Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) for prostate cancer: Preliminary results of toxicity.

To the Editor, Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in men in Morocco after lung cancer. External radiotherapy (RTE) is a curative therapeutic option for localized prostate cancer, However the conventional RTE remains a long treatment (7- 8 weeks, 5 days a week) which is demanding for patients and make difficult to manage the waiting lists. The development of imaging and irradiation techniques over the last decades has allowed a high precision in the delivery of the dose to the target organ and a better protection of the organs at risk (OAR), which has encouraged the hypo fractionated irradiation of localized prostate cancer, especially after the results of radiobiology studies that suggested a low report a/b for the prostate.

[Role of laparoscopy in the management of the abnormalities of sex differentiation: about 12 cases]. / Place de la laparoscopie dans la prise en charge des anomalies de différenciation sexuelle: à propos de 4 cas.

Disorders of sex differentiation cause a discrepancy between sex itself (phenotype) and genetic sex (genotype) which poses a problem in sex determination. In lower socioeconomic level countries where prenatal diagnosis is often absent and technical equipments are inadequate, medical and surgical management is difficult. The aim of this study is to clarify the role of laparoscopy in the management of sexual ambiguity through observation of 4 cases and review of the literature.

[Giant retroperitoneal liposarcoma]. / Le liposarcome rétropéritonéal géant.

The authors report a case of giant retroperitoneal liposarcoma. The diagnosis was suspected after scanography and magnetic resonance imaging and confirmed by the histological analysis of the extracted piece after surgical treatment. Postoperative evolution was favourable after one year without recurrence or distant metastasis. The authors discuss the pathologic and therapeutic aspects and the prognosis of retroperitoneal liposarcoma.

Laparoscopic treatment for renal hydatid cyst.

A multivesicular hydatid cyst was removed from the left kidney of a 26-year-old woman by retroperitoneal laparoscopy to avoid contamination of the abdominal cavity. A scolicidal agent (20% hypertonic saline) was injected around the kidney initially and then instilled into the cyst after the contents had been evacuated. There were no complications and no anaphylactic shock. This appears to be the first reported case of treatment of renal hydatid cyst by laparoscopy.

[Orbital metastasis of prostatic carcinoma]. / Métastase orbitaire d'un adénocarcinome prostatique.

Prostate cancer is frequently complicated by bone metastases. However some metastatic sites remain rare and unusual. The authors report an exceptional case of prostatic carcinoma presenting with orbital metastasis. A 71-year-old man was admitted with ocular protrusion and decreased visual acuity of the left eye. In addition to the ophthalmological disorders, clinical examination revealed a left temporoparietal swelling with a suspicious prostate on digital rectal examination. Brain MRI revealed an osteolytic process involving the left sphenoid bone with intra-orbital invasion. Another osteolytic site was observed in the left temporoparietal region with intracranial and extracranial components. PSA was 13,327 ng/ml. Prostatic biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma. Treatment comprised cranial radiotherapy combined with anti-androgen endocrine therapy and corticosteroids. Six weeks after treatment, the patient obtained an improvement of visual acuity and regression of exophthalmos and the temporoparietal swelling. Orbital metastasis of prostatic carcinoma raises the problem of ophthalmic emergency. Cranial radiotherapy and anti-androgen endocrine therapy allowed regression of the symptoms without modifying the unfavourable course of the disease.

[Retroperitoneal laparoscopic treatment of parapelvic renal cysts: report of 5 cases]. / Traitement laparoscopique par voie rétropéritonéale des kystes para-pyéliques symptomatiques (a propos de 5 cas).

OBJECTIVES: Renal cysts of the sinuses or parapelvic cysts constitute a rare form of renal cyst, usually associated with low back pain. Symptomatic forms may be treated by percutaneous aspiration, but the treatment of these cysts has changed considerably over recent years due to the proximity of the renal hilum. Percutaneous treatment is now contraindicated due to its high complication rate, and open surgery is an invasive technique. Laparoscopy appears to be the most appropriate and most effective solution. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The authors report five cases of parapelvic renal cysts all presenting with renal colic and diagnosed by ultrasound, and confirmed by CT in three cases. Treatment consisted of retroperitoneal laparoscopy using four trocars allowing cyst resection with no intraoperative complications or conversion. RESULTS: The mean operating time was 55 minutes (range: 40 to 70 minutes). The postoperative course was uneventful and all patients were discharged on postoperative D1 or D2. No recurrence was observed after a mean follow-up of 6 months (range: 3 to 15 months). CONCLUSION: Retroperitoneal laparoscopic treatment of parapelvic renal cysts is an effective approach, with a low morbidity and less postoperative pain, a short convalescence period and good cosmetic results.

[Intravesical migration of an intrauterine contraceptive device complicated by stones]. / Migration intravésicale d'un dispositif intra-utérin compliquée d'une lithiase.

Transuterine migration of an intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) is a rare complication. The authors report a case of IUCD that migrated into the bladder and subsequently became calcified, leading to a false diagnosis of bladder stones. A 38-year-old woman with an IUCD for 3 years presented with haematuria and signs of bladder irritation. Ultrasound and plain abdominal x-rays suggested a diagnosis of bladder stones. The positive diagnosis of migrated and calcified IUCD was only established after surgical extraction of the stone.

[Laparoscopic treatment of retroperitoneal fibrosis]. / Traitement laparoscopique de la fibrose rétropéritonéale.

The authors report a case of idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis (RPF) in a 38-year-old man presenting with obstructive acute renal failure. The initial management consisted of urinary diversion by bilateral double-J ureteric stenting. After restoration of normal renal function, CT urography demonstrated retroperitoneal fibrosis surrounding the two ureters. Surgical treatment was performed by laparoscopy using four trocars. The operation consisted of detachment of the ascending and descending colon followed by release of the ureters from the lumbar segment to the pelvic segment and finally intraperitonealization of the ureters. The operating time was six hours, the postoperative course was uneventful and the double-J stents were removed at the third week. Laparoscopic treatment of RPF is a treatment option providing all of the benefits of minimally invasive surgery. In the light of this case and a review of the literature, the authors describe the laparoscopic treatment of idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis.

[Urogenital lymphoma presenting with obstructive anuria]. / Anurie obstructive révélatrice d'un lymphome uro-génital.

The authors report a case of urogenital lymphoma with multiple sites in a patient presenting with oligo-anuria. Clinical examination revealed a hard hypogastric and prostatic mass and an enlarged left scrotum. Abdominopelvic and scrotal ultrasound demonstrated a prostatic tumour, a hypogastric mass, hepatic nodular lesions and coeliac lymphadenopathy with bilateral ureterohydronephrosis and a heterogeneous intrascrotal mass in contact with the lower pole of the left testis. The laboratory assessment revealed severe renal failure. After a haemodialysis session and ultrasound-guided right percutaneous nephrostomy, pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a very large pelvic mass between the bladder and the rectum and transrectal biopsy of the mass confirmed the diagnosis of high-grade malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) with a type B lymphoblastic phenotype. Treatment consisted of chemotherapy according to the LMB 93 protocol. The course was favourable with return of normal renal function and complete remission 1 month after induction. The patient is currently in complete remission with a follow-up of 12 months. In the light of this case and a review of the literature, the authors discuss the diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic aspects of this rare site of lymphoma.

[Management of horseshoe kidney based on a series of 36 cases]. / Le rein en fer à cheval pathologique: aspects thérapeutiques.

OBJECTIVE: Horseshoe kidney is a malformation of the upper urinary tract that usually remains asymptomatic. The authors report the various therapeutic modalities for urological diseases associated with horseshoe kidney. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Review of a series of 36 pathological horseshoe kidneys, associated with renal stones in 19 cases, ureteropelvic junction syndrome in 8 cases, tumour in 5 cases, pyonephrosis in 2 cases and trauma in 2 cases. RESULTS: The authors stress the very specific characteristics of this rare malformation and review the therapeutic approach to each type of urological disease associated with horseshoe kidney. CONCLUSION: The topographic and vascular characteristics must be taken into account before treating any urological disease associated with horseshoe kidney.

[Small cell prostatic carcinoma detected at the stage of metastases]. / Carcinome à petite cellule prostatique révélé au stade de métastases.

Small cell prostatic carcinoma is rare, with a poor prognosis. The authors report a case of small cell prostatic carcinoma in a 30-year-old patient diagnosed at the stage of metastases. Immunohistochemistry showed positive anti-neuron-specific enolase (NSE.) and anti-synaptophysin antibodies, while serum PSA was normal (1.2 ng/ml). The patient was treated by cisplatin-etoposide combination chemotherapy, but died 20 days after the first course.

[Hemorrhagic bilateral renal angiomyolipoma]. / Angiomyolipome rénal bilatéral hémorragique.

Renal angiomyolipoma is a rare benign tumour, often associated with congenital diseases especially de Bourneville's tuberous sclerosis. Bilateral angiomyolipoma is exceptional. The authors report a case of bilateral renal angiomyolipoma in a 33-year-old patient presenting with haemorrhagic shock. In the light of this case and a review of the literature, the authors discuss the diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of this disease.

[Tumor of upper urinary tract in renal polycystic disease]. / Tumeur des voies excrétrices supérieures sur polykystose rénale.

Upper urinary tract tumours are exceptional in the context of renal polycystic disease. The authors report the case of Mrs B. F., 56 years old, who presented with left loin pain associated with haematuria. Clinical examination was normal and ultrasound examination revealed bilateral renal polycystic disease with a mass in the left renal sinus. CT urography showed a tumour arising from the renal pelvis suggestive of an upper urinary tract tumour. The laboratory assessment revealed normal renal function and normal urine cytology. Treatment consisted of radical nephroureterectomy with resection of a bladder cuff. Histological examination revealed a urothelial tumour of the renal pelvis with negative surgical margins. In the light of this case, the authors discuss the diagnostic difficulties and specificities, the treatment and the outcome of this unusual clinical association.

[Post-traumatic urethral diverticulum in an adult]. / Diverticule de l'urèthre post-traumatique chez l'adulte.

The male urethral diverticulum is a rare affection. The authors report one case of traumatic urethral diverticula. The diagnosis was confirmed by urethrocystography. The postoperative follow-up was good after resection of the diverticulum and urethrography. On the basis of this case, the authors discuss the diagnosis and therapeutic aspects of this disease.

[Tuberculous prostato-rectal fistula]. / Fistule prostato-rectale tuberculeuse.

In a 60-year-old man admitted for right epididymo-orchitis with scrotal fistula and urine leak via the rectum, the diagnosis of tuberculosis was based on histological examination of a tissue sample of the scrotal fistula. The fistula was successfully treated with tuberculostatic drugs and cystostomy.

[Unusual clinical presentations of tumours of the renal pelvis. Report of two cases ]. / Tumeurs pyéliques à révélation inhabituelle: à propos de 2 cas.

Chronic irritation induced by stones and urinary stasis can be responsible for squamous and sometimes glandular metaplasia of the urothelial epithelium with secondary carcinomatous transformation. The authors report two cases of tumour of the renal pelvis associated with stone pyonephrosis in one case and ureteropelvic junction syndrome in the other.

[Pseudotumor form of urinary tuberculosis]. / Forme pseudotumorale d'une tuberculose urinaire.

Urogenital tuberculosis is an increasingly frequent serious disease. The diagnosis is often delayed due to the marked clinical polymorphism, leading to serious sequelae. The diagnosis of typical forms is easy, but some forms are misleading and can lead to an incorrect diagnosis. The authors report a pseudoneoplastic form of urogenital tuberculosis in a young patient that was initially diagnosed as lymphoma. In the light of this case and a review of the literature, the authors emphasize the diagnostic difficulties of these forms and the treatment modalities.