Topography and arterial supply of the thyroid and the parathyroid glands in selected species of Falconiformes.

Birds of two suborders, Accipitres and Falcones were the subjects of the study. The thyroids were always located asymmetrically. In Accipitridae the larger left gland was usually situated significantly more cranially than the right one. In common kestrel, the size of bilateral thyroids was similar while their mutual relationships were individually variable. The location of the parathyroid glands in common kestrel was relatively constant. Seven topographical patterns of the location of the parathyroid gland were noted in Accipitridae. In birds of both the suborders, the thyroid might be supplied by three (groups of) arteries: the cranial thyroid, the caudal thyroid and the middle thyroid arteries. The aforementioned vessels were derived from the common carotid and the oesophagotracheobronchial artery. In common kestrel, the thyroid vessels might also branch from the ascending oesophageal artery, which passes along the thyroid, while in common buzzard and other Accipitridae - from the common trunk of the comes nervi vagi and the ascending oesophageal artery. The parathyroid glands were supplied by one to three parathyroid arteries. The vessels for the cranial parathyroid gland mostly originated from the caudal thyroid artery, while for the caudal one - from the oesophagotracheobronchial artery. The average number of thyroid and parathyroid arteries in common buzzard was significantly higher than those in common kestrel.

Morphology and development of the arteries of vagina and female external genital organs during the fetal and neonatal periods of cattle.

The examinations were carried out on 79 cattle fetuses, the age of which was determined with Kantorova's method, and 10 newborns aged 1-14 days. Pelvis arteries were filled with latex dyed with red pigment through aorta or umbilical artery. The aim of the examinations was to determine the direction and rate of the developmental transformations of vaginal and internal pudendal arteries and their offshots in fetuses compared with newborns' arteries. As a result of the conducted investigations it was established that the aforementioned arteries underwent various qualitative and quantitative changes in the course of the fetus development.

[Morphology and development of the arteries of the deferential duct, the pelvic section of the urethra, vesicular and prostate glands in cattle in the fetal and neonatal periods]. / Morfologia i rozwój tetnic nasieniowodu, czesci miednicznej cewki moczowej, gruczolu pecherzykowego i gruczolu krokowego u bydla w okresie plodowym i neonatalnym.

The experiments were carried out with 70 cattle male fetuses coming from 8th to 40th week of pregnancy and with 8 newborns aged from 1 to 14 days of life. The pelvic arteries were filled up--through aorta--with rubber latex stained with pigments by means of automatic devices of own design and construction. The age of the fetuses was determined with the Kantorova method. On the grounds of the investigation it has been found that the ductus deferens, the fore-part or urethra, vesicular and prostatic glands in cattle fetuses and newborns are supplied with blood by following arteries: 1) rami ductus deferentis aa. testiculares, 2) arteriae ductus deferentis and 3) aa. prostaticae. In cattle fetuses and newborns the above mentioned twin vessels undergo several developmental quantitative and qualitative transformations. Least of all the transformations pertain to rami ductus deferentis aa. testiculares. As for the arteries of ductus deferens there was observed mutability of mainly individual character, not related to the age of the animal. It concerned, first of all, the variety of places and ways of departure of the arteries from the superior vessels. Finally, developmental transformations of the prostatic arteries manifested considerable dependence on the age of the animals, in this respect differing significantly from those mentioned previously. Generally one can state that the developmental mutability of the arteries studied was almost always superimposed by high-degree individual mutability of those vessels, which so far has not been clearly marked in specialist literature.

[Morphology and development of the veins of the uterus in cattle during the fetal and neonatal periods]. / Morphologie und Entwicklung der venösen Gefässe der Gebärmutter beim Rind in der Fetal- und Neonatalperiode.

A total of 101 specimens were used; they came from 89 fetuses (4th to 40th week of gestation) and 12 neonates (1 to 14 days old). The age of the fetuses was determined according to the method of Kantorova (1960). The uterine veins were filled with latex using an automatic injection apparatus of our own construction. The study showed that blood left the uterus of the examined animals through constantly present veins (Ramus uterinus venae ovaricae, V. uterina and Ramus uterinus venae vaginalis) as well as through a number of inconstant veins to which belonged the Vv. vaginales accessoriae craniales et caudales. The constant uterine veins and their branches differed from their adult counterparts by being morphologically more differentiated, especially by having more branches of which some disappeared with time. The uterine veins developed toward the end of the fetal period. They arose either from the most caudal Vv. mesonephridicae lumbales (V. ovarica and its branches), or from the segmental, visceral veins of the pelvis (V. uterina and Vv. vaginales).

Morphology and development of the terminal portion of the abdominal aorta in cow during fetal and neonatal periods.

Analysis of morphological and developmental features of arteries forming the terminal portion of the aorta was performed. These are the external iliac, umbilical, median sacral, ovarian, caudal mesenteric and lumbar arteries. In the earliest fetuses slow rate of development of the branches of aorta is stated. However, beginning from 13th week ot gestation the rate increases causing considerable developmental and individual variability of the vessels. At the end of the fetal period and in newborns a decrease in the rate of the development of the terminal portion of the aorta is typical for the species and sex except individual variability of its secondary branches.

[Morphology and development of the bovine testicular artery during fetal and neonatal periods]. / Morfologia i rozwój tetnicy jadrowej (A. testicularis) bydla w okresie plodowym i neonatalnym.

The studies of the morphology and development of the testicular artery in cattle have been carried out on 95 preparations--85 male fetuses from the 8-40th week of pregnancy and 10 neonates at the age of 1 to 14 days of life. The age of the fetuses has been determined by Kantorova method supplemented with the methods of other authors. The observations have been made using rubber latex introduced into the examined arteries by means of the automatic device of our own design. On the basis of the performed examinations the following generalizations, conclusions and nomenclature suggestions can be made: Testicular arteries in cattle, in most cases, develop from the last pair of mesonephric lumbar arteries (aa. mesonephridicae lumbales) in embryo and through a number of evolutionary changes in the course of development transform from the simple form characteristic of the youngest fetuses (8-10 weeks) into the form approximate in the new born animals to the final form typical of the adult cattle. The examined arteries were formed in the process of quantitative and qualitative transformations which occurred, both, in the main trunk of the testicular artery, and its permanent and temporary secondary branches. Transformations of this kind are typical of developmental changes which either become more prominent or disappear with age. The formation of the characteristic of sex and species shape of the testicular artery results from these transformations and is determined by the physiological and hemodynamic needs of the testicle and epididymis, which are supplied by that artery only. Taking into account the shape and topography of the testicular artery it is possible to distinguish the following three sections in its finally formed main trunk: 1) straight part (pars recta), 2) convoluted part (pars convoluta) and 3) marginal part (pars marginalis). Temporary branches such as uretral branch (ramus uretericus) and renal capsule branch (ramus capsularis renis) are derivatives of the straight part of the studied artery. From the convoluted part of the testicular artery there arise as permanent vessels--branch of the ductus deferens (ramus ductus deferentis) and epididymal branch (ramus epididymalis) and, additionally, as a temporary vessel--I order accessory testicular branch (ramus testicularis I ordinis accessorius). The marginal part of the testicular artery divides into two final branches of the examined vessel. i.e., medial and lateral testicular branches of I order. Further order derivatives of them enter parenchyma of the testicle and form within that organ its own blood circulation. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

[Morphology and development of bovine testicular vein (V. testicularis) during the prenatal and neonatal periods]. / Morfologia i rozwój zyly jadrowej (V. testicularis) bydla w okresie plodowym i neonatalnym.

Investigation into the morphology and development of the testicular vein in bovine was carried out with 85 male foetuses from the 8-40th week of pregnancy and with 10 newborns aged 1 to 10 days of life, the total being 95 preparations. The age of the foetuses was determined by Kantorova method complemented with those by other authors. The observations were made with using rubber latex introduced into the lumen of the tested veins by means of an automatic device of our own construction. It was found out that the developmental transformations of the testicular veins, initiated in the embryo, progress very dynamically in foetuses up to about the 20th week of pregnancy and them gradually slow down in older foetuses. Finally, in a fully formed testicular vein of the oldest foetuses and newborns there can be distinguished the proximal and distal part of this vessel. The proximal part carries the blood away from labile components of the testicular vein, the only exceptions being the aortic branch and the ureteral vein. Now, the solid components escape into the distal part of testicular vein. In the course of the distal part of the vessel there are its three basic plexuses, i.e. the testicular plexus, the marginal plexus of testicular vein and the largest of them--the pampiniform plexus of testicular vein. The blood from the last plexus is carried away into the main trunk of testicular vein by two anastomotic branches--lateral and medial. Of the veins examined the right one usually escapes to the caudal vena cava or to the deep circumflex iliac vein, while the left one to deep circumflex iliac vein or to the common iliac vein.

Some aspects of development and homology of the genital glands arteries in cattle.

The experimental studies have been carried out on 182 fetuses and 18 cattle neonates of both sexes. The pelvis blood vessels of the examined preparations have been filled with rubber latex using automatic device of our own design. On the basis of the detailed analysis of morphological and developmental features of genital glands i.e. ovarian artery and testicular artery, the rate and form of quantitative and qualitative transformations have been determined. It has been concluded that the primary form of the examined arteries, identical in sexually bipotential embryos, prefetuses and the youngest fetuses, has been undergoing transformations in older fetuses with the progressing sex determination. At the end of fetal life and in neonates, ovarian and testicular arteries take the form typical of sex and approximate to the species standard. Morphological features of these arteries, which should be considered as the ones of secondary sex character, have been identified as highly homologous.

[Arterial and venous vascularization of cow's ureter in the fetal and neonatal periods]. / Unaczynienie ttnicze i zylne moczowodu krowy w okresie plodowym i neonatalnym.

Investigations of ureter perfusion in cattle during fetal and neonatal period were carried out on 84 fetuses and 10 female newborn cattle. The fetuses 78-1000 mm long were of the 9th-40th week of pregnancy, whereas the newborn ones were 2 or 14 days old. Pelvis blood vessels were filled with rubber latex stained with pigment. This was obtained with the help of a special automatic injector made by ourselves. After coagulation of injection substance the blood vessels were examined under a stereoscopic microscope, some microsurgical instruments adapted to our needs were used. The analysis of morphology and artery developmental markers as well as of ureter veins was carried out with reference to its proximal, middle and distal parts. On the basis of the results it was noticed that transformations of investigated vessels referred mainly to their number. place, kind of ostium and the area of ureter perfusion. Quantitative transformations of analyzed vessels occur first of all in fetuses of the 13th-40th week of pregnancy. Apart from main ureteral+ branches of examined organs as components of renal artery and vein, ovarian artery and vein. uterine branch of vaginal artery and vein, and umbilical artery, they have additional uretal branches, which at the end of pregnancy are reduced and do not take part in the ureter perfusion in newborn cattle. Main uretal branches occur both in fetuses and newborn cattle and they are characterized by increasing occurrence and tendency to widen perfusion range of the ureter wall. The average image of ureter arteries and veins, observed in the oldest fetuses (40th week of pregnancy) and newborn cattle, is similar to the species standard for the mature cattle as presented in other works. There are, however, different results of observations which are due to constant developmental and individual changes of the examined fetuses.

[Morphology and development of blood vessels of the fallopian tubes of cattle in the fetal and neonatal periods]. / Morfologia i rozwój naczyn krwionosnych jajowodu bydla w okresie plodowym i neonatalnym.

The experiments on morphology and development of oviduct arteries and veins in cattle have been carried out on 79 specimens that is on 68 fetuses from 9-40 weeks of pregnancy and on 11 newborn animals at the age of 1-14 days. The age of fetuses has been determined by Kantorova method supplemented by the methods of other authors. The conducted experiments have been made by means of microanatomical method using rubber latex which was forced into the vessels being under observation by means of automatic injection set constructed by one of the authors. The preparation of the tested arteries and veins has been done by anatomical needles and arrows under stereoscopic microscope using magnification of 3-25 times depending on the needs. The conducted experiments have been recapitulated by the following conclusions and generalizations: 1. Except for the youngest fetuses oviduct of fetuses and new-born animals is vascularized mainly by uterine branch and tubal branch or tubo-ovarian branch of ovarian artery and ovarian vein. Besides blood supply of this organ is periodically complemented by the following vessels: accessory tubal branch of artery and ovarian vein, accessory tubal branch of arterial and venous plexus of ovary, and accessory tubal branch of uterine artery. 2. In the course of the fetus development the examined vessels undergo a number of qualitative and quantitative transformations of which the rate is especially high in the first weeks of the fetus development; the quantitative transformations are divided into the progressive and regressive changes, manifested first by the origination and then by atrophy of majority of accessory tubal vessels from which the vein transformations get ahead of the artery transformations. 3. Finally the oviduct in new-born animals is vascularized by two main branches of artery and ovarian vein--tubal branch and uterine branch and in approximately 20% of examined specimens--accessory tubal branch of artery and venous plexus of ovary.