[Obstetric anesthesia/analgesia in Spain. Study notes on its historical evolution during the 1st half of this century]. / La anestesia-analgesia obstétrica en España. Apuntes para el estudio de su evolución histórica durante la primera mitad de este siglo.

This historical review of obstetric analgesia-anesthesia in Spain covers the first half of the twentieth century. Following usual practice for researching medical history, we have performed an exhaustive review of Spanish medical literature published during the study period, followed by classification, study and critical analysis. We found that the first half of the century saw considerable change in the application of analgesic-anesthetic techniques for childbirth and obstetric procedures, indicating that practitioners were far from apathetic as had been obstetricians of the second half of the nineteenth century, who generally rejected any type of analgesia for use during labor and birth. The numerous techniques in vogue during that period under study are described, although analgesia-anesthesia by inhaled ether and chloroform was undoubtedly the most widely used by obstetricians until well into the 1950's.

[Obstetric anesthesia-analgesia in Spain. A review of its historic evolution during the second half of the past century]. / La anestesia-analgesia obstétrica en España. Una revisión de su evolución histórica durante la segunda mitad de la pasada centuria.

To examine the historical development of obstetric anesthesia in Spain during the second half of the nineteenth century. Research was based on in-depth analysis of accounts of anesthesia during the period covered, mainly from original sources, using established methods for studying the history of medicine. We collected a great deal of documentary evidence, much of it unpublished and of clear historical value for tracing the history of obstetric anesthesia in Spain and identifying the main factors that have influenced it. We emphasize that controversy limited to a large extent the use of anesthesia in obstetrics. The controversy seems to have been fed by physicians' uneasiness with anesthesia as well as by certain prejudices of a religious or moral nature that are deeply rooted in Spanish society.

[Importance of the daily and political newspapers in Madrid on the introduction, popularization and awareness of anesthesia]. / Importancia de la prensa diaria y política de Madrid en el proceso de introducción y popularización del descubrimiento de la anestesia.

The introduction of surgical anesthesia in Spain and its spread throughout the country between 1847 and 1848 was facilitated by several medical journals and new daily and political newspapers in existence at the time, particularly in Madrid. This study was undertaken to determine the possible impact of articles reporting the discovery of anesthesia that were published in the contemporary daily press. Research involved a review of the daily press in Madrid, where most newspapers were published. We found 141 references to events surrounding the introduction of anesthesia in Spain in 24 Madrid newspapers. Analysis of the articles revealed how the daily press contributed to the rapid dissemination of information about the discovery. The press provided an important means of spreading news about and popularizing anesthesia and was also an instrument for exchanging scientific opinion for Spanish surgeons of the day.

[Incorporation of 1-C14 palmitic acid into liver lipids of rats in different hormanal states]. / Incorporación de 1-C14 ácido palmítico a lípidos hepáticos de rata en diferentes estados hormonales

Adrenalectomy and/or cortisol-induced variations in the in vivo and in vitro incorporation of 14C-palmitic acid 1 into the different fractions of rat liver lipids were studied. The different fatty acids incorporations follow analogous patterns in every hormonal state in vitro. Incorporation rate is faster in normal animals, but adrenalectomy or the administration of cortisol produces a marded delay. Cortisol does not modify the anomalism observed in the adrenoprival state. In vivo, the incorporation of palmitic acid into the different liver lipids--for the same hormonal state--does not follow the same pattern.

[Effects of adrenalectomy and cortisol administration on the concentration of free fatty acids, triglycerides and total lipids on the liver of rats]. / Efectos de la adrenalectomía y de la administración de cortisol sobre las concentraciones de ácidos grasos libres, triglicéridos y lípidos totales en hígado de rata

The hepatic concentration of triglycerides, free fatty acids and total lipids was determined in four groups of rats: normals, adrenectomized and normal and adrenectomized previously treated with cortisol, 30 mg. In chronic adrenectomized state, total lipids and hepatic triglycerides are diminished, particularly the triglycerides. Adrenectomy does not appear to have significative effect on the free fatty acids. The administration of cortisol does not change those observations and, when given to normal animals, decreases the hepatic concentrations of free fatty acids, triglycerides and total lipids.

[Effect of adrenalectomy and the administration of cortisol on plasma and liver cholesterol free and esterified in rats]. / Efectos de la adrenalectomía y de la administración de cortisol sobre el colesterol (libre y esterificado) en plasma e hígado de rata

The effect of cortisol on the levels of free and sterified cholesterol in the livers of normal and adrenectomized rats has been studied. The results indicate that cortisol enhances those lipids in plasma and decreases their level in the liver.