Analysis and mitigation of PQ disturbances in grid connected system using fuzzy logic based IUPQC.

Renewable energy integration introduces grid instability due to variable and intermittent sources like solar and wind, impacting reliability. This paper provides a thorough discussion of recent advancements and emerging trends in grid-integrated wind energy systems (GIWES) and grid-integrated solar energy systems (GISES). More than 70 research articles have been rigorously assessed and listed the technological and economic challenges. The increase in installations of grid-Integrating systems gives rise to challenges like as grid strain, peak shaving impacts, unpredictability of renewable energy sources (RES), and power quality disturbances. A variety of custom power devices, such as dynamic voltage restorers (DVR), static synchronous compensators (STATCOM), active power filters (APF), and unified power quality conditioners (UPQC), have gained popularity in response to these challenges. Among the various challenges, power quality disturbances, including voltage sag, swell, current and harmonics pose significant issues. To address these disturbances this work present a novel approach utilizing fuzzy logic (FL) to develop multi-feeder interline unified power-quality conditioners (MF-IUPQCs). The MF-IUPQC has three legs and three levels, each of which has four diode-clamped inverters. Switching is carried out through the use of space vector pulse width/duration modulation (SVPWM). Total harmonic distortion (THD) induced by nonlinear loads is reduced by the FLC-based MF-IUPQC, which also improves dynamic performance and offers a smooth DC-link voltage. The proposed control mechanism is implemented using MATLAB/Simulink. The fuzzy-based controller is compared to the industry-standard proportional-integral (PI) controller to determine its efficacy. Among them, the MF-IUPQC based on FLC delivers the smoothest voltage profile and the lowest THD.

Comparison of Vaginal Birth Rate between Induction of Labour and Expectant Management at 40 Weeks in Women with a Previous Caesarean Section: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: The optimum time of labour induction among women with a previous caesarean without any pregnancy complication and eligible and willing for vaginal delivery is not specified. This study compares the vaginal birth rates between induction at 40 weeks and expectant management till 41 weeks. Method: We conducted this parallel design nonblinded, randomized controlled trial in a tertiary care teaching institution in South India on women with a previous lower segment caesarean section eligible for a trial of labour with singleton foetus without any pregnancy complication at recruitment. We screened 1886 women. Sixty women underwent block (of 6 each) randomization into two groups of thirty each at 40 weeks. We induced the women in the intervention group at 40 weeks with oxytocin or a single 24-hour application of a Foley catheter followed by oxytocin infusion and amniotomy. The expectant group underwent maternal and foetal surveillance and induction at 41 weeks with the same protocol if not delivered by then. We compared the primary outcome of the proportion of vaginal birth rate with a chi-square test. Result: Data from all sixty women were analyzed. Twenty (66.67%) in the induction compared to ten (33.33%) in the expectant group delivered vaginally. This difference was significant (RR 2.0, 95% CI: 1.13-3.52; P = 0.016). One woman in the expectant group had scar dehiscence. Conclusion: Among women with a previous caesarean scar, labour induction at 40 weeks has a significantly higher vaginal birth rate than those managed expectantly till 41 weeks. More extensive trials are feasible and recommended. Trial Registry. The trial was prospectively registered with the clinical trial registry of India. This trial is registered with CTRI/2018/09/015719 (date of registration 14th September 2018).

Profiles and predictors of auditory functioning in abacus-trained children.

OBJECTIVES: The present study explored the auditory benefits of abacus-training using a battery of tests (auditory acuity, clarity, and cognition). The study also aimed to identify the relative contributions of auditory processing tests that are most sensitive to the effects of abacus-training. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted on 60 children aged between 9 - 14 years. These participants were divided into two groups (abacus trained and untrained) of 30 each, who underwent a series of auditory functioning tests. The battery of tests included: auditory acuity (frequency, intensity, temporal, binaural and spatial resolution), auditory clarity (speech perception in noise), and auditory cognition (working digit and syllable memory). RESULTS: Statistically (t-test and Mann Whitney U test), significant changes were observed in the spatial resolution, auditory clarity, and cognition tests, suggestive of positive outcomes of abacus training at the higher-order auditory processing. This finding was complemented by the discriminant function (DF) analyses, which showed that clarity and cognitive measures helped for effective group segregation (abacustrained and untrained). These measures had significantly higher contributions to the DF. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of the study provide evidence of the multi-component benefits of abacus training in children and the transferability of learning effects to the auditory modality.

Vibrational assignment, HOMO-LUMO and NBO analysis of (2S)-2-[(2-{[(2S)-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl]amino}ethyl)amino]butan-1-ol by density functional theory.

The FTIR and FT-Raman spectra of (2S)-2-[(2-{[(2S)-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl]amino}ethyl)amino]butan-1-ol have been recorded in the region 4000-400 cm(-1)and 4000-100 cm(-1) respectively. Utilizing the observed FTIR and FT-Raman data, a complete vibrational assignment and analysis of the fundamental vibrational modes of the compound were carried out. The optimized molecular geometry, harmonic vibrational frequencies, infrared intensities and Raman scattering were calculated by HF and density functional theory (DFT/B3LYP: Becke, 3-parameter, Lee-Yang-Parr) quantum chemical method with 6-31G(d,p), 6-31+G(d,p), 6-31++G(d,p) basis sets. The theoretical and optimized geometric parameters and vibrational frequencies have been found in good agreement with the corresponding experimental data and results in the literature. Ultraviolet-visible spectrum of the title molecule was recorded and has been calculated using TD-DFT method. The first-order hyperpolarizability (ßo) and other related properties (µ, αo) of the compound are calculated using DFT method on a finite field approach. The most stable geometry of the compound under investigation has been determined from the potential energy scan. Stability of the molecule arising from hyperconjugative interactions, charge delocalization have been analyzed using natural bond orbital analysis (NBO). Besides, molecular electrostatic potential (MESP), HOMO and LUMO analysis, Mulliken population analysis and several other thermodynamic properties were performed by HF and DFT method.

Vibrational analysis, electronic structure and nonlinear optical properties of levofloxacin by density functional theory.

The Fourier transform (FT-IR) spectrum of Levofloxacin was recorded in the region 4000-400 cm(-1) and a complete vibrational assignment of fundamental vibrational modes of the molecule was carried out using density functional method. The observed fundamental modes have been compared with the harmonic vibrational frequencies computed using DFT (B3LYP) method by employing 6-31 G (d, p) basis sets. The most stable geometry of the molecule under investigation has been determined from the potential energy scan. The first-order hyperpolarizability (ßo) and other related properties (µ, αo) of Levofloxacin are calculated using density functional theory (DFT) on a finite field approach. UV-vis spectrum of the molecule was recorded and the electronic properties, such as HOMO and LUMO energies were performed by DFT using 6-31 G (d, p) basis sets. Stability of the molecule arising from hyperconjugative interactions, charge delocalization have been analyzed using natural bond orbital analysis (NBO). The calculated HOMO and LUMO energies show that, the charge transfer occurs within the molecule. The other molecular properties like molecular electrostatic potential (MESP), Mulliken population analysis and thermodynamic properties of the title molecule have been calculated.

Assessment of the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of gallic acid in mice.

Gallic acid is a naturally occurring plant phenol obtained by the hydrolysis of tannins and is known to show some pharmacological activities. The purpose of this paper is to establish the safety of gallic acid in mice. In this study, acute administration of gallic acid even at a dose as high as 5 g/kg body weight did not produce any signs of toxicity or mortality. In the subacute study, gallic acid at a dose of 1000 mg/kg body weight did not significantly alter the hematological parameters. Further, no appreciable change was noted in the various biochemical parameters such as SGOT and SGPT, as well as many serum constituents such as protein, cholesterol, urea and bilirubin. Therefore, from this study, it may be concluded that gallic acid is non-toxic up to a level of 5000 mg/kg body weight, when given orally. In addition, the subacute study indicated the absence of cumulative toxicity, as reflected by the non-significant alterations in the parameters investigated. The NOAEL was 5000 mg/kg body weight, the highest dose tested.

Primary intratesticular sarcoma.

Primary intratesticular sarcoma that is neither associated with germ cell elements nor paratesticular elements is a unique subset of intrascrotal sarcoma. It is a rare indolent tumor with potential for distant metastases. Although few data are available it is generally assumed to be quite uncommon. The definitive treatment recommendation are yet to be laid down. Four cases are reported.

Effect of eugenol and tincture of crataegus (TCR) on in vitro oxidation of LDL + VLDL isolated from plasma of non-insulin dependent diabetic patients.

The present study was carried out to study the effect of antioxidants on oxidised LDL + VLDL and found that vitamin E, eugenol and tincture of crataegus (antioxidants) inhibited oxidation of (LDL + VLDL) similar to standard antioxidant (butylated hydroxy toluene). Vitamin C acted as an antioxidant at lower concentration, and prooxidant at higher concentration.

Characterization of mouse fibroblast (NIH3T3) and fibrosarcoma cell lines (WEHI-164 and MFS 8) using PMRS.

Proton magnetic resonance Spectroscopy (PMRS) has been used to study the differences between immortalized fibroblasts and fibrosarcoma cells of different grade. One and two dimensional purged correlation spectroscopy (PCOSY) have been used to assess intact viable fibroblast and fibrosarcoma cells, and differences in the triglyceride, cellular metabolite, and cell surface fucosylation patterns between the three cell lines have been observed. The clinical implication of this study is the potential use of PMRS as an adjunct to conventional histopathology.

Some factor VIII inhibitor antibodies recognize a common epitope corresponding to C2 domain amino acids 2248 through 2312, which overlap a phospholipid-binding site.

The finding that human factor VIII (fVIII) inhibitor antibodies with C2 domain epitopes interfere with the binding of fVIII to phosphatidylserine (PS) suggested that this is the mechanism by which they inactivate fVIII. We constructed a recombinant C2 domain polypeptide and demonstrated that it bound to all six human inhibitors with fVIII light chain specificity. Thus, some antibodies within the polyclonal anti-light chain population require only amino acids within C2 for binding. Recombinant C2 also partially or completely neutralized the inhibitor titer of these plasmas, demonstrating that anti-C2 antibodies inhibit fVIII activity. Immunoblotting of a series of C2 deletion polypeptides, expressed in Escherichia coli, with inhibitor plasmas showed that the epitopes for human inhibitors consist of a common core of amino acid residues 2248 through 2312 with differing extensions for individual inhibitors. The epitope of inhibitory monoclonal antibody (MoAb) ESH8 was localized to residues 2248 through 2285. Three human antibodies and anti-C2 MoAb NMC-VIII/5 bound to a synthetic peptide consisting of amino acids 2303 through 2332, a PS-binding site, but MoAb ESH8 did not. These antibodies also inhibited the binding of fVIII to synthetic phospholipid membranes of PS and phosphatidylcholine, confirming that the blocked epitopes contribute to membrane binding as well as binding to PS. In contrast, MoAb ESH8 did not inhibit binding. As the maximal function of activated fVIII in the intrinsic factor Xase complex requires its binding to a phospholipid membrane, we propose that fVIII inhibition by anti-C2 antibodies is related to the overlap of their epitopes with the PS-binding site. MoAb ESH8 did not inhibit fVIII binding to PS-containing membranes, suggesting the existence of a second mechanism of fVIII inhibition by anti-C2 antibodies.

A role for the C2 domain of factor VIII in binding to von Willebrand factor.

We examined the possibility that the C2 domain, amino acid residues 2173-2332, of factor VIII (fVIII) contains a binding site for von Willebrand factor (vWf) to clarify previous data showing that some monoclonal and human inhibitor antibodies with epitopes in C2 prevent fVIII-vWf binding. We constructed a fusion protein, glutathione S-transferase-C2, which binds to immobilized vWf in a dose-dependent saturable fashion, suggesting that the fVIII C2 domain contains a binding site for vWf. This site was further localized by testing the effect of a synthetic peptide on fVIII-vWf binding. Peptide 2303-2332, consisting of a previously identified phosphatidyl-serine binding site, prevented fVIII binding to vWf, suggesting that the sites for fVIII binding to vWf or phosphatidylserine have some overlap. The effect of anti-C2 domain antibodies further supported these observations. The inhibition of fVIII binding to vWf by monoclonal antibody NMC-VIII/5 IgG or F(ab)'2 (epitope within residues 2170-2327) and by inhibitor antibody MU IgG or Fab' (epitope within residues 2248-2312) was demonstrated by a fluid-phase binding assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Two monoclonal antibodies with epitopes within amino acid residues 2170-2218 or 2248-2285, which do not overlap the phosphatidylserine binding site, did not have any inhibitory effect. Our data suggest that the previously described antagonistic binding of vWf and phospholipid to fVIII is due to the involvement of some C2 domain amino acids in both processes.

Effect of uric acid on sodium oxalate-induced urolithiasis in rats--biochemical and histological evidences.

Effect of uric acid on sodium oxalate-induced biochemical and histological changes were studied in rats. Rats injected with sodium oxalate (0.7 mg/100 g body wt, ip) show calcium deposits in the lumen of kidney tubules. Uric acid administration was found to potentiate calcium oxalate calculi formation. Lipid peroxide formation was increased up to 100% in kidney and 28% in liver by sodium, oxalate treatment. Uric acid administration was found to reduce lipid peroxide level up to 12% in liver and 20% in kidney. From this study it is concluded that lipid peroxidation may not be the cause of sodium oxalate-induced urolithiasis and the results are discussed with reference to the epitaxic nature of uric acid on kidney stone formation.

Effect of vitamin-E on high fat diet induced hyperlipidemia in rats.

High fat diet intake in rats resulted in hyperlipidemia which was evidenced by elevated levels of plasma cholesterol, free fatty acids, triglycerides and increased LDLc/HDLc ratio. Vitamin E (400 mg/kg body wt/day) administration for 60 days prevented the elevations in plasma lipid levels. It reduced LDLc/HDLc ratio, lipid peroxide levels and elevated the level of reduced glutathione (GSH) in hyperlipidemic rats. Vitamin-E was non-toxic.

Kinetic analyses of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex from Candida 107 (NCYC 911).

Candida 107 (NCYC 911) accumulates up to 45% of the biomass as triglycerides under conditions of nitrogenous substrate limitation in the medium. In oilseeds and adipocytes, lipid accumulation is preceded and accompanied by increased activity of key enzymes such as pyruvate dehydrogenase. However, in Candida 107, the activity of this complex was greatly reduced during lipogenesis. The initial velocity patterns were in accordance with a Hexa Uni Ping Pong mechanism. The Km values for the various substrates were similar to those found for the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but much higher than those reported for the mammalian enzyme. Product inhibition studies indicated that the Ki for acetyl coenzyme A and NADH were higher than those reported for other yeasts. The values for Ki were similar to those found for the liver enzyme, whereas the enzyme complex from heart had much lower Ki values for products. It has been suggested that in the heart and kidney, pyruvate dehydrogenase is regulated by product inhibition whereas in the liver this does not appear to be the mechanism. Therefore, it is probable, that like the liver enzyme, pyruvate dehydrogenase from Candida 107 may not be regulated by product inhibition.

Feasibility of parenteral iron therapy as a field approach for management of pregnancy anaemia.

The feasibility of parenteral iron administration for treatment of pregnancy anaemia, in field conditions was investigated. High reaction rates were observed (30-40%) with either intramuscular (im) or intravenous (iv) iron-dextran complex (test dose). Mothers with lower body weight had higher reaction rates with both im or iv iron-dextran complex. In pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) the reaction rate was significantly lower. Our study indicates that under the existing situations of the health care system in India and the poor body weight and weight gain of Indian women during pregnancy, parenteral iron therapy for controlling anaemia may not be a feasible approach, at the field level.

Proton relaxation times in cancer diagnosis.

Proton nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation parameters (T1, T2) were measured for over 100 malignant and normal tissue samples of various organs of the human body. The purpose of this study was to estimate the reliability of the NMR technique in discriminating normal from malignant tissues. Breast and cervix samples were analyzed by using the malignancy index concept and we were able to distinguish malignant and normal tissue in 17 out of 18 breast samples and 5 out of 7 cervix samples. Since the relaxation data of a normal control population of the other organs were not available, the data for these are reported without any further analysis. The distinction between carcinomas and sarcomas was also made by using the estimated relaxation parameters. Malignancy indices of breast tissue samples for linear least-squares and nonlinear two-parameter and three-parameter least-squares procedures were calculated and used to evaluate the relative efficiencies in discriminating malignant from normal tissues.

Copper, zinc, and magnesium content of breast milk of Indian women.

Copper, zinc, and magnesium contents were determined in samples of breast milk obtained from 412 women in a low income group, from 100 women in a high income group of an urban population, and from 22 women from a low income group living in a rural area. Paired samples of milk and serum were collected from 152 women and the concentrations of copper and zinc in these two fluids were estimated. Copper levels fell from 0.46 microgram/ml in colostrum to 0.17 microgram/ml at 7 to 12 months of lactation; zince levels fell from 5.32 to 1.12 microgram/ml by 7 months. Magnesium level in colostrum was 40 micrograms/ml and reached a stable level of around 30 micrograms/ml in mature milk samples. Concentrations of copper and zinc in serum were not correlated with those in milk. Day to day and diurnal variations in the concentrations of these elements in milk were not significant indicating thereby that analysis of one sample provides satisfactory information of the trace element content in milk. There were no differences in the levels of these elements in milk between rural and urban low income groups of women. However significant differences were noted in the copper and zinc contents of milk of women from low and high income groups of the urban population, from the 1st to 3rd month of lactation.

Effect of calcium supplementation to undernourished mothers during pregnancy on the bone density of the bone density of the neonates.

Eighty seven pregnant women belonging to poor socioeconomic groups of population were investigated to find out the effect of calcium supplementation during pregnancy on the bone density of the mother as well as of the neonate. Supplements of 300 and 600 mg of elemental calcium administered daily from the 20th week of gestation onward until term, brought about a significant increase in the bone density of the neonates born of such mothers compared to that of the neonates born to unsupplemented mothers. Although no significant difference was observed between the initial and final values for bone densities among the mothers, there was a tendency for an increase in the bone density of the mothers who received 600 mg of calcium supplements. Individual variation of different neonatal bones in their response to maternal calcium supplements was observed. Bone density of the neonate was not related to the birth weight, crown-heel, or crown-rump lengths.