RESUMO
There is growing interest in understanding the genetic mechanisms underlying dyslexia. Accordingly, the literature on dyslexia is replete with shreds of evidence linking genes and their genetic markers with dyslexia among different populations. Even though genetic inquiries into dyslexia in the Asian population has gained interest in recent years, very little is known about the genes and their polymorphisms associated with dyslexia in the Indian population. To this end, we provide a systematic literature review that yields a dossier of genetic research that manifests the effect of the genes and their polymorphisms associated with dyslexia susceptibility in the Indian population. We conclude that the polymorphisms of the DYX1C1 and KIAA0319 genes deserve attention in replication studies on the Indian population in order to gain insight into the genetic etiology of dyslexia.
Assuntos
Dislexia , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Povo Asiático/genética , Dislexia/genética , Marcadores Genéticos , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Humanos , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genéticaRESUMO
There is a growing interest in understanding dyslexia and the mechanisms involved in reading difficulties. Inquiries into the morphological and physiological changes of the brain have contributed to our increased understanding of reading ability and dyslexia. Similarly, inquiries into brain chemistry and reading provide a neurometabolic framework of dyslexia in terms of poor reading and phonological measures. Also, studies of the genetic etiology of reading yield substantial evidence of genes and SNPs associated with dyslexia. However, little is known about the interface between these distinct areas of knowledge. Therefore, we offer an exhaustive perspective on dyslexia using the idea of modularity by assimilating the findings and implications from the brain morphological, neurophysiological, neurochemical, genetic, and educational insights into dyslexia. We contend that this endeavor will provide a beneficial foundation for aiming at the possibilities of a holistic intervention and informed solutions for reading difficulties.
Assuntos
Dislexia , Encéfalo , Cognição , Dislexia/genética , Humanos , LeituraRESUMO
Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that disrupts the language capacity of an individual by selectively affecting the language network of brain. Although aphasic literature is replete with reports of brain damage responsible for various types of PPA, it does not provide a comprehensive understanding of whether PPA is an independent pathological condition or an atypical syndrome of neurodegenerative diseases (NDD). To address this ambiguity, we provide a detailed description of PPA, its variants and their brain anatomy. Subsequently, we unravel the relationship between PPA and NDDs like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Dyslexia. To substantiate the relationship further, we also provide a brief account of their genetic aetiology. In the final section, we offer an exhaustive approach towards the treatment of PPA by combining the existing language the rapies with clinical and pharmacological interventions.
Assuntos
Afasia Primária Progressiva/etiologia , Afasia Primária Progressiva/genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença/genética , Transtornos do Desenvolvimento da Linguagem/etiologia , Transtornos do Desenvolvimento da Linguagem/genética , Doenças Neurodegenerativas/complicações , Doenças Neurodegenerativas/genética , Doença de Alzheimer , Afasia Primária Progressiva/terapia , Encéfalo/anatomia & histologia , Mapeamento Encefálico , Dislexia , Humanos , Idioma , Doença de Parkinson , Transtorno Específico de Linguagem/genéticaRESUMO
Associating human genetic makeup with the faculty of language has long been a goal for biolinguistics. This stimulated the idea that language is attributed to genes and language disabilities are caused by genetic mutations. However, application of genetic knowledge on language intervention is still a gap in the existing literature. In an effort to bridge this gap, this article presents an account of genetic and neural associations of language and synthesizes the genetic, neural, epigenetic and environmental facets involved in language. In addition to describing the association of genes with language, the neural and epigenetic aspects of language are also explored. Further, the environmental aspects of language such as language input, emotion and cognition are also traced back to gene expressions. Therefore, effective language intervention for language learning difficulties must offer genetics-informed solutions, both linguistic and medical.
