Diabetic Retinopathy and Diabetic Macular Edema Detection Using Ensemble Based Convolutional Neural Networks.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic macular edema (DME) are forms of eye illness caused by diabetes that affects the blood vessels in the eyes, with the ground occupied by lesions of varied extent determining the disease burden. This is among the most common cause of visual impairment in the working population. Various factors have been discovered to play an important role in a person's growth of this condition. Among the essential elements at the top of the list are anxiety and long-term diabetes. If not detected early, this illness might result in permanent eyesight loss. The damage can be reduced or avoided if it is recognized ahead of time. Unfortunately, due to the time and arduous nature of the diagnosing process, it is harder to identify the prevalence of this condition. Skilled doctors manually review digital color images to look for damage produced by vascular anomalies, the most common complication of diabetic retinopathy. Even though this procedure is reasonably accurate, it is quite pricey. The delays highlight the necessity for diagnosis to be automated, which will have a considerable positive significant impact on the health sector. The use of AI in diagnosing the disease has yielded promising and dependable findings in recent years, which is the impetus for this publication. This article used ensemble convolutional neural network (ECNN) to diagnose DR and DME automatically, with accurate results of 99 percent. This result was achieved using preprocessing, blood vessel segmentation, feature extraction, and classification. For contrast enhancement, the Harris hawks optimization (HHO) technique is presented. Finally, the experiments were conducted for two kinds of datasets: IDRiR and Messidor for accuracy, precision, recall, F-score, computational time, and error rate.

Modelling and Analysis of Hybrid Transformation for Lossless Big Medical Image Compression.

Due to rapidly developing technology and new research innovations, privacy and data preservation are paramount, especially in the healthcare industry. At the same time, the storage of large volumes of data in medical records should be minimized. Recently, several types of research on lossless medically significant data compression and various steganography methods have been conducted. This research develops a hybrid approach with advanced steganography, wavelet transform (WT), and lossless compression to ensure privacy and storage. This research focuses on preserving patient data through enhanced security and optimized storage of large data images that allow a pharmacologist to store twice as much information in the same storage space in an extensive data repository. Safe storage, fast image service, and minimum computing power are the main objectives of this research. This work uses a fast and smooth knight tour (KT) algorithm to embed patient data into medical images and a discrete WT (DWT) to protect shield images. In addition, lossless packet compression is used to minimize memory footprints and maximize memory efficiency. JPEG formats' compression ratio percentages are slightly higher than those of PNG formats. When image size increases, that is, for high-resolution images, the compression ratio lies between 7% and 7.5%, and the compression percentage lies between 30% and 37%. The proposed model increases the expected compression ratio and percentage compared to other models. The average compression ratio lies between 7.8% and 8.6%, and the expected compression ratio lies between 35% and 60%. Compared to state-of-the-art methods, this research results in greater data security without compromising image quality. Reducing images makes them easier to process and allows many images to be saved in archives.

Design and Analysis of a Deep Learning Ensemble Framework Model for the Detection of COVID-19 and Pneumonia Using Large-Scale CT Scan and X-ray Image Datasets.

Recently, various methods have been developed to identify COVID-19 cases, such as PCR testing and non-contact procedures such as chest X-rays and computed tomography (CT) scans. Deep learning (DL) and artificial intelligence (AI) are critical tools for early and accurate detection of COVID-19. This research explores the different DL techniques for identifying COVID-19 and pneumonia on medical CT and radiography images using ResNet152, VGG16, ResNet50, and DenseNet121. The ResNet framework uses CT scan images with accuracy and precision. This research automates optimum model architecture and training parameters. Transfer learning approaches are also employed to solve content gaps and shorten training duration. An upgraded VGG16 deep transfer learning architecture is applied to perform multi-class classification for X-ray imaging tasks. Enhanced VGG16 has been proven to recognize three types of radiographic images with 99% accuracy, typical for COVID-19 and pneumonia. The validity and performance metrics of the proposed model were validated using publicly available X-ray and CT scan data sets. The suggested model outperforms competing approaches in diagnosing COVID-19 and pneumonia. The primary outcomes of this research result in an average F-score (95%, 97%). In the event of healthy viral infections, this research is more efficient than existing methodologies for coronavirus detection. The created model is appropriate for recognition and classification pre-training. The suggested model outperforms traditional strategies for multi-class categorization of various illnesses.

Multi-Layered Non-Local Bayes Model for Lung Cancer Early Diagnosis Prediction with the Internet of Medical Things.

The Internet of Things (IoT) has been influential in predicting major diseases in current practice. The deep learning (DL) technique is vital in monitoring and controlling the functioning of the healthcare system and ensuring an effective decision-making process. In this study, we aimed to develop a framework implementing the IoT and DL to identify lung cancer. The accurate and efficient prediction of disease is a challenging task. The proposed model deploys a DL process with a multi-layered non-local Bayes (NL Bayes) model to manage the process of early diagnosis. The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) could be useful in determining factors that could enable the effective sorting of quality values through the use of sensors and image processing techniques. We studied the proposed model by analyzing its results with regard to specific attributes such as accuracy, quality, and system process efficiency. In this study, we aimed to overcome problems in the existing process through the practical results of a computational comparison process. The proposed model provided a low error rate (2%, 5%) and an increase in the number of instance values. The experimental results led us to conclude that the proposed model can make predictions based on images with high sensitivity and better precision values compared to other specific results. The proposed model achieved the expected accuracy (81%, 95%), the expected specificity (80%, 98%), and the expected sensitivity (80%, 99%). This model is adequate for real-time health monitoring systems in the prediction of lung cancer and can enable effective decision-making with the use of DL techniques.