Stable Discoidal Bicelles: Formulation, Characterization, and Functions.

Bicellar mixtures have been used as alignable membrane substrates under a magnetic field applicable for the structural characterization of membrane-associated proteins. Recently, it has shown that bicelles can serve as nanocarriers to effectively deliver hydrophobic therapeutic molecules to cancer cells with a three- to ten-fold enhancement compared to that of liposomes of a chemically identical composition. In this chapter, detailed preparation protocol, common structural characterization methods, the structural stability, the cellular uptake and a few unique functions of bicellar nanodiscs are discussed.

Aggregation-Enhanced Photoluminescence and Photoacoustics of Atomically Precise Gold Nanoclusters in Lipid Nanodiscs (NANO2).

The authors designed a structurally stable nano-in-nano (NANO2) system highly capable of bioimaging via an aggregation-enhanced NIR excited emission and photoacoustic response achieved based on atomically precise gold nanoclusters protected by linear thiolated ligands [Au25(SC n H2n+1)18, n = 4-16] encapsulated in discoidal phospholipid bicelles through a one-pot synthesis. The detailed morphological characterization of NANO2 is conducted using cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, small/wide angle X-ray scattering with the support of molecular dynamics simulations, providing information on the location of Au nanoclusters in NANO2. The photoluminescence observed for NANO2 is 20-60 times more intense than that of the free Au nanoclusters, with both excitation and emission wavelengths in the near-infrared range, and the photoacoustic signal is more than tripled. The authors attribute this newly discovered aggregation-enhanced photoluminescence and photoacoustic signals to the restriction of intramolecular motion of the clusters' ligands. With the advantages of biocompatibility and high cellular uptake, NANO2 is potentially applicable for both in vitro and in vivo imaging, as the authors demonstrate with NIR excited emission from in vitro A549 human lung and the KB human cervical cancer cells.

Stable Discoidal Bicelles: A Platform of Lipid Nanocarriers for Cellular Delivery.

Bicellar mixtures have been used as alignable membrane substrates for the structural characterization of membrane-associated proteins. Most recently, it has been shown that bicelles can serve as nanocarriers to effectively deliver hydrophobic molecules to cancer cells with a 3- to 10-fold enhancement compared to that of chemically identical liposomes. In this chapter, a detailed preparation protocol, common structural characterization methods, the structural stability and the cellular uptake of bicellar nanodisks are discussed.

Green synthesis of a new gelatin-based antimicrobial scaffold for tissue engineering.

With the aim of developing appropriate scaffolds for tissue engineering to suppress the formation of biofilms, an effective one-pot process was applied in this study to produce scaffolds with inherent antibacterial activity. A new method to synthesize genipin-crosslinked gelatin/nanosilver scaffolds with "green" in situ formation of silver nanoparticles by heat treatment is presented in this paper. In this procedure, toxic solvents, reducing agents, and stabilizing agents are avoided. UV-visible absorption spectra of the synthesized gelatin/nanosilver solutions were obtained immediately and three months after the synthesis revealing the presence and high stability of the silver nanoparticles. The TEM of gelatin/nanosilver solutions showed silver particles with spherical shapes that were less than 5nm in size. Interestingly, contact angle was found to increase from 80° to 125° with the increase in concentration of nanosilver in gelatin. All gelatin/nanosilver solutions showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. However, only the highest concentration showed antifungal effects against Candida albicans pathogens. Scaffolds were prepared by a lyophilization technique from this solution and their antimicrobial activities were examined. Introducing this facile green one-pot process of synthesizing scaffolds with antimicrobial and anti-biofilm properties may lead to key applications in tissue engineering techniques.

Conducting scaffolds for liver tissue engineering.

It is known that there is a correlation between a cell membrane potential and the proliferation of the cell. The high proliferation capacity of liver cells can also be attributed to its specific cell membrane potential as liver cell is recognized as one of the most depolarized of all differentiated cells. We hypothesized that this phenomenon can be emphasized by growing liver cells in conducting scaffolds that can increase the electrical communication among the cells. In this article, using tissue engineering techniques, we grew hepatocyte cells in scaffolds with various compositions. It was found that the scaffolds containing conducting polymer of poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) provide the best condition for attachment and proliferation of the cells. More specifically, the blend of hyaluronan, PEDOT, and collagen (I) as dopants in gelatin-chitosan-based scaffold presented the best cell/scaffold interactions for regeneration of liver cells.

In vitro electrochemical corrosion and cell viability studies on nickel-free stainless steel orthopedic implants.

The corrosion and cell viability behaviors of nanostructured, nickel-free stainless steel implants were studied and compared with AISI 316L. The electrochemical studies were conducted by potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic measurements in a simulated body fluid. Cytocompatibility was also evaluated by the adhesion behavior of adult human stem cells on the surface of the samples. According to the results, the electrochemical behavior is affected by a compromise among the specimen's structural characteristics, comprising composition, density, and grain size. The cell viability is interpreted by considering the results of the electrochemical impedance spectroscopic experiments.

The effect of crystallographic orientation of titanium substrate on the structure and bioperformance of hydroxyapatite coatings.

This study investigates the effects of crystallographic orientation of titanium substrates on the atomic structure and biological characteristics of hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings. Samples are prepared from extruded rod and rolled sheet of commercially pure titanium having distinct distribution of crystallographic planes. Electrophoresis is used to coat titanium substrates having different microstructures. The biological performance of both HA-coated and non-coated samples is assessed by osteoblast cell attachment, proliferation, differentiation and morphological studies. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of the HA-coated samples indicates the predominant orientation of (002) for HA-coated sheets compared to (211) for the HA-coated rod samples. The numbers of attached and grown cells are higher on the surface of the HA-coated sheet samples. There is also a significant difference in alkaline phosphatase activity on the HA-coated sheet samples. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of osteoblast cells grown on HA-coated and non-coated samples demonstrates differences in morphology with respect to spreading and attachment patterns. We believe that the specific atomic structure that is induced in the HA coating by the crystallographic orientation of the sheet substrate causes orientation-dependent coordination with biomolecules and improves cellular interactions. This suggests that crystal orientation of the substrate can be used to both influence the structure of the coating material and improve and control cell-substrate interactions.