Utilización de servicios sanitarios en ancianos (España 2006-2012): influencia del nivel de salud y de la clase social / Health-care utilization in elderly (Spain 2006-2012): Influence of health status and social class

OBJETIVO: Conocer la utilización de servicios sanitarios de Atención Primaria (AP), Atención Especializada (AE), hospitalizaciones, Hospital de Día y Urgencias, y la hiperfrecuentación en ancianos en España, analizando la influencia del estado de salud, sexo, clase social y evolución temporal. DISEÑO: Estudio transversal en 2 fases. Emplazamiento: España. PARTICIPANTES: Personas encuestadas en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2006 y 2011-12. MEDICIONES PRINCIPALES: Como variables de salud se utilizaron la salud percibida y diagnosticada (número y tipo de diagnósticos). La clase social se obtuvo a partir de la última ocupación del sustentador principal (clases manuales y no manuales). Se realizaron análisis de regresión logística, ajustando por sexo, edad, nivel de salud, clase social y año, calculando su capacidad predictiva. RESULTADOS: El porcentaje de población mayor que utiliza consultas médicas descendió en el periodo estudiado. Las mujeres trabajadoras manuales presentaron la mayor prevalencia de mala salud (mala salud percibida en el 2006: 70,6%). La mala salud se asoció a mayor utilización de servicios sanitarios. La salud percibida fue mejor predictor de utilización de servicios y de hiperfrecuentación que la diagnosticada, con la mayor capacidad predictiva para AE (C = 0,676). Los ancianos de clases sociales bajas utilizaron con más frecuencia AP y Urgencias, mientras que la utilización de AE y Hospital de Día fue mayor en clases altas. CONCLUSIONES: Existen diferencias en salud y utilización de servicios sanitarios en mayores según clase social. Resulta necesario prestar atención a la salud percibida como predictor de la utilización de servicios sanitarios y revisar la accesibilidad-equidad de nuestros servicios

OBJECTIVE: to explore health-care utilization (primary and specialized health-care, hospitalizations, day hospital and emergency services) and overuse in elderly in Spain, considering the influence of health status, sex, social class and its temporal trend. DESIGN: cross sectional study in two phases. SETTING: Spain. PARTICIPANTS: people surveyed in the National Health Surveys 2006 and 2011-12. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Health status was measured using self-rated and diagnosed health (number and diagnoses). Social class was obtained from the last occupation of the main supporter (manual and non-manual workers). Logistic regression analyses were conducted adjusting by sex, age, health status, social class and year, obtaining its predictive capacity. RESULTS: the percentage of elderly population with health-care utilization decreased during the period analyzed. Women who belonged to the manual workers category presented the highest prevalence of low health (low self-rated health in 2006: 70.6%). Low health status was associated with a higher utilization of health-care services. Self-rated health was a better predictor of health-care utilization and overuse than diagnosed health, getting the highest predictive capacity for specialized health-care (C = 0.676). Old people from low social class used with higher frequency primary health-care and emergency services. On the other hand, specialized health-care and day hospital were more used by high social classes. CONCLUSIONS: inequalities in health and health-care utilization have been observed in elderly according social class. It is necessary to consider self-rated health as a health-care utilization predictor and to review our health-care services accessibility and equity

[Health-care utilization in elderly (Spain 2006-2012): Influence of health status and social class]. / Utilización de servicios sanitarios en ancianos (España 2006-2012): influencia del nivel de salud y de la clase social.

OBJECTIVE: to explore health-care utilization (primary and specialized health-care, hospitalizations, day hospital and emergency services) and overuse in elderly in Spain, considering the influence of health status, sex, social class and its temporal trend. DESIGN: cross sectional study in two phases. SETTING: Spain. PARTICIPANTS: people surveyed in the National Health Surveys 2006 and 2011-12. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Health status was measured using self-rated and diagnosed health (number and diagnoses). Social class was obtained from the last occupation of the main supporter (manual and non-manual workers). Logistic regression analyses were conducted adjusting by sex, age, health status, social class and year, obtaining its predictive capacity. RESULTS: the percentage of elderly population with health-care utilization decreased during the period analyzed. Women who belonged to the manual workers category presented the highest prevalence of low health (low self-rated health in 2006: 70.6%). Low health status was associated with a higher utilization of health-care services. Self-rated health was a better predictor of health-care utilization and overuse than diagnosed health, getting the highest predictive capacity for specialized health-care (C = 0.676). Old people from low social class used with higher frequency primary health-care and emergency services. On the other hand, specialized health-care and day hospital were more used by high social classes. CONCLUSIONS: inequalities in health and health-care utilization have been observed in elderly according social class. It is necessary to consider self-rated health as a health-care utilization predictor and to review our health-care services accessibility and equity.

Youth unemployment and economic recession in Spain: influence on health and lifestyles in young people (16-24 years old).

OBJECTIVES: To explore health status and lifestyles in young Spanish people in 2006 and 2012, the changes between these 2 years and the influence of employment status on health and lifestyles in this period. METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis of the Spanish National Health Surveys 2006 and 2011/12 in people 16-24 years old (3701). Regression analyses for pooled cross-sectional data were developed. Employment status was considered as explanatory variable of health (self-rated health, diagnosed morbidity and mental disorders) and lifestyles (overweight, tobacco and alcohol consumption). RESULTS: Male unemployment was associated with poor self-rated health (OR 1.88; CI 95 % 1.00-3.53), mental disorders (OR 2.42; CI 95 % 1.02-5.76) and tobacco consumption (OR 1.62; CI 95 % 1.00-2.62). During the economic recession, young people presented better health results than in 2006. Unemployed who had never worked consumed less tobacco and alcohol than short-term unemployed. CONCLUSIONS: Unemployment was associated in young men with poor self-rated health, mental illness and tobacco consumption. Despite the economic recession, young people presented better self-rated health, diagnosed morbidity and mental health in 2012 than in 2006, especially in women.

Comorbilidad como predictor de utilización de servicios sanitarios y mortalidad en pacientes con diabetes / Comorbidity as a predictor of health services utilization and mortality in patients with diabetes

Objetivo: Las enfermedades crónicas son la principal causa de mortalidad en el mundo. El estudio de las enfermedades más prevalentes resulta fundamental, así como disponer de un indicador de frecuentación sanitaria y mortalidad para estos colectivos. El objetivo de este estudio es identificar aquella medida de comorbilidad que predice mejor la utilización de servicios sanitarios y la mortalidad de los pacientes con diabetes mellitus en nuestro medio. Métodos: Estudio longitudinal de una cohorte de pacientes diagnosticados de diabetes mellitus en 2006 en Zaragoza, seguidos hasta 2010. Se realizaron modelos predictivos de regresión logística. Como medidas de comorbilidad se utilizaron el número de diagnósticos, el número de Grupos de Diagnóstico Ambulatorio (ADG) y el número de Grupos de Diagnóstico Ambulatorio Mayores (MADG), los dos últimos del sistema ACG (Ambulatory Care Groups). Se consideró como medida de validez la mejora en la capacidad explicativa del modelo (estadístico c). Resultados: Se observó una prevalencia de diabetes mellitus del 8,8%. Tanto el número de diagnósticos como la comorbilidad se relacionaron con la utilización de servicios sanitarios y con la mortalidad. En cuanto a la mortalidad, la mejor medida de comorbilidad fue el número de MADG (c = 0,763). El modelo con las variables sexo, edad, número de MADG y número de ingresos tuvo la mayor capacidad explicativa (c = 0,818). Conclusiones: El sistema ACG permite predecir el consumo de recursos y la mortalidad de este colectivo en nuestro medio. Este estudio confirma la importante carga asistencial que generan los enfermos de diabetes mellitus y subraya la necesidad de tomar medidas al respecto (AU)

Objective: Chronic diseases are the main cause of mortality worldwide. Study of the most prevalent diseases is essential, as well as the development of indicators of health services' utilization and mortality in these patients. The objective of this study was to identify which comorbidity measure best predicts health services' utilization and mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus in our environment. Methods: A longitudinal study was carried out in a cohort of diabetes mellitus patients diagnosed in 2006 in Zaragoza and followed up to 2010. Logistic regression predictive models were developed. The number of diagnosis, the number of ambulatory diagnostic groups (ADG), and the number of major ambulatory diagnostic groups (MADG) from the Ambulatory Care Groups system were used as comorbidity measures. The validity measure consisted of the improvement in the model's explanatory capacity (c-statistic). Results: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus was 8.8%. Both the number of diagnoses and comorbidity were associated with health services' utilization and mortality. For mortality, the best indicator of comorbidity was the number of MADGs (c = 0.763). The model adjusted by sex, age, number of MADGs, and number of hospitalizations had the highest explanatory capacity (c = 0.818). Conclusions: The ACG system allows resource consumption and mortality to be predicted in people with diabetes mellitus in our environment. This study confirms the substantial healthcare burden generated by patients with diabetes mellitus and the need to tackle this situation (AU)

Salud percibida y nivel educativo en España: tendencias por comunidades autónomas y sexo (2001-2012) / Self-rated health and educational level in Spain: Trends by autonomous communities and gender (2001-2012)

Objetivo: Conocer la evolución de la prevalencia de mala salud percibida en España por comunidades autónomas (CC.AA.) para el periodo 2001-2012, las diferencias por sexo y edad, y la influencia del nivel educativo. Método: Estudio transversal de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud de 2001 a 2011-12, y de la Encuesta Europea de 2009. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo por sexo, edad, nivel educativo y C.A. de residencia ajustado por edad. Se utilizaron análisis de regresión logística para estudiar la evolución temporal y conocer la asociación entre el nivel educativo y la salud percibida, calculando su capacidad predictiva mediante el estadístico C. Resultados: La prevalencia de mala salud percibida fue mayor en las mujeres con nivel educativo bajo y mejoró en las de nivel educativo alto (18,6% en 2001 y 14,6% en 2012). La mayor prevalencia de mala salud percibida se observó en Andalucía, Canarias, Galicia y Murcia, con diferencias por sexo. El nivel educativo bajo se asoció con una peor salud percibida en la mayoría de las CC.AA., con buena capacidad predictiva. En todas las CC.AA., excepto Asturias, existió una mayor percepción de mala salud en las mujeres que en los hombres. En España, la prevalencia de mala salud percibida se mantuvo sin cambios en el periodo analizado, pero mejoró en Baleares, Cataluña y Madrid. Conclusiones: En España existen diferencias en la prevalencia de mala salud percibida por CC.AA. Aunque no varía en el periodo analizado, se observan desigualdades en su evolución según el nivel educativo y el sexo, que podrían conllevar un aumento de las desigualdades en mujeres según el nivel educativo (AU)

Objective: To identify the trend in self-rated health in Spain by autonomous communities (AC) in the period 2001-2012, as well as differences by gender and age, and the influence of educational level. Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out using data from the National Health Surveys from 2001 to 2011-12 and the 2009 European Survey. A descriptive analysis was conducted that included gender, age, educational level, and the AC of residence. Logistic regression analyses were developed to explore the temporal trend and the association between educational level and self-rated health. The predictive capacity of the model was calculated using the C statistic. Results: The prevalence of low self-rated health was higher in women with low educational level. Self-rated health improved in women with high educational level (2001:18.6% vs. 2012:14.6%). The highest prevalence of low self-rated health was observed in Andalusia, the Canary Islands, Galicia and Murcia, with differences by gender. Low educational level was associated with low self-rated health in most AC, with good predictive capacity. In all AC except Asturias, low self-rated health was more frequent in women than in men. In Spain, the prevalence of self-rated health showed no variations in the period analyzed and improved in the Balearic Islands, Catalonia, and Madrid. Conclusions: The prevalence of self-rated health in Spain differed by AC. Although health was unchanged during the period considered, inequalities were found in its temporal trend by educational level and gender, which could lead to an increase in health inequalities in women according educational level (AU)

[Self-rated health and educational level in Spain: trends by autonomous communities and gender (2001-2012)]. / Salud percibida y nivel educativo en España: tendencias por comunidades autónomas y sexo (2001-2012).

OBJECTIVE: To identify the trend in self-rated health in Spain by autonomous communities (AC) in the period 2001-2012, as well as differences by gender and age, and the influence of educational level. METHODS: A cross sectional study was carried out using data from the National Health Surveys from 2001 to 2011-12 and the 2009 European Survey. A descriptive analysis was conducted that included gender, age, educational level, and the AC of residence. Logistic regression analyses were developed to explore the temporal trend and the association between educational level and self-rated health. The predictive capacity of the model was calculated using the C statistic. RESULTS: The prevalence of low self-rated health was higher in women with low educational level. Self-rated health improved in women with high educational level (2001:18.6% vs. 2012:14.6%). The highest prevalence of low self-rated health was observed in Andalusia, the Canary Islands, Galicia and Murcia, with differences by gender. Low educational level was associated with low self-rated health in most AC, with good predictive capacity. In all AC except Asturias, low self-rated health was more frequent in women than in men. In Spain, the prevalence of self-rated health showed no variations in the period analyzed and improved in the Balearic Islands, Catalonia, and Madrid. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of self-rated health in Spain differed by AC. Although health was unchanged during the period considered, inequalities were found in its temporal trend by educational level and gender, which could lead to an increase in health inequalities in women according educational level.

[Comorbidity as a predictor of health services utilization and mortality in patients with diabetes]. / Comorbilidad como predictor de utilización de servicios sanitarios y mortalidad en pacientes con diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: Chronic diseases are the main cause of mortality worldwide. Study of the most prevalent diseases is essential, as well as the development of indicators of health services' utilization and mortality in these patients. The objective of this study was to identify which comorbidity measure best predicts health services' utilization and mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus in our environment. METHODS: A longitudinal study was carried out in a cohort of diabetes mellitus patients diagnosed in 2006 in Zaragoza and followed up to 2010. Logistic regression predictive models were developed. The number of diagnosis, the number of ambulatory diagnostic groups (ADG), and the number of major ambulatory diagnostic groups (MADG) from the Ambulatory Care Groups system were used as comorbidity measures. The validity measure consisted of the improvement in the model's explanatory capacity (c-statistic). RESULTS: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus was 8.8%. Both the number of diagnoses and comorbidity were associated with health services' utilization and mortality. For mortality, the best indicator of comorbidity was the number of MADGs (c=0.763). The model adjusted by sex, age, number of MADGs, and number of hospitalizations had the highest explanatory capacity (c=0.818). CONCLUSIONS: The ACG system allows resource consumption and mortality to be predicted in people with diabetes mellitus in our environment. This study confirms the substantial healthcare burden generated by patients with diabetes mellitus and the need to tackle this situation.

Gastric cancer incidence and geographical variations: the influence of gender and rural and socioeconomic factors, Zaragoza (Spain).

BACKGROUND: Socioeconomic status (SES) and rural factors have been shown to be associated with gastric cancer epidemiology. The aim of this study was to identify geographical variations in gastric cancer incidence in Zaragoza province (Spain) during the period 1993-2002, and their association with SES and rural factors. METHODS: Incident cases were extracted from the population-based Zaragoza Cancer Registry. The geographical analysis unit was the census tract (CT) in Zaragoza city (N = 462) and the municipalities for the rest of the province (N = 292). Four indexes were applied: two deprivation and two rurality indexes, included in a Bayesian risk model discretized in quartiles. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were calculated using the incidence rates in Spain. SIRs were adjusted by a Bayesian generalized linear mixed model (GLMM). RESULTS: From 1993 to 2002, 1,309 cases of gastric cancer were registered in Zaragoza city and 578 in the rest of the province. High risk was observed in CTs for the peripheral areas of the city. The incidence risk in men was 2 (95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.22-2.98) times higher in the most deprived CTs compared with the least deprived CTs, but no statistically significant differences were found in women. Municipalities with higher risk were observed in the north of the province, but no significant association was found with SES. Regarding the rurality index, a positive trend was observed in women, but it was statistically significant only for the most rural quartile (2.49, 95 % CI 1.07-4.92). CONCLUSIONS: Geographical differences in gastric cancer incidence were detected. Although these differences could be partially explained by the deprivation index for men in Zaragoza city, deprivation index cannot explain geographical differences for women. In the rest of the province, the rurality index 1991 could explain, at least for women, geographical differences. It is still necessary to develop a deprivation index suitable for small municipalities.

Relación entre los médicos y la industria en Aragón (España) / Relationship between physician and industry in Aragon (Spain)

Objetivo Describir, en Aragón, la relación entre los médicos y la industria, y analizar las características de los médicos que se asocian con la probabilidad de recibir beneficios. Métodos Estudio transversal en el cual médicos aragoneses del sector público y privado rellenaron un cuestionario anónimo en una página web, entre junio y noviembre de 2008. El número de visitas/mes con la industria, muestras, regalos, dietas y pagos se incluyeron como variables dependientes en los modelos de regresión. Las variables año de licenciatura, especialidad, lugar de trabajo, tiempo de atención, artículos leídos/mes y ser tutor de residentes se utilizaron como variables independientes. Resultados Se consideraron válidos 659 cuestionarios completados. En general, el 87% de los que respondieron contestaron que habían recibido algún beneficio en el último año, y un 90,1% (n=593) respondieron que habían tenido alguna entrevista con representantes de la industria mensualmente. Las especialidades no clínicas recibieron menos regalos (odds ratio [OR]=0,38; intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%]: 0,18-0,77), dietas (OR=0,14; IC95%: 0,06-0,35) y pagos (OR=0,30; IC95%: 0,13-0,74) que sus colegas clínicos. La probabilidad de recibir dietas (OR=0,37; IC95%: 0,15-0,89) y pagos (OR=0,39; IC95%: 0,20-0,77) fue menos probable para los médicos de atención primaria. Conclusiones Este estudio muestra diferencias en la intensidad de la relación médico-industria en función de la especialidad y el lugar de trabajo del médico. Esta información se considera importante para mejorar la transparencia y para desarrollar investigaciones futuras sobre la adecuación y la eficiencia de la prescripción en nuestro país y en otros con sistemas sanitarios similares(AU)

Objective To describe the relationship between industry and physicians and to analyze the physician characteristics associated with the probability of receiving benefits from industry in Aragon (Spain).Methods We carried out an observational, cross-sectional study in which Aragonese physicians (north-east region in Spain) from public and private settings completed an anonymous questionnaire on a web page between June and November 2008. Visits/month with industry, samples, gifts, reimbursements and payments were used as dependant variables in the regression analyses. Year of medical license, specialty, work setting, time spent on direct care, articles read/month and being a resident's tutor were used as independent variables. Results A total of 659 questionnaires were considered valid for the analysis. Overall, 87% (n=573) of the respondents reported they had received some benefit in the previous year and 90.1% (n=593) reported having held meetings with industry representatives monthly. Non-clinical specialists received fewer gifts (odds ratio [OR]=0.38; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 0.18-0.77), reimbursements (OR=0.14; 95%CI: 0.06-0.35) and payments (OR=0.30; 95%CI: 0.13-0.74) than their clinical colleagues. The probability of receiving reimbursements (OR=0.37; 95%CI: 0.15-0.89) and payments (OR=0.39; 95%CI: 0.20-0.77) was lower in primary care physicians. Conclusions This study, performed in a sample of physicians from a southern European region, demonstrates differences in the intensity of the physician-industry relationship depending on physician specialty and work setting. These results provide important information for improving transparency and for future research on the appropriateness and efficiency of prescription in Spain and other countries with similar health systems(AU)

Relationship between physician and industry in Aragon (Spain).

OBJECTIVE: To describe the relationship between industry and physicians and to analyze the physician characteristics associated with the probability of receiving benefits from industry in Aragon (Spain). METHODS: We carried out an observational, cross-sectional study in which Aragonese physicians (north-east region in Spain) from public and private settings completed an anonymous questionnaire on a web page between June and November 2008. Visits/month with industry, samples, gifts, reimbursements and payments were used as dependant variables in the regression analyses. Year of medical license, specialty, work setting, time spent on direct care, articles read/month and being a resident's tutor were used as independent variables. RESULTS: A total of 659 questionnaires were considered valid for the analysis. Overall, 87% (n=573) of the respondents reported they had received some benefit in the previous year and 90.1% (n=593) reported having held meetings with industry representatives monthly. Non-clinical specialists received fewer gifts (odds ratio [OR]=0.38; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 0.18-0.77), reimbursements (OR=0.14; 95%CI: 0.06-0.35) and payments (OR=0.30; 95%CI: 0.13-0.74) than their clinical colleagues. The probability of receiving reimbursements (OR=0.37; 95%CI: 0.15-0.89) and payments (OR=0.39; 95%CI: 0.20-0.77) was lower in primary care physicians. CONCLUSIONS: This study, performed in a sample of physicians from a southern European region, demonstrates differences in the intensity of the physician-industry relationship depending on physician specialty and work setting. These results provide important information for improving transparency and for future research on the appropriateness and efficiency of prescription in Spain and other countries with similar health systems.

Reliability of INTERMED Spanish version and applicability in liver transplant patients: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Integrated delivery methods in healthcare systems have been proposed to confront the increasing complexity in general health care. INTERMED is an empirically derived, observer-rated instrument to measure case complexity. It was intended as a visualized, action-oriented decision-support tool for the early assessment of bio-psychosocial health risks and health needs. This study aims to document the reliability and applicability of the Spanish version of INTERMED in liver transplant patients. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of patients who had been included in the liver transplant waiting list. Two nurses interviewed the patients with INTERMED, and scored the instrument blind to each other. Kappa and w-kappa, Spearman, Kendall and intraclass correlation coefficients, and Cronbach's alfa were calculated. RESULTS: No patient refused the interview. Satisfactory coefficients were documented in most INTERMED items. Kappa was = 0.858 for the categorization of patients as "complex", and 21 of them (48.8%) were classified in this category, and were considered to need integrated treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The Spanish version of INTERMED is reliable. Its applicability in liver transplant patients adds to its generalizability.

Desigualdades y mortalidad por cirrosis en varones (Zaragoza, 1996-2003) / Men inequalities and liver cirrhosis mortality (Zaragoza, Spain, 1996-2003)

Objetivos Analizar diferencias geográficas en la mortalidad por cirrosis hepática, en varones, en la provincia de Zaragoza, y su posible asociación con indicadores socioeconómicos, así como identificar la adecuación, en el ámbito rural, del índice de privación del proyecto MEDEA. Métodos La unidad geográfica de análisis para Zaragoza capital fue la sección censal, y para el resto de la provincia el municipio. Para cada unidad de análisis se calculó la razón de mortalidad estandarizada cruda y suavizada mediante un modelo lineal generalizado mixto bayesiano. Se calculó un índice sintético de privación y se incluyó en el modelo en cuartiles. También se realizó el análisis exploratorio incluyendo un índice de ruralidad para la provincia de Zaragoza.Resultados En Zaragoza capital, la mortalidad por cirrosis y otras enfermedades crónicas del hígado (código 571 de la 9ª revisión de la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades y códigos K70, K72.1, K73, K74, K76.1.9 de la 10ª revisión) se incrementaba a medida que aumentaba el índice de privación, y en las secciones censales más desfavorecidas era superior a la de las más favorecidas, con un riesgo relativo (RR) de 2,09 y un intervalo de credibilidad (IC) de 1,53-2,83. En el resto de la provincia, las diferencias en mortalidad no pueden explicarse por el índice de privación utilizado. En los municipios con valores más altos para el índice de ruralidad el RR fue de 0,47 (IC: 0,18-0,92) con respecto a aquellos que presentaron los valores más bajos.ConclusionesLas secciones censales del municipio de Zaragoza más deprimidas presentan una mayor mortalidad por cirrosis. Esta asociación no se ha encontrado en el resto de la provincia, posiblemente por la baja variabilidad explicada por el índice utilizado. Los municipios de la provincia con mayores valores del índice de ruralidad presentaron un menor riesgo de muerte por las causas en estudio (AU)

Objectives: The aim of this study was to identify geographical differences in mortality from liver cirrhosisin men living in the province of Zaragoza, Spain, as well as its possible association with socioeconomicfactors. The utility of the MEDEA project’s deprivation index in rural areas was also explored.Methods: Census tracts were used in Zaragoza city as analysis units and municipalities were used forthe rest of the province. Crude and smoothed standardized mortality ratios were calculated for eachanalysis unit through a Bayesian generalized mixed linear model. A deprivation index was obtained andwas included in the model in quartiles. An exploratory analysis was also conducted, including a ruralindex in the province of Zaragoza.Results: In Zaragoza city, mortality from liver cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases [code 571 ofthe 9th International Classification of Diseases (ICD) and K70, K72.1, K73, K74, K76.1.9 of the ICD-10]increased as the deprivation index increased. Mortality in the most deprived areas was twice that in theless deprived areas (relative risk [RR] 2.09, credible interval (CI): 1.53-2.83). In the rest of the province,geographical differences in mortality could not be explained by the deprivation index used. Nevertheless,municipalities with the highest values in the rural index showed a RR of 0.47 (CI: 0.18-0.92) comparedwith those with the lowest values.Conclusions: In Zaragoza city, mortality from liver cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases was higher inthe most deprived census tracts than in the most affluent areas. This association was not found in the restof the province, probably because of the low variability explained by the deprivation index. Municipalitieswith high rural values had the lowest risk of death from these diseases (AU)