mos traram relação positiva estatisticamente significativa com a presença de insônia (p ≤ 0.001; p ≤ 0.05). Conclusão A síndrome metabólica é um problema de saúde de alta prevalência entre a equipe de enfermagem, independentemente do nível acadêmico ou turno de trabalho. O peso e os triglicerídeos foram indicadores que mostraram relação com os padrões de sono afetados. Isto ressalta a importância de influenciar a prevenção e o tratamento da síndrome metabólica como prioridade na equipe de enfermagem, desde a saúde do trabalhador.

Preferential Reaching and End-State Comfort: How Task Demands Influence Motor Planning.

Various factors (e.g., hand preference, object properties) constrain reach-to-grasp in hemispace. With object use, end-state comfort (ESC) has been shown to supersede the preferential use of one hand at the midline. To assess how location, size, and orientation of objects (dowel, mallet, cup) influence preferred-hand use and ESC (N = 50; Mage = 20.83), three preferential reaching tasks were implemented. Object location influenced hand selection in all tasks, along with size (cups) and orientation (mallets). Object location and orientation influenced ESC, but only with dowels and mallets. When oriented away from the preferred hand in hemispace, there was a higher occurrence of non-preferred hand use to facilitate ESC. Overall, findings add to understanding of ESC and preferential reaching with varying task demands.

Demanda de antibióticos sin prescripción en la farmacia comunitaria. Descripción de la intervención del farmacéutico / Oral antibiotic request without prescription in community pharmacies. Description of pharmacists' intervention

OBJETIVO: Calcular la proporción de la demanda de antibióticos sin prescripción (DAS) vía oral en farmacia comunitaria (FC) y analizar las causas de dicha solicitud. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal, multicéntrico realizado a nivel nacional durante una semana en cada estación (2016-17). Se analizaron las DAS J01 (clasificación Anatómica Terapéutica Química [ATC]) vía oral para automedicación, considerándose como variables las causas de demanda y resultado de consulta. RESULTADOS: Participaron 365 farmacéuticos de 247 farmacias, que recibieron 1.172 DAS. Los motivos más frecuentes aducidos fueron: el paciente lo ha utilizado antes para los mismos síntomas (63,1%), escasez de tiempo para acudir a consulta (12,1%) y el paciente cree que el médico le va a prescribir el antibiótico (4,9%). Fueron solicitados más principios activos que marcas comerciales (41,4 vs. 34,9%), existiendo pacientes que no especificaron un antibiótico concreto (21,5%). Destacó la solicitud de amoxicilina (28,2%), amoxicilina/clavulánico (14,9%) y fosfomicina (21,8%), para tratar supuestas infecciones respiratorias superiores (35,1%), urinarias (28,1%) y odontógenas (20,2%). Se realizaron 2.406 intervenciones por parte del farmacéutico que consistieron en: 40,8% remitir al médico, 31,3% ofrecer información sobre el uso correcto de antibióticos, 15,7% recomendar medidas higiénico-dietéticas, 6,9% dispensar otro medicamento y 5,3% dispensar un producto sanitario. CONCLUSIONES: La DAS se situó en el 5,2%, se solicitaron más principios activos que marcas y los antibióticos más demandados fueron betalactámicos seguidos de macrólidos, principalmente para tratar infecciones respiratorias, ITU y odontógenas autodiagnosticadas. El farmacéutico intervino en prácticamente todos los pacientes, principalmente remitiendo al médico para el correcto diagnóstico y tratamiento

OBJECTIVES: To quantify the proportion of oral antibiotics requests without prescription in Community Pharmacy (CP) and to analyse it causes. METHOD: Cross-sectional multicentre study carried out in Spanish community pharmacies during 4 weeks, one in each season of the year. Oral J01 antibiotics (Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification, ATC) requested for self-medication were analysed. RESULTS: 247 pharmacies and 365 pharmacists participated in the study, 1172 antibiotic requests were recorded. More frequent requests for antibiotic self-medication were: previous treatment for the same symptoms (63.1%), insufficient time for a general practitioner (GP) consultation (12.1%) and patient belief that GP is going to prescribe the antibiotic (4.9%). Higher number of generic medication were requested compared to brand medication (41.1 versus 34.9%). Active ingredients commonly requested were amoxicillin (28.2%), amoxicillin-clavulanic (14.9%) and phosphomycin (21.8%) to treat upper respiratory related infections (35.1%), urinary infections (28.1%) and teeth infections (20.2%). 2406 pharmacists' interventions were carried out: referring to the GP (40.8%), information for correct use of medication (31.3%), non-pharmacological treatment (15.7%), and recommendation of a different medication (6.9%) or a different product (5.3%). CONCLUSIONS: Nowadays higher number of active ingredients than brands are requested when selecting a treatment for an infection, mainly Beta-lactams and macrolides. Majority of self-medication tried to treat upper respiratory infections, urinary and teeth infections. Most frequent pharmacists' intervention was referring to the GP to obtain a correct diagnosis and treatment

Standard culture of Paratanytarsus grimmii Schneider, 1885 (Diptera: Chironomidae), for its use in toxicity bioassays / Cultura padrão de Paratanytarsus grimmii Schneider, 1885 (Diptera: Chironomidae), para uso em bioensaios de toxicidade

Abstract The management and use of native species under laboratory conditions is the main difficult for species proposal for its use in bioassays. The present study showed the results about management under controlled conditions of Paratanytarsus grimmii (Diptera: Chironomidae), that is a parthenogenetic species with wide geographical distribution. It obtained its eggs from a pre Andean river from Araucania region (39° S), and it determined the conditions for larval rearing under artificial food, adults getting (manipulation), eggs (hatching sincronization) and larvae getting after hatching. The P.grimmii life cycle had larvae that late 23 days in get the pupa stage (stage I to IV), the adult within the next 48 hours deposits the eggs that hatched at 72 hours. It stablished laboratory conditions: incubation room temperature, water pH, and artificial feeding, photoperiod and larvae and eggs management techniques. In according to obtained results it managed all life cycles under laboratory conditions that can propose the use of this species as potential biological material for toxicity bioassays.

Resumo O manejo e o uso de espécies nativas em condições de laboratório são as principais dificuldades para a proposta de uso de espécies em bioensaios. O presente estudo mostrou os resultados acerca do manejo sob condições controladas de Paratanytarsus grimmii (Diptera: Chironomidae), espécie partenogenética com ampla distribuição geográfica. Foram obtidos seus ovos de um rio pré-andino da região de Araucanía (39º S) e determinadas as condições para criação de larvas sob alimentação artificial, obtenção de adultos (manipulação), de ovos (sincronização de eclosão) e de larvas após a eclosão. O ciclo de vida de P. grimmii teve larvas que, ao final dos 23 dias, atingiram o estágio de pupa (estágio I a IV). O adulto depositou nas 48 horas seguintes os ovos que eclodiram às 72 horas. Foram estabelecidas condições laboratoriais: temperatura da sala de incubação, pH da água e alimentação artificial, fotoperíodo e técnicas de manejo de larvas e ovos. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, foram gerenciados todos os ciclos de vida em condições de laboratório que podem propor o uso dessa espécie como material biológico potencial para bioensaios de toxicidade.

Assessing the growth of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) (Linnaeus, 1758) in four salinities, under experimental conditions / Avaliando o crescimento do Charr Ártico (Salvelinus alpinus) (Linnaeus, 1758) em quatro salinidades, sob condições experimentais

Abstract Studies in Salvelinus alpinus, Arctic charr, indicate that it has a low capacity to hyposmorregulatory or adaption to sea in winter periods in Arctic waters. The investigation finds to determinate the rank optimum of salinity to can cultivate this species at Chile. The weight adequate was determined to join on the sea by analysis of gill Na+, K+-ATPase activity, that it was found between the ranks 80-130 g, with 14.5 U/mg. It underwent evaluation of fish growth of 72 g salinities from 0 (control), 18, 25 and 33 g/L (sea water) for 94 days. The results indicate that the largest increases were obtained in brackish water. T18 g/L and T25 g/L achieved growth of 25% and 19% on day 94 and term sampling respectively. It is important to mention that the 8% that survived in seawater introduced percentages growth 16.6% equivalent to brackish water and control. These results suggest that Salvelinus alpinus can grow in seawater, with levels of Na+, K+-ATPase similar to those submitted by Salmo salar with a weight not less than 80 g.

Resumo Estudos em Salvelinus alpinus, Charr Ártico, indicam que tem baixa capacidade de hiposmorregulação ou adaptação ao mar em períodos de inverno nas águas do Ártico. A investigação determina o melhor nível de salinidade para cultivar esta espécie no Chile. Determinou-se o peso adequado para se unir ao mar pela análise da atividade da Na +, K + -ATPase das brânquias, que foi encontrada entre as faixas de 80 a 130 g, com 14,5 U/mg. Foi avaliado o crescimento de 72 g salinidades de 0 (controle), 18, 25 e 33 g/L (água do mar) por 94 dias. Os resultados indicam que os maiores aumentos foram obtidos em água salobra. T18 g/L e T25 g/L alcançaram crescimento de 25% e 19% no dia 94 e amostragem a termo, respectivamente. É importante mencionar que os 8% que sobreviveram na água do mar apresentaram percentuais de crescimento de 16,6% equivalentes a água salobra e controle. Estes resultados sugerem que o Salvelinus alpinus pode crescer em água do mar, com níveis de Na +, K + -ATPase semelhantes aos apresentados por Salmo salar com um peso não inferior a 80 g.

[Oral antibiotic request without prescription in community pharmacies. Description of pharmacists' intervention]. / Demanda de antibióticos sin prescripción en la farmacia comunitaria. Descripción de la intervención del farmacéutico.

OBJECTIVES: To quantify the proportion of oral antibiotics requests without prescription in Community Pharmacy (CP) and to analyse it causes. METHOD: Cross-sectional multicentre study carried out in Spanish community pharmacies during 4 weeks, one in each season of the year. Oral J01 antibiotics (Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification, ATC) requested for self-medication were analysed. RESULTS: 247 pharmacies and 365 pharmacists participated in the study, 1172 antibiotic requests were recorded. More frequent requests for antibiotic self-medication were: previous treatment for the same symptoms (63.1%), insufficient time for a general practitioner (GP) consultation (12.1%) and patient belief that GP is going to prescribe the antibiotic (4.9%). Higher number of generic medication were requested compared to brand medication (41.1 versus 34.9%). Active ingredients commonly requested were amoxicillin (28.2%), amoxicillin-clavulanic (14.9%) and phosphomycin (21.8%) to treat upper respiratory related infections (35.1%), urinary infections (28.1%) and teeth infections (20.2%). 2406 pharmacists' interventions were carried out: referring to the GP (40.8%), information for correct use of medication (31.3%), non-pharmacological treatment (15.7%), and recommendation of a different medication (6.9%) or a different product (5.3%). CONCLUSIONS: Nowadays higher number of active ingredients than brands are requested when selecting a treatment for an infection, mainly ß-lactams and macrolides. Majority of self-medication tried to treat upper respiratory infections, urinary and teeth infections. Most frequent pharmacists' intervention was referring to the GP to obtain a correct diagnosis and treatment.

Exploring Caregiver Perspectives of Social and Motor Skills in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder and the Impact on Participation.

Participation is a key aspect of quality of life and is essential for children's well-being, yet children with disabilities are at risk for lower participation in social activities. For children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), social skills may present a significant obstacle for participation in activities of daily life; however, motor skill development may also serve an important contributing factor. Nevertheless, the link between social and motor skills in children with ASD is not fully understood. The current research implemented semistructured interviews to garner descriptive insights from caregivers (N = 17) into the social and motor skills of 5- to 9-year-old children with ASD and the impact on participation in social activities. A constant comparative method was used to generate a coherent and thematic representation of caregivers' experiences. Thematic analysis revealed core consistencies in three areas: (1) caregivers viewed participation differently than their children; (2) participation levels of children with ASD are context specific; (3) challenges with social skills were perceived to present a greater obstacle to participation than motor skills. Overall, the notion that ASD is a heterogeneous disorder was made very apparent. Although caregivers believe there to be immense value in current treatment and intervention options, the availability and access to such options was a major barrier. The effectiveness of intervention programming designed to increase participation is contingent on understanding factors that affect participation. Implications concerning caregivers' perspectives are discussed.

Spatial distribution in marine invertebrates in rocky shore of Araucania Region (38° S, Chile) / Distribuição espacial em invertebrados marinhos na costa rochosa da região de Araucanía (38° S, Chile)

Abstract The rocky shores in Chile have a wide invertebrate species diversity, that include species with marked abundances in determined regions. The aim of the present study is to analyse the spatial distribution pattern in different marine invertebrate species in rocky shore of Araucania region, considering if these species have random, uniform or associated patterns, and extrapolate if these patterns have Poisson, binomial or negative binomial distribution respectively. The results revealed the presence mainly of gastropods molluscs that would graze on benthic algae, these species have mainly aggregated pattern that has a robust negative binomial distribution pattern. The obtained results agree with observations for marine benthic fauna that mentioned the presence of aggregated pattern, has negative binomial distribution. Other ecological topics about spatial distribution were discussed.

Resumo As costas rochosas no Chile têm uma ampla diversidade de espécies de invertebrados, que incluem espécies com abundância marcada em determinadas regiões. O objetivo do presente estudo é analisar o padrão de distribuição espacial em diferentes espécies de invertebrados marinhos na costa rochosa da região de Araucanía, considerando se essas espécies possuem padrões aleatórios, uniformes ou associados, e extrapolar se esses padrões possuem distribuição binomial de Poisson, binomial ou negativa. respectivamente. Os resultados revelaram a presença principalmente de moluscos gastrópodes que pastam em algas bentônicas, estas espécies têm principalmente agregado padrão que tem um padrão robusto de distribuição binomial negativa, padrão agregado de grupos, e a fauna de água doce que apresenta distribuição binomial negativa. Outros tópicos ecológicos sobre distribuição espacial foram discutidos.

Evaluation of recorded video-observed therapy for anti-tuberculosis treatment.

BACKGROUND: Asynchronous video directly observed therapy (VDOT) may reduce tuberculosis (TB) program costs and the burden on patients. We compared VDOT performance across three cities in the United States, each of which have TB incidence rates above the national average.METHODS: Patients aged ≥18 years who are currently receiving directly observed anti-TB treatment were invited to use VDOT for monitoring treatment. Pre- and post-treatment interviews and medical records were used to assess site differences in treatment adherence and patient characteristics and perceptions.RESULTS: Participants were enrolled in New York City, NY (n = 48), San Diego, CA (n = 52) and San Francisco, CA, USA (n = 49). Overall, the mean age was 41 years (range 18-87); 59% were male; most were Asian (45%) or Hispanic/Latino (30%); and 77% were foreign-born. The median fraction of expected doses observed (FEDO) was 88% (IQR 76-96). At follow-up, 97% thought VDOT was "very or somewhat easy to use" and 95% would recommend VDOT to other TB patients. Age, race/ethnicity, annual income, and country of birth differed by city (P < 0.05), but FEDO and VDOT perceptions did not.CONCLUSIONS: TB programs in three large US cities observed a high FEDO using VDOT while minimizing staff time and travel. Similar findings across sites support VDOT adoption by other large, urban TB programs.

Variational and diffusion quantum Monte Carlo calculations with the CASINO code.

We present an overview of the variational and diffusion quantum Monte Carlo methods as implemented in the casino program. We particularly focus on developments made in the last decade, describing state-of-the-art quantum Monte Carlo algorithms and software and discussing their strengths and weaknesses. We review a range of recent applications of casino.

Perfil de las solicitudes de antibióticos en farmacia comunitaria con receta privada y prescripción irregular / Characteristics of private and irregular prescription for oral antibiotics in Spanish community pharmacies

OBJETIVO: Calcular el número de prescripciones de antibióticos por vía oral mediante receta privada (RP) y prescripción irregular (PI) en farmacia comunitaria (FC). MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal, multicéntrico realizado en todo el territorio nacional durante una semana en cada estación del año (2016-2017). Se analizaron prescripciones de antibióticos de uso sistémico J01 (clasificación Anatómica Terapéutica Química [ATC]) por vía oral con RP o PI considerándose como variables las características de la prescripción y el resultado de la consulta. RESULTADOS: Participaron en el estudio 365 farmacéuticos de 247 farmacias, que recibieron 3.569 demandas de antibióticos mediante RP (71% cumplían la normativa) y 833 con PI. Las RP fueron prescritas por odontólogos (43,7%), médicos de atención primaria (MAP) (26,20%) y pediatras (10,3%), para tratar infecciones odontógenas (39,8%), respiratorias de vías superiores (25,6%), vías inferiores (10,3%) y urinarias (7,7%). Los antibióticos más prescritos fueron amoxicilina (27,9%) y amoxicilina-clavulánico (25,2%). Las PI consistieron en partes de urgencia (32,8%), prescripciones orales/telefónicas (20,4%) y peticiones por cantidad insuficiente (10%). Los prescriptores fueron MAP (25,2%), odontólogos (24,7%) y pediatras (12%) para tratar infecciones respiratorias superiores (32,5%), odontógenas (25,8%), urinarias (14,2%) y respiratorias inferiores (10,8%). Los antibióticos más prescritos fueron amoxicilina-clavulánico (27,4%) y amoxicilina (21,6%). Pese a que todos los pacientes con PI fueron derivados al médico, únicamente el 45,4% aceptaron la derivación. CONCLUSIONES: Este estudio ha permitido la obtención de datos de RP y PI, suponiendo un avance en el conocimiento del uso de antibióticos en nuestro país para una posterior planificación de los servicios de salud

OBJECTIVE: To quantify the proportion of oral antibiotics through private prescription (PP) and irregular prescription (IP) in the Community Pharmacy (CP). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross-sectional multicentre study carried out in Spanish community pharmacies over a 4week period, one in each season of the year. An analysis was made of private and irregular prescriptions of oral J01 antibacterials for systemic use (Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical [ATC] classification). The study variables used were prescription and consultation characteristics. RESULTS: A total of 3569 PP (71% followed legislation) and 833 IP were recorded by 365 pharmacists working in 247 CP. PP were prescribed by dentists (43.7%), general practitioners (GP) (26.20%), and paediatricians (10.3%), to treat teeth infections (39.8%), upper respiratory infections (25.6%), lower respiratory infections (10.3%), and urinary infections (7.7%). The most prescribed antibiotics were amoxicillin (27.9%) and amoxicillin-clavulanic (25.2%). IP came from Emergency Departments (32.8%), oral/phone prescriptions (20.4%), and patient demand due to insufficient quantity of antibiotic to complete treatment (10%). Prescriptions came from GP (25.2%), dentists (24.7%), and paediatricians (12%) to treat upper respiratory infections (32.5%), teeth infections (25.8%), urinary infections (14.2%), and lower respiratory infections (10.8%). The most prescribed antibiotics were amoxicillin-clavulanic (27.4%) and amoxicillin (21.6%). Since every patient with IP was referred to the GP, 45.4% of them accepted the recommendations of the pharmacists. CONCLUSIONS: This study obtained PP and IP characteristics, unknown and needed data in Spain for future health policy plans