RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this scoping review is to describe the extent, range, and nature of available literature examining nutrition-related intermediate and long-term health outcomes in individuals who are transgender. Specific sub-topics examined include 1) dietary intake, 2) nutrition-related health disparities, 3) validity and reliability of nutrition assessment methods, 4) the effects of nutrition interventions/exposures, and 5) hormone therapy. METHODS: A literature search was conducted using MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Web of Science, and other databases for peer-reviewed articles published from January 1999 until December 5, 2019 to identify studies addressing the research objective and meeting eligibility criteria. Conference abstracts and registered trials published or registered in the five years prior to the search were also included. Findings were reported in a study characteristics table, a bubble chart and heat maps. RESULTS: The search of the databases identified 5403 studies, including full peer-reviewed studies, systematic reviews, conference abstracts and registered trials. Following title/abstract screening, 189 studies were included in the narrative analysis. Ten studies reported dietary intake in transgender individuals, 64 studies reported nutrition-related health disparities in transgender compared to cisgender individuals, one study examined validity and reliability of nutrition assessment methods, two studies reported nutrition interventions, and 127 studies reported on the intermediate and health effects of hormone therapy. CONCLUSION: Individuals who are transgender have unique nutrition needs, which may vary according to the stage and type of gender-affirmative therapy that they are undergoing. There is scant research examining effective nutrition therapy methods for nutrition professionals working with transgender individuals. More research is needed in order to inform evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for nutrition practitioners working with transgender individuals.
Assuntos
Terapia Nutricional , Pessoas Transgênero , Hormônios , Humanos , Avaliação de Resultados em Cuidados de Saúde , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
We investigated the influence of tuftsin partial sequences (Thr-Lys, Lys-Pro, Lys-Pro-Arg and Pro-Arg) on histamine concentration in selected tissues (lungs, kidneys, liver, duodenal wall and arterial blood) of guinea-pigs and rats. The peptides were administered in 1 mg/kg dose intravenously (single dose) or intraperitoneally (single dose or three doses at one-hour intervals). Histamine concentration was determined spectrofluorimetrically. Tissues used in the determination were taken 1 hour after the last injection. It was found that Pro-Arg and Lys-Pro-Arg (similarly to tuftsin), lower histamine concentration in lungs, and elevate it in kidneys.
Assuntos
Histamina/metabolismo , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/farmacologia , Tuftsina/farmacologia , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Cobaias , Rim/efeitos dos fármacos , Rim/metabolismo , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/metabolismo , Pulmão/efeitos dos fármacos , Pulmão/metabolismo , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/administração & dosagem , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/química , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Distribuição Tecidual , Tuftsina/administração & dosagem , Tuftsina/químicaRESUMO
The performed studies dealt with the effect of tuftsin (tetrapeptide Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg), a stimulator of many components of immunological reactions, exerted on histamine concentration in lungs, kidneys, liver, duodenal wall and arterial blood of guinea-pigs. Tuftsin was given intraperitoneally, in a single dose (0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg) or three times at one-hour intervals (1.0 mg/kg). It has been revealed that tuftsin alters the histamine concentration in tissues of guinea-pigs by lowering it in lungs, and by elevating it in kidneys and liver, in the latter insignificantly.
Assuntos
Histamina/metabolismo , Tuftsina/farmacologia , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Cobaias , Injeções Intraperitoneais , Rim/efeitos dos fármacos , Rim/metabolismo , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/metabolismo , Pulmão/efeitos dos fármacos , Pulmão/metabolismo , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Distribuição Tecidual , Tuftsina/administração & dosagem , Tuftsina/químicaRESUMO
The performed studies covered the effect of tuftsin, tetrapeptide stimulating many components of immunological reactions, to histamine concentration in lungs, kidneys, liver, duodenum as well as in the blood of rabbits and guinea-pigs. Tuftsin was given intravenously in a single injection (0.5 mg/kg), and for guinea-pigs also in one-hour infusion (1.0 mg/kg/h). The tissue designed for determining the histamine concentration by spectrofluorimetric method were taken 1 hour after introduction of the peptide. It has been found out that tuftsin changes the histamine concentration in tissues, lowering it in the lungs, and elevating it in the kidneys and liver. The changes in duodenum and blood were insignificant.
