Effects of intravenous dexmedetomidine infusion on local anaesthetic block: A spinal anaesthesia clinical model in dogs undergoing hind limb surgery.

The aim of this randomised, prospective clinical trial was to determine how the administration of a low dose of dexmedetomidine (DEX) by IV constant rate infusion, modified the duration of the nerve block in dogs undergoing spinal anaesthesia (SA) in a clinical setting. Forty-four dogs undergoing hind limb orthopaedic surgery in a day-surgery regime, maintained under anaesthesia with isoflurane plus SA, were randomly assigned to receive 1 µg/kg/h (IV) of DEX (group D) or not (group C). Spinal anaesthesia was performed with a hyperbaric solution of bupivacaine and morphine at the L5-6 interspace. Every mean arterial pressure (MAP) increase by 30% above the pre-skin incision value was considered an intraoperative analgesic failure and treated with a bolus of fentanyl as intraoperative rescue analgesia (iRA). Time free from iRA was analysed with a Kaplan-Maier survival curve. The ability to walk at 5 h from SA and the event of bradycardia (HR lower 60 beat per min) and hypotension (MAP value lower 60 mmHg) were recorded. The mean times at which iRA was required were 77.4 (3.2) in group C and 112.2 (8.6) in group D (Logrank test P = 0.038). In groups C and D hypotension incidence was 11/17 (65%) and 2/22 (9%), (P = 0.0004) and bradycardia 3/17 (18%) and 6/22 (27%) (P = 0.704), respectively. The ability to walk 5 h after SA was 14/14 (100%) and 13/14 (93%) in groups C and D, respectively. DEX infusion significantly prolonged the duration of the nociceptive nervous block without prolonging the motor block or increasing the bradycardia events.

Respiratory variation in aortic blood peak velocity and caudal vena cava diameter can predict fluid responsiveness in anaesthetised and mechanically ventilated dogs.

BACKGROUND AND M&MS: Dynamic preload indices, such as systolic pressure variation (SPV), aortic flow peak velocity variation (ΔVpeak) and distensibility index of the caudal vena cava (CVCDI), are reliable indices for predicting fluid responsiveness in humans. This study aimed to investigate the ability of these indices to predict fluid response in 24 healthy dogs undergoing general anaesthesia and mechanical ventilation. Aortic flow peak velocity variation (∆Vpeak), CVCDI, and SPV were calculated before volume expansion (5mL/kg bolus of lactated Ringer's solution). The aortic velocity time integral (VTI) was measured before and after volume expansion as a surrogate of stroke volume. Dogs were considered responders (n=9) when the VTI increase was ≥15% and non-responders (n=15) when the increase was <15%. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Before volume expansion, ΔVpeak, CVCDI and SPV were higher in responders than in non-responders (P=0.0009, P=0.0003, and P=0.0271, respectively). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were plotted for the three indices. The areas under the ROC curves for SPV, ΔVpeak, and CVCDI were 0.91 (CI 0.73-0.99; P=0.0001), 0.95 (CI 0.77-1; P=0.0001), and 0.78 (CI 0.56-0.92; P=0.015), respectively. The best cut-offs were 6.7% for SPV (sensitivity, 77.78%; specificity, 93.33%), 9.4% for ΔVpeak (sensitivity, 88.89%; specificity, 100%), and 24% for CVCDI (sensitivity, 77.78%; specificity, 73.33). In conclusion, ΔVpeak, CVCDI, and SPV are reliable predictors of fluid responsiveness in healthy dogs undergoing general anaesthesia and mechanical ventilation.

Use of systolic pressure variation to predict the cardiovascular response to mini-fluid challenge in anaesthetised dogs.

Systolic pressure variation (SPV), the maximum variation in systolic pressure values following a single positive pressure breath delivered by controlled mechanical ventilation (CMV), is highly correlated with volaemia in dogs. The aim of this study was to determine an SPV value that would indicate when fluid administration would be beneficial in clinical practice. Twenty-six client-owned dogs were anaesthetised, following which CMV with a peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) of 8 cmH2O was applied. After SPV measurement and recording of heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP), 3 mL/kg fluid were administered, then HR and BP were recorded again. Dogs exhibiting a 10% decrease in HR and/or an increase in BP were defined as responders, and their SPV pre-bolus was analysed retrospectively. SPV values > 4 mmHg or >4.5% predicted haemodynamic improvement in dogs with normal cardiovascular function, with a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 87%. The area under the curve receiver operating characteristic value for SPV was 0.931 mmHg (95% confidence interval, CI, 0.76-0.99 mmHg) and 0.944% (95% CI 0.78-0.99%). It is proposed that SPV values > 4.5% in dogs with a normal cardiovascular function, anaesthetised with isoflurane in oxygen and air, and on CMV (PIP 8 cmH2O), can be used to predict a cardiovascular response (>10% increase in mean arterial BP and/or >10% decrease in heart rate).

HTK solution helps to preserve endothelial integrity of saphenous vein: an immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analysis.

The aim of the study is to demonstrate the ability of HTK (Histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate) solution to preserve endothelium. Ten saphenous veins (SVs) were prospectively collected from 10 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). The SVs were divided into two sets of segments, one of which preserved in HTK solution at 4°C (group A), and the other preserved at 4°C in saline solution NaCl 0.9% (group B); ten pieces from the SVs were processed as control. The control sample was fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin immediately after harvesting. The observation lasted up to the 5th postoperative day. A morphological, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical analysis (CD31) was performed on each piece. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated significant protection on endothelium in group A compared to group B starting from the 1st observational day. Ultrastructural data confirmed immunohistochemistry. These preliminary results represent a basis for further analysis. They suggest the protective role of HTK solution in preserving endothelial integrity and may imply some clinical benefits in organ protection.

Does optical coherence tomography identify arterial healing after stenting? An in vivo comparison with histology, in a rabbit carotid model.

OBJECTIVE: To verify whether optical coherence tomography (OCT) can accurately monitor the occurrence of arterial healing after stenting. SETTING: Delayed stent endothelialisation may predispose to stent thrombosis. OCT is a high-resolution intravascular imaging technique that accurately identifies stent struts and arterial tissues. DESIGN AND INTERVENTIONS: Eight New Zealand white rabbits underwent the implantation of single bare metal stents (diameter 2-2.5 mm, length 8-13 mm) in the right common carotid artery through the external carotid artery. After a median of 11 days (range 2-28), the stented arteries were visualised by OCT, with images acquired at a pull-back speed of 0.5 mm/sec. The rabbits were then euthanised, vessels were formalin-fixed and finally processed for histopathology. RESULTS: We analysed 32 cross-sections from eight stented carotid arteries, for a total of 384 stent struts. OCT detected all of the stent struts in 30 of 32 cross-sections (93.7%), and correctly identified the presence/absence of tissue for every strut. Histological and OCT measurements of mean neointima thickness (0.135 (SD 0.079) mm and 0.145 (SD 0.085) mm, respectively, p = NS) were similar and closely related (r = 0.85, p<0.001). Neointima area progressively increased with longer time intervals from stent deployment to sacrifice; histological and OCT measurements were similar for each time interval. The intra-observer and interobserver reproducibility of OCT neointima measurements were excellent (R2 = 0.90 and 0.88, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: OCT is a promising means for monitoring stent strut coverage and vessel wall healing in vivo, the relevance of which will become even more significant with the increasing use of drug-eluting stents.