"Cervicomastoid Versus Retromandibular Extension of Pre-Auricular Incision in Transmasseteric Anteroparotid Approach for Condylar Fracture Management-a Prospective Study".

Aims: Treating mandibular condylar fractures has always been a matter of debate and controversy. However, there are various approaches, but it is of utmost importance that the surgical procedure must guarantee maximum safety for the facial nerve with best cosmetic outcome and minimizing complications. This prospective study was designed to compare cervicomastoid and retromandibular extension of pre-auricular incision in transmasseteric anteroparotid approach for condylar fractures management. Patients and Methods: The study was conducted in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Bapuji Dental College and Hospital, Davangere from November 2015 to May 2017, and a total of 16 condylar fractures were surgically accessed for the management and were divided into two groups, cervicomastoid (Group A) and retromandibular extension (Group B) for evaluating parameters such as to assess the access to condylar region, post-operative edema, cosmetic outcome, time taken to access and facial nerve injury. Results: Clinically the time taken was significantly less in the cervicomastoid group even though, there was no statistically significant difference regarding access to the fracture site, post-operative edema, facial nerve injury and cosmetic outcome between two groups. Conclusion: In our opinion the anteroparotid transmasseteric approach is appropriate for surgical management of mandibular condylar fractures as it provides adequate access, ensures safety of the facial nerve and is relatively easy to master. We realize that rather both incisions are good, but cervicomastoid variant is better choice in many aspects one being time taken for the surgery because of better tissue laxity of neck skin when seen in comparison.

Alliumnegianum (Amaryllidaceae): a new species under subg. Rhizirideum from Uttarakhand Himalaya, India.

A new species, Alliumnegianum (Amaryllidaceae), belongs to the genus Alliumsubg.Rhizirideum, sect. Eduardia is described here from the Uttarakhand Himalayan region of India. This taxon grows in Malari region of Niti valley in Chamoli district and Dharma valley of Pithoragarh district, Uttarakhand, India. It is a narrowly distributed species and morphologically more closer to A.przewalskianum Regel but differentiated by its tunic color of bulb, umbel with lax flowers, peduncle length, perigone colour, size and shape and leaf anatomy. Taxonomic delineation and relationship analysis based on nuclear ribosomal Internal Transcribed Spacers (ITS) region indicated that A.negianum is distinct and related to A.przewalskianum. This study provided a comprehensive description and comparison with A.przewalskianum, an identification key and notes on the distribution of the species.

Functional Restoration of a Midforearm Level Amputation using the Second Toe Transfer.

Unilateral midforearm level amputation is a severely debilitating situation. The present solution for this problem is either restoration of function using a prosthetic hand, or a vascularized composite allotransplant (VCA) in some very selected cases. In cases of distal forearm level amputations, even vascularized second toe transfer could be done on the radial side of the hand to achieve good functional restoration. We present a case of midforearm level amputation in which the second toe transfer has been done above the level of insertion of pronator teres muscle to achieve meaningful function. This report highlights the fact that a single toe transfer could be helpful in achieving meaningful prehension, even at this proximal.

Bibliometric analysis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) literature published in Web of Science 2019-2020.

Coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China, turned into a pandemic in record time. Communication of disease presentation and mechanism of spread remain keys to getting ahead of the virus and limiting its spread beyond the capacity of management. Owing to huge academic focus and pandemic concern around the globe, this bibliometric analysis investigated research productivity related to coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic using the Web of Science database. The relevant data were harvested, and search query was further refined by publication years (2020 OR 2019) and document types (article, book chapter, and proceedings paper). Finally, 6694 records were imported and downloaded in Plaintext and BibTeX formats on August 1, 2020. The data analysis was performed using MS Excel, VOS viewer, and Biblioshiny software. Of the 6694 publications that appeared in that period, the USA and Chinese research institutions topped the numbers. At the same time, the Journal of Medical Virology and CUREUS (Cureus Journal of Medical Science), remained favorite journals for publications. The pattern of multi-author publications has outstripped that of single-authors. Apart from COVID-19 and the novel coronavirus, the important keywords mentioned included pandemic, pneumonia, epidemiology, public health, outbreak, epidemic, China, infection, and treatment. The analysis shows a strong local research response from China, with large teams reporting on the disease outbreak. Subsequent studies will document a global response as the virus spreads worldwide. The initial research related to the current coronavirus outbreak was reported from within China. The data and patterns were supposed to alter as the virus spread globally.

Synthesis, Antibacterial, and Antioxidant Evaluation of Novel Series of Condensed Thiazoloquinazoline with Pyrido, Pyrano, and Benzol Moieties as Five- and Six-Membered Heterocycle Derivatives.

A novel synthesis of thiazolo[2,3-b]quinazolines 4(a-e), pyrido[2',3':4,5]thiazolo[2,3-b]quinazolines {5(a-e), 6(a-e), and 7(a-e)}, pyrano[2',3':4,5]thiazolo[2,3-b]quinazolines 8(a-e), and benzo[4,5]thiazolo[2,3-b]quinazoloine9(a-e) derivatives starting from 2-(Bis-methylsulfanyl-methylene)-5,5-dimethyl-cyclohexane-1,3-dione 2 as efficient α,α dioxoketen dithioacetal is reported and the synthetic approaches of these types of compounds will provide an innovative molecular framework to the designing of new active heterocyclic compounds. In our study, we also present optimization of the synthetic method along with a biological evaluation of these newly synthesized compounds as antioxidants and antibacterial agents against the bacterial strains, like S. aureus, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa. Among all the evaluated compounds, it was found that some showed significant antioxidant activity at 10 µg/mL while the others exhibited better antibacterial activity at 100 µg/mL. The results of this study showed that compound 6(c) possessed remarkable antibacterial activity, whereas compound 9(c) exhibited the highest efficacy as an antioxidant. The structures of the new synthetic compounds were elucidated by elemental analysis, IR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR.

Effect of domperidone, ondansetron, olanzapine-containing antiemetic regimen on QTC interval in patients with malignancy: a prospective, observational, single-group, assessor-blinded study.

Domperidone, ondansetron and olanzapine can prolong the QT interval. The clinical use of combinations of these drugs is not uncommon. Our study aimed to determine the presence of any QTc prolonging effect of the combination when used as antiemetic in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy. We carried out a prospective, observational study of patients with malignancy who were to receive domperidone, ondansetron and olanzapine-containing antiemetic regimen. Electrocardiograms were recorded before and during the administration of antiemetics, for three consecutive days. A blinded assessor determined the QTc interval using Bazett and Fridericia formulae. Thirty-six patients completed the study; 23 (63.9%) were females. There was a statistically significant change in QTc with time (Fridericia, χ2(4) = 15.629, p = 0.004; Bazett, χ2(4) = 15.910, p = 0.003); QTc on Day 1 was more than that during baseline (p < 0.001); these differences were significant in females (Fridericia, χ2(4) = 13.753, p = 0.008; Bazett, χ2 (4) = 13.278, p = 0.010) but not in males (Fridericia, χ2 (4) = 4.419, p = 0.352; Bazett, χ2(4) = 4.280, p = 0.369). Two female patients had an absolute QTc prolongation (Bazett correction) of > 500 ms. However, no clinically significant adverse events occurred. The findings show that QTc prolongation is a concern with olanzapine alone and in combination with domperidone and ondansetron, and needs to be investigated further.

A study of fractional order dual-phase-lag bioheat transfer model.

In this study, we have established a space-time fractional DPL bioheat transfer model in the presence of temperature-dependent metabolic and space-time dependent electromagnetic heat sources. Applying the Legendre wavelet collocation method, the fractional order partial differential equation is reduced into the system of algebraic equations, which has been solved using the Newton iteration method. The error bound as well as stability analysis and numerical scheme validation are provided. The time to achieve for the position of hyperthermia is discussed in three cases: the DPL model, the time-fractional DPL model, and the space-time-fractional DPL model. The effect of variability of time and space fractional derivative orders (α and ß), transmitted power (P) and lagging times on the temperature profile in biological tissue at a different time are discussed in detail. We conclude that a suitable value of α, ß, τT, τq, and P provides a desirable temperature at a particular time in thermal therapies. Such knowledge will be very useful in the clinical therapeutic application.

Detection of bla NDM-1 Encoding Imepenemase among the Imipenem-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacilli Isolated from Various Clinical Samples at a Tertiary Care Hospital of Eastern Nepal: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Carbapenem resistance among Gram-negative isolates caused by the production of the metallo-ß-lactamase (MBL) enzyme is being increasingly reported worldwide. One of the newly emerged metallo-ß-lactamases is New Delhi metallo-ß-lactamase. Data regarding its occurrence in hospital setting and percentage prevalence among different Gram-negative bacterial isolates are lacking in our part. This study has been undertaken for determining the presence of the bla NDM-1 gene among the clinical isolates of imipenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria in a tertiary care center in Dharan, Nepal. METHODS: A total of 75 imipenem-resistant Gram-negative isolates were studied. These were screened for metallo-ß-lactamase (MBL) production by phenotypic assays such as double-disc synergy test (DDST) and combined disc diffusion test (CDDT). PCR was performed for the molecular detection of gene NDM-1. Ten-disc method was performed to detect the presence of ESBL, AmpC, carbapenamase, and K1 ß-lactamase production. RESULTS: Using the molecular method, bla NDM-1 was detected in 36% of the isolates. Phenotypically, double-disc synergy test (DDST) and combined disc diffusion test (CDST) detected MBL production in 38.7% and 37.3% of the isolates, respectively. Ten-disc method detected ESBL in 26.6% of the isolates, but none of the isolates was found to be AmpC, carbapenamase, and K1 ß-lactamase producers. CONCLUSION: A high percentage of the NDM-1 producer was noted among imipenem-resistant GNB. Apart from performing only antimicrobial sensitivity test, phenotypic and molecular screening should be employed to find out the actual number of metallo-ß-lactamase producers and the existence of the resistance gene.

Bibliometric analysis of Neurosciences research productivity in Saudi Arabia from 2013-2018.

OBJECTIVE: To review the dynamics of neuroscience research in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) from 2013-2018. METHODS: Subject category of Neuroscience was selected in the SciVal feature of Scopus database, which includes all relevant categories of the field limiting it to Saudi Arabia. RESULTS: Saudi Arabia is ranked 39th in publishing neuroscientific research worldwide. The number of yearly published articles has increased from 123 to 332 during the time period between 2013 and 2018. King Saud University & King Abdul Aziz University & their corresponding regions namely Western and Central regions are the major contributors to publications. Neuroscientists working in Saudi Arabia have collaboration with scientists from all over the world. The top 10 preferred journals are all international. In subcategories of neuroscience, developmental neuroscience seems the one that needs attention. CONCLUSION: Neuroscience research is on the rise in KSA. Older and well-established institutions like King Saud University & King Abdul Aziz University have taken lead in publishing neuroscientific research. International collaboration in all subfields of neuroscience is substantial. Eastern Southern and Northern regions and developmental neuroscience require more focus and funding.

Identification of heterotic groups in South-Asian-bred hybrid parents of pearl millet.

KEY MESSAGE: Pearl millet breeding programs can use this heterotic group information on seed and restorer parents to generate new series of pearl millet hybrids having higher yields than the existing hybrids. Five hundred and eighty hybrid parents, 320 R- and 260 B-lines, derived from 6 pearl millet breeding programs in India, genotyped following RAD-GBS (about 0.9 million SNPs) clustered into 12 R- and 7 B-line groups. With few exceptions, hybrid parents of all the breeding programs were found distributed across all the marker-based groups suggesting good diversity in these programs. Three hundred and twenty hybrids generated using 37 (22 R and 15 B) representative parents, evaluated for grain yield at four locations in India, showed significant differences in yield, heterosis, and combining ability. Across all the hybrids, mean mid- and better-parent heterosis for grain yield was 84.0% and 60.5%, respectively. Groups G12 B × G12 R and G10 B × G12 R had highest heterosis of about 10% over best check hybrid Pioneer 86M86. The parents involved in heterotic hybrids were mainly from the groups G4R, G10B, G12B, G12R, and G13B. Based on the heterotic performance and combining ability of groups, 2 B-line (HGB-1 and HGB-2) and 2 R-line (HGR-1 and HGR-2) heterotic groups were identified. Hybrids from HGB-1 × HGR-1 and HGB-2 × HGR-1 showed grain yield heterosis of 10.6 and 9.3%, respectively, over best hybrid check. Results indicated that parental groups can be formed first by molecular markers, which may not predict the best hybrid combination, but it can reveal a practical value of assigning existing and new hybrid pearl millet parental lines into heterotic groups to develop high-yielding hybrids from the different heterotic groups.

Bibliometric Review of Mental Health Research in Medical Colleges of Pakistan.

OBJECTIVES: Mental health is a less frequently explored area of medical research as both developing and developed countries lack competent human resources and funding for this purpose. Reviewing mental health research can help medical professionals appreciate the progress of understanding and identify problems in this area. This systematic review examined the status of mental health research carried out in medical education institutions and tertiary healthcare hospitals across Pakistan over the past 70 years. METHODS: PubMed® (National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA), was searched for articles published between 1947 and 2017 related to mental health with an emphasis on the exclusive affiliation of the first author with a medical college in Pakistan. RESULTS: A total of 118 articles were included in this study. The number of published research-based studies has increased steadily over the past years. However, there are indicators of a lack of quality research, such as no declaration of conflict of interest or the identification of a funding source and a general lack of publications in a journal with a high impact factor. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study have shown a steady improvement in the quantity and quality of mental health research conducted in Pakistani medical colleges/universities. However, a lack of funding, training and faculty induction policies may be hindering the establishment of a research culture and contributing to the slow progression of mental health research in Pakistan.

A Correlative Study of N-Cadherin Expression with Different Grades of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Projecting as a Marker of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition in Tumor Progression.

Background: Epithelial cells typically express E-cadherin where as N-cadherin expressed by mesenchymal cells. The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process by which epithelial cells lose their cell polarity and cell-cell adhesion, and gain migratory and invasive properties to become mesenchymal cells. EMT is typical for carcinoma cells during tumor progression and correlate with the local invasiveness and metastatic potential of the tumor. Oral squamous cell carcinoma is a malignant neoplasm arising from the mucosal epithelium of the oral cavity. It can be classified as well; moderate and poor depends on a tumor cells resemblance to its tissue of origin. Materials and Methods: A total of 130 cases of histopathologically diagnosed as OSCC were selected for the study, out of which 66,38 and 26 were well, moderate and poorly differentiated respectively. One section was stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin and the other section for N-cadherin immunohistochemical study. Then the N-cadherin expression was correlated histopathologically with different grades of OSCC. Statistical analysis was carried out mainly by Chi-Square analysis. Results: Among the 66 cases of WDSCC mean value of N-cadherin expression was 1.79, 38 cases of MDSCC mean value of N-cadherin expression was 4.16 and among the 26 cases of PDSCC the mean value was 6.38.That means the value of N- cadherin expression was progressively increasing with decreased differentiation of the tumor cells. The statistical analysis also shown it was highly significant (P<0.001). Conclusion: A correlative study of N-cadherin expression with different grades of OSCC will be useful to predict the state of tumor progression and also it may give accuracy for histopathogical grading of the tumor.

A study of heat transfer during cryosurgery of lung cancer.

In this study, a mathematical model describing two-dimensional bio-heat transfer during cryosurgery of lung cancer is developed. The lung tissue is cooled by a cryoprobe by imposing its surface at a constant temperature or a constant heat flux or a constant heat transfer coefficient. The freezing starts and the domain is distributed into three stages namely: unfrozen, mushy and frozen regions. In stage I where the only unfrozen region is formed, our problem is an initial-boundary value problem of the hyperbolic partial differential equation. In stage II where mushy and unfrozen regions are formed, our problem is a moving boundary value problem of parabolic partial differential equations and in stage III where frozen, mushy, and unfrozen regions are formed, our problem is a moving boundary value problem of parabolic partial differential equations. The solution consists of the three-step procedure: (i) transformation of problem in non-dimensional form, (ii) by using finite differences, the problem converted into ordinary matrix differential equation and moving boundary problem of ordinary matrix differential equations, (iii) applying Legendre wavelet Galerkin method the problem is transferred into the generalized system of Sylvester equations which are solved by applying Bartels-Stewart algorithm of generalized inverse. The complete analysis is presented in the non-dimensional form. The consequence of the imposition of boundary conditions on moving layer thickness and temperature distribution are studied in detail. The consequence of Stefan number, Kirchoff number and Biot number on moving layer thickness are also studied in specific.

A study of cryosurgery of lung cancer using Modified Legendre wavelet Galerkin method.

In this paper, we have developed a new mathematical model describing bio-heat transfer during cryosurgery of lung cancer. The lung tissue cooled by a flat probe whose temperature decreases linearly with time. The freezing process occurs in three stages and the whole region is divided into solid, mushy and liquid region. The heat released in the mushy region is considered as discontinuous heat generation. The model is an initial-boundary value problem of the hyperbolic partial differential equation in stage 1 and moving boundary value problem of parabolic partial differential equations in stage 2 and 3. The method of the solution consists of four-step procedure as transformation of problem in dimensionless form, the problem of hyperbolic partial differential equation converted into ordinary matrix differential equation and the moving boundary problem of parabolic partial differential equations converted into moving boundary problem of ordinary matrix differential equations by using finite differences in space, transferring the problem into the generalized system of Sylvester equations by using Legendre wavelet Galerkin method and the solution of the generalized system of Sylvester equation are solved by using Bartels-Stewart algorithm of generalized inverse. The whole analysis is presented in dimensionless form. The effect of cryoprobe rate on temperature distribution and the effect of Stefan number on moving layer thickness is discussed in detail.

Systematic review: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and work-related outcomes.

Background: Several studies have assessed the impact of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) on work ability and work productivity; however, this relationship is poorly understood. Aims: To undertake a systematic review to assess the effects of COPD on employment, absenteeism and presenteeism. Methods: A comprehensive search using CINAHL, Embase, MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library was conducted to include epidemiological studies from 1937 to August 2017. One reviewer screened all citations. Shortlisted full-text articles were independently assessed by a second reviewer. Data were extracted by one reviewer with a random sample of papers (45%) checked by a second reviewer. Results: Forty-four studies were included; the majority of evidence was from cross-sectional studies, and some cohort studies. COPD patients had lower employment rates than those without COPD. Among those in work, most studies showed patients with COPD took more time off work than those without and reported poorer work performance (presenteeism), although evidence for this association was weaker. The influence of disease severity on these outcomes was unclear; however, it appeared that increasing severity of airflow obstruction was associated with reduced likelihood of being employed. A number of methodological limitations were found among the evidence, including the lack of adjustment for important confounders. Conclusions: Future studies are required which assess the impact of COPD on presenteeism using validated presenteeism instruments and consistent reporting methods. Robust studies are now needed to identify modifiable factors associated with these poorer working outcomes to inform future interventions aimed at improving work productivity among those with COPD.

Monocyte as an Emerging Tool for Targeted Drug Delivery: A Review.

Monocytes are leading component of the mononuclear phagocytic system that play a key role in phagocytosis and removal of several kinds of microbes from the body. Monocytes are bone marrow precursor cells that stay in the blood for a few days and migrate towards tissues where they differentiate into macrophages. Monocytes can be used as a carrier for delivery of active agents into tissues, where other carriers have no significant access. Targeting monocytes is possible both through passive and active targeting, the former one is simply achieved by enhanced permeation and retention effect while the later one by attachment of ligands on the surface of the lipid-based particulate system. Monocytes have many receptors e.g., mannose, scavenger, integrins, cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14) and cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36). The ligands used against these receptors are peptides, lectins, antibodies, glycolipids, and glycoproteins. This review encloses extensive introduction of monocytes as a suitable carrier system for drug delivery, the design of lipid-based carrier system, possible ways for delivery of therapeutics to monocytes, and the role of monocytes in the treatment of life compromising diseases such as cancer, inflammation, stroke, etc.

Numerical solution of non-linear dual-phase-lag bioheat transfer equation within skin tissues.

This paper deals with numerical modeling and simulation of heat transfer in skin tissues using non-linear dual-phase-lag (DPL) bioheat transfer model under periodic heat flux boundary condition. The blood perfusion is assumed temperature-dependent which results in non-linear DPL bioheat transfer model in order to predict more accurate results. A numerical method of line which is based on finite difference and Runge-Kutta (4,5) schemes, is used to solve the present non-linear problem. Under specific case, the exact solution has been obtained and compared with the present numerical scheme, and we found that those are in good agreement. A comparison based on model selection criterion (AIC) has been made among non-linear DPL models when the variation of blood perfusion rate with temperature is of constant, linear and exponential type with the experimental data and it has been found that non-linear DPL model with exponential variation of blood perfusion rate is closest to the experimental data. In addition, it is found that due to absence of phase-lag phenomena in Pennes bioheat transfer model, it achieves steady state more quickly and always predict higher temperature than thermal and DPL non-linear models. The effect of coefficient of blood perfusion rate, dimensionless heating frequency and Kirchoff number on dimensionless temperature distribution has also been analyzed. The whole analysis is presented in dimensionless form.

Numerical simulation of time fractional dual-phase-lag model of heat transfer within skin tissue during thermal therapy.

In this paper, we investigated the thermal behavior in living biological tissues using time fractional dual-phase-lag bioheat transfer (DPLBHT) model subjected to Dirichelt boundary condition in presence of metabolic and electromagnetic heat sources during thermal therapy. We solved this bioheat transfer model using finite element Legendre wavelet Galerkin method (FELWGM) with help of block pulse function in sense of Caputo fractional order derivative. We compared the obtained results from FELWGM and exact method in a specific case, and found a high accuracy. Results are interpreted in the form of standard and anomalous cases for taking different order of time fractional DPLBHT model. The time to achieve hyperthermia position is discussed in both cases as standard and time fractional order derivative. The success of thermal therapy in the treatment of metastatic cancerous cell depends on time fractional order derivative to precise prediction and control of temperature. The effect of variability of parameters such as time fractional derivative, lagging times, blood perfusion coefficient, metabolic heat source and transmitted power on dimensionless temperature distribution in skin tissue is discussed in detail. The physiological parameters has been estimated, corresponding to the value of fractional order derivative for hyperthermia treatment therapy.