Long Non-Coding RNAs as Novel Targets for Phytochemicals to Cease Cancer Metastasis.

Metastasis is a multi-step phenomenon during cancer development leading to the propagation of cancer cells to distant organ(s). According to estimations, metastasis results in over 90% of cancer-associated death around the globe. Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) are a group of regulatory RNA molecules more than 200 base pairs in length. The main regulatory activity of these molecules is the modulation of gene expression. They have been reported to affect different stages of cancer development including proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion, and metastasis. An increasing number of medical data reports indicate the probable function of LncRNAs in the metastatic spread of different cancers. Phytochemical compounds, as the bioactive agents of plants, show several health benefits with a variety of biological activities. Several phytochemicals have been demonstrated to target LncRNAs to defeat cancer. This review article briefly describes the metastasis steps, summarizes data on some well-established LncRNAs with a role in metastasis, and identifies the phytochemicals with an ability to suppress cancer metastasis by targeting LncRNAs.

Naringenin: A potential flavonoid phytochemical for cancer therapy.

Naringenin is an important phytochemical which belongs to the flavanone group of polyphenols, and is found mainly in citrus fruits like grapefruits and others such as tomatoes and cherries plus medicinal plants derived food. Available evidence demonstrates that naringenin, as herbal medicine, has important pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, and anti-cancer activities. Collected data from in vitro and in vivo studies show the inactivation of carcinogens after treatment with pure naringenin, naringenin-loaded nanoparticles, and also naringenin in combination with anti-cancer agents in various malignancies, such as colon cancer, lung neoplasms, breast cancer, leukemia and lymphoma, pancreatic cancer, prostate tumors, oral squamous cell carcinoma, liver cancer, brain tumors, skin cancer, cervical and ovarian cancer, bladder neoplasms, gastric cancer, and osteosarcoma. Naringenin inhibits cancer progression through multiple mechanisms, like apoptosis induction, cell cycle arrest, angiogenesis hindrance, and modification of various signaling pathways including Wnt/ß-catenin, PI3K/Akt, NF-ĸB, and TGF-ß pathways. In this review, we demonstrate that naringenin is a natural product with potential for the treatment of different types of cancer, whether it is used alone, in combination with other agents, or in the form of the naringenin-loaded nanocarrier, after proper technological encapsulation.

Aqueous extract of Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni abrogates death-related signaling pathways via boosting the expression profile of oxidative defense systems.

Indigenous inhabitants of South America and other areas have been using stevia as a traditional medicine for years, but its impact on cell signaling pathways has not been well studied yet. We evaluated the impacts of aqueous extract of Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni on the expression of the selected genes involved in significant cell death modalities, including p53-DNA damage and the cellular antioxidative defense in pancreatic tissues in STZ-induced diabetic rats and murine pancreatic cell lines. The in vivo study revealed that aqueous extract of Stevia significantly upregulated the expression of GSTM1 and P1 and GPX (4.67, 12.08, and 2.81 fold, respectively; all p < .05) along with significant downregulation of the genes which were upregulated by STZ, including apoptotic genes caspase-3 and -9 (-9.80 and -4.16 fold, p < .05, respectively) and necroptotic genes, RIP1K, 2 K, and 3 K (-9.48, -2.70, and -12.9 fold, respectively, all p < .05). In vitro studies also revealed comparable results. In conclusion, the observed clinical improvements in diabetic rats are the result of overexpression of major genes of antioxidative defense systems in the course of a significant downregulation of major cell death modalities. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The popularity of noncaloric sweeteners, including stevia, has rocketed in recent years, but the consumption of stevia as traditional medicine has a long history. The findings of the current study provide strong mechanistic lines of evidence supporting the beneficial biological effects of stevia as a noncaloric sweetener in diabetes.

SARS-CoV-2; What We Know so far.

A recent outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has affected more than 1100000 (April 5, 2020) individuals worldwide and is spreading rapidly. The virus is reported to be derived from bats and the infection was first reported in China. Similar to the severe acute respiratory syndrome and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronaviruses, it is responsible for respiratory tract infection. Real time polymerase chain reaction and radiography are the two main diagnostic methods. Guidelines from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization (WHO) should be followed for diagnostic and precautionary measures. Treatment of the infection is still not available; however, antivirals are under clinical trials.

Protein and Antibody Engineering: Suppressing Degranulation of the Mast Cells and Type I Hypersensitivity Reaction.

With an increase in atopic cases and owing to a significant role of mast cells in type I hypersensitivity, a therapeutic need to inhibit degranulation of mast cells has risen. Mast cells are notorious for IgE-mediated allergic response. Advancements have allowed researchers to improve clinical outcomes of already available therapies. Engineered peptides and antibodies can be easily manipulated to attain desired characteristics as per the biological environment. A number of these molecules are designed to target mast cells in order to regulate the release of histamine and other mediators, thereby controlling type I hypersensitivity response. The aim of this review paper is to highlight some of the significant molecules designed for the purpose.

Statins: Complex outcomes but increasingly helpful treatment options for patients.

Statins are long known class of medicines and the most frequently prescribed drugs in cardiovascular pharmacotherapy, widely ordered not only in patients suffering from dyslipidemia, but also in patients with coronary artery disease, acute coronary syndromes, diabetes mellitus, stroke, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease, with or without coexisting dyslipidemia. However, several clinical trials have shown, that the advantages of statins goes beyond their reduction of the cholesterol level. Some crucial isoprenoid mediators which are highly essential for the activation of different intracellular/signaling proteins, that play important roles in multiple cellular mechanisms, are regulated by statins in addition to the inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis. Moreover, anti-inflammatory intermediates and cytokines such as c-reactive protein, IL1, IL6, IL8, TNFA are affected downstream targets. Still, these numerous effects of statins such as anti-inflammatory effects, antioxidant effects, anti-proliferative, apoptotic, cell cycle regulatory and immunomodulatory effects, are primarily seen in conjunction with the inhibition of the HMG-CoA reductase. Other direct targets are missing. Beyond the classical application of statins, they were also tested to treat cancer with promising prospects, but still on a level of an adjuvant therapy option. Nevertheless the growing number of cancer studies and the increasing number of molecular players in affected pathways illustrates, that statins might be helpful in cancer therapeutics, despite the major part of the biological reaction network, which is regulated by statins, remains sketchy. It seems, that the statins still have some potential to improve established therapeutic procedures.

Decorating and loading ghosts with allergens for allergen immunotherapy.

More than 25% of the global population has IgE mediated allergic diseases. Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is the only available form of treatment that alters the underlying mechanism of IgE-mediated allergic diseases. AIT is aimed at desensitizing allergic individuals by repeatedly administering disease-causing allergens over a long period of time. Despite its proven efficacy in numerous clinical trials, the effectiveness of AIT still suffers some drawbacks due to the quality of allergens used and in particular the unavailability of efficient allergen delivery systems. Several studies have demonstrated that bacterial ghosts (BG) systems can be used to display and deliver antigens to their targets for the management of diseases. However, there is no report documenting the use of BG systems for immunotherapy of IgE-mediated diseases so far. Thus, in this review, we intend to discuss the potentialities of BG systems for displaying and delivering allergens for future management of IgE-mediated diseases.