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1.
Rev Neurol ; 39(10): 901-6, 2004.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15573302

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Severe traumatic brain injuries (TBI) are linked to high morbidity and mortality rates and have important individual and social costs, not only because of the high incidence of deaths they cause but also owing to the large number of individuals who are left with some kind of disability. AIMS: The purpose of this study was to analyse the epidemiological, clinical, functional and rehabilitational aspects of patients with severe TBI admitted to a brain damage unit for neurorehabilitation therapy with special emphasis on the functional outcome at discharge. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We carried out a descriptive study of patients suffering from TBI admitted to the Brain Damage Unit of the Institut Guttmann hospital between January 2000 and June 2002. We analysed epidemiological (age, sex, cause of the TBI), clinical (aetiology, initial Glasgow Coma Scale --GCS--, motor deficit, type of injury, duration of post-traumatic amnesia), functional (Glasgow Outcome Scale --GOS--, Level of Cognitive Functioning Scale --LCFS-- and Disability Rating Scale --DRS--) variables, in addition to patients' destination on discharge. RESULTS: Of a total of 174 hospitalised patients, 88.52% were cases of serious TBI, 80% of which involved males, with a mean age of 29.72 years (standard deviation: 12.63), and an average of 99.28 days' hospitalisation (standard deviation: 60.72). Road accidents were the chief cause of the TBI (78%). The most frequent neurological injuries were parenchymatous (68.05%), followed by subarachnoid haemorrhages (40.58%). 87.58% of the patients presented TBI-related complications. Functional improvement at discharge was statistically significant (p < 0.001) as regards the GOS, LCFS and DSR scales, and 87.5% of the patients were able to reintegrate into their home life. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the severity of the sequelae left by serious TBI, the functional outcome at discharge, associated with the high rate of reintegration into home life, justifies admission of these patients to a brain damage unit for neurorehabilitation therapy.


Assuntos
Lesões Encefálicas/patologia , Lesões Encefálicas/reabilitação , Unidades Hospitalares , Alta do Paciente , Reabilitação Vocacional , Adolescente , Adulto , Lesões Encefálicas/epidemiologia , Lesões Encefálicas/mortalidade , Feminino , Seguimentos , Escala de Coma de Glasgow , Escala de Resultado de Glasgow , Humanos , Masculino , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Avaliação de Resultados em Cuidados de Saúde , Recuperação de Função Fisiológica , Estudos Retrospectivos , Resultado do Tratamento
2.
Rev Neurol ; 39(8): 707-10, 2004.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15514895

RESUMO

AIMS: The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of the clinical and videofluoroscopic (VDF) symptoms of oropharyngeal dysphagia in patients with multiple sclerosis, and to describe its therapeutic management. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We studied 23 patients suffering from multiple sclerosis to evaluate the characteristics of the disease, the VDF exploration of swallowing and therapeutic strategies. The VDF exploration enables us to define the VDF symptoms that assess the safety and efficiency of swallowing for the oral and pharyngeal phases. The therapeutic strategies include: changes in the characteristics of the diet, changes of posture and active manoeuvres. RESULTS: The patients studied presented a mean EDSS score 7.4 (4-9). There were alterations in swallowing efficiency and/or safety in more than 80% of the patients. In 52% there was some change in the swallowing safety. 40% of them were silent aspirators. All these patients were fed orally without any complications, in 78% the volume of the bolus has been modified and changes have taken place in the consistency (thickening for liquids); in 43%, moreover, postural strategies were employed and active manoeuvres (supraglottic swallow) were introduced in 13% in order to improve swallowing safety. CONCLUSIONS: There is a high prevalence of clinical and VDF symptoms of oropharyngeal dysphagia in patients with advanced multiple sclerosis. VDF enables us to diagnose the pathophysiological mechanism of aspiration and the existence of silent aspirators, and helps us to introduce specific therapeutic interventions for each patient, thereby achieving safe and efficient swallowing, while prolonging oral feeding.


Assuntos
Transtornos de Deglutição , Esfíncter Esofágico Superior/fisiologia , Esclerose Múltipla/complicações , Orofaringe/fisiologia , Administração Oral , Adulto , Transtornos de Deglutição/epidemiologia , Transtornos de Deglutição/etiologia , Transtornos de Deglutição/fisiopatologia , Transtornos de Deglutição/terapia , Dietoterapia , Feminino , Fluoroscopia/métodos , Humanos , Inalação , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Orofaringe/anatomia & histologia , Postura , Fatores de Risco , Gravação de Videoteipe
3.
Rev. neurol. (Ed. impr.) ; 39(8): 707-710, 16 oct., 2004. ilus, graf
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-36323

RESUMO

Objetivo. El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar la prevalencia de los síntomas clínicos y videofluoroscópicos (VDF) de disfagia orofaríngea en pacientes con esclerosis múltiple, y describir su manejo terapéutico. Pacientes y métodos. Se han estudiado 23 pacientes afectados de esclerosis múltiple, y se han evaluado las características de la enfermedad, la exploración VDF de la deglución y las estrategias terapéuticas. Con la exploración VDF se definen los síntomas VDF, que evalúan la seguridad y la eficacia de la deglución para las fases oral y faríngea. Las estrategias terapéuticas incluyen: cambios en las características de la dieta, cambios posturales y maniobras activas. Resultados. Los pacientes estudiados presentan una puntuación media en el EDSS de 7,4 (4-9). Se obtiene una alteración en la eficacia y/o la seguridad de la deglución en más del 80 por ciento de los pacientes. En el 52 por ciento existe una alteración en la seguridad de la deglución. El 40 por ciento es aspirador silente. Todos estos pacientes mantienen la alimentación por vía oral sin complicaciones. En el 78 por ciento se ha modificado el volumen del bolo y se han efectuado cambios en la consistencia (espesante para los líquidos); en el 43 por ciento, además, se han utilizado estrategias posturales, y en el 13 por ciento se han introducido maniobras activas (deglución supraglótica) para mejorar la seguridad de la deglución. Conclusión. Existe una elevada prevalencia de los síntomas clínicos y VDF de la disfagia orofaríngea en los pacientes con esclerosis múltiple avanzada. La VDF permite diagnosticar el mecanismo fisiopatológico de la aspiración y la existencia de aspiradores silentes, y nos ayuda a introducir intervenciones terapéuticas específicas para cada paciente, y conseguir así una deglución segura y eficaz, con lo que se prolonga la alimentación por vía oral (AU)


Aims. The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of the clinical and videofluoroscopic (VDF) symptoms of oropharyngeal dysphagia in patients with multiple sclerosis, and to describe its therapeutic management. Patients and methods. We studied 23 patients suffering from multiple sclerosis to evaluate the characteristics of the disease, the VDF exploration of swallowing and therapeutic strategies. The VDF exploration enables us to define the VDF symptoms that assess the safety and efficiency of swallowing for the oral and pharyngeal phases. The therapeutic strategies include: changes in the characteristics of the diet, changes of posture and active manoeuvres. Results. The patients studied presented a mean EDSS score 7.4 (4-9). There were alterations in swallowing efficiency and/or safety in more than 80% of the patients. In 52% there was some change in the swallowing safety. 40% of them were silent aspirators. All these patients were fed orally without any complications, in 78% the volume of the bolus has been modified and changes have taken place in the consistency (thickening for liquids); in 43%, moreover, postural strategies were employed and active manoeuvres (supraglottic swallow) were introduced in 13% in order to improve swallowing safety. Conclusions. There is a high prevalence of clinical and VDF symptoms of oropharyngeal dysphagia in patients with advanced multiple sclerosis. VDF enables us to diagnose the pathophysiological mechanism of aspiration and the existence of silent aspirators, and helps us to introduce specific therapeutic interventions for each patient, thereby achieving safe and efficient swallowing, while prolonging oral feeding (AU)


Assuntos
Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Feminino , Adulto , Humanos , Transtornos de Deglutição , Transtornos de Deglutição , Esclerose Múltipla , Orofaringe , Postura , Gravação de Videoteipe , Inalação , Dietoterapia , Fatores de Risco , Fluoroscopia , Administração Oral , Esôfago de Barrett
4.
Angiología ; 56(5): 505-511, sept. 2004. ilus, tab
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-36103

RESUMO

Introducción. La displasia fibromuscular es una angiopatía poco común, que se presenta con mayor frecuencia en mujeres jóvenes de mediana edad. Consiste en cambios histológicos heterogéneos que conducen finalmente a un estrechamiento arterial. Las manifestaciones clínicas dependen del vaso afectado; la hipertensión (afectación de las arterias renales) y el accidente vascular cerebral (afectación de las carótidas) son las más comunes. Se ha publicado poco en los últimos años acerca de este proceso. Caso clínico. Mujer de 30 años, con un infarto extenso de la arteria cerebral media derecha por oclusión de la carótida interna. La arteriografía evidenció la disección de los cuatro troncos supraórticos, junto con alteraciones de la arteria renal. La edad de la paciente y la afectación de las cuatro arterias cerebrales con estenosis irregulares hicieron pensar, como primera opción diagnóstica, en una displasia fibromuscular (DFM). Se adoptó una actitud conservadora ante las lesiones vasculares y se realizó un tratamiento rehabilitador de los déficit neurológicos. Discusión. La DFM cefálica puede ser asintomática, y se diagnostica de manera casual. La presentación clínica habitual es la de un ictus isquémico en relación con la estenosis u obstrucción arterial o un tromboembolismo arterioarterial. La arteriografía o la angiorresonancia magnética son útiles para el diagnóstico; es característica la afectación de diversos vasos supraaórticos. Pese a los buenos resultados que muestra la angioplastia transluminal percutánea, se requieren estudios prospectivos que determinen el tratamiento óptimo de esta patología (AU)


Assuntos
Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/etiologia , Displasia Fibromuscular/complicações , Isquemia Encefálica/etiologia , Estenose das Carótidas , Inibidores da Agregação Plaquetária/administração & dosagem , Anticoagulantes/administração & dosagem
5.
Rev Neurol ; 38(1): 34-7, 2004.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-14730488

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Fibromuscular dysplasia is an infrequent angiopathy that occurs more often in young women. It consists in a series of heterogeneous histological changes that finally lead to the narrowing of arteries. Clinical manifestations depend on the vessel involved, but high blood pressure (renal artery involvement) and stroke (carotid artery involvement) are the most common. Little has been published about this process in recent years. CASE REPORT: A 30-year-old female with extensive infarction of the right middle cerebral artery caused by obstruction of the internal carotid artery. Arteriographical examination revealed the dissection of the four supra-aortic trunks together with alterations to the renal artery. The patient's age and the involvement of the four cerebral arteries with irregular stenoses led us to consider a fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) as the first diagnostic option. A conservative attitude was adopted towards the vascular lesions and therapy was carried out with a view to rehabilitating the neurological deficits. DISCUSSION: Brain FMD can be asymptomatic and is often diagnosed by chance. The usual clinical presentation is a stenosis-related ischemic stroke, arterial obstruction or arterio-arterial thromboembolism. Arteriography or magnetic resonance angiography are useful for diagnosis; the involvement of different supra-aortic vessels is characteristic. Despite the good results shown by percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, there is still a need for prospective studies that determine the optimal treatment for this pathology.


Assuntos
Isquemia Encefálica/etiologia , Displasia Fibromuscular/complicações , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/etiologia , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos
6.
Rev. neurol. (Ed. impr.) ; 38(1): 34-37, 1 ene., 2004. ilus, tab
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-29433

RESUMO

Introducción. La displasia fibromuscular es una angiopatía poco común, que se presenta con mayor frecuencia en mujeres jóvenes de mediana edad. Consiste en cambios histológicos heterogéneos que conducen finalmente a un estrechamiento arterial. Las manifestaciones clínicas dependen del vaso afectado; la hipertensión (afectación de las arterias renales) y el accidente vascular cerebral (afectación de las carótidas) son las más comunes. Se ha publicado poco en los últimos años acerca de este proceso. Caso clínico. Mujer de 30 años, con un infarto extenso de la arteria cerebral media derecha por oclusión de la carótida interna. La arteriografía evidenció la disección de los cuatro troncos supraórticos, junto con alteraciones de la arteria renal. La edad de la paciente y la afectación de las cuatro arterias cerebrales con estenosis irregulares hicieron pensar, como primera opción diagnóstica, en una displasia fibromuscular (DFM). Se adoptó una actitud conservadora ante las lesiones vasculares y se realizó un tratamiento rehabilitador de los déficit neurológicos. Discusión. La DFM cefálica puede ser asintomática, y se diagnostica de manera casual. La presentación clínica habitual es la de un ictus isquémico en relación con la estenosis u obstrucción arterial o un tromboembolismo arterioarterial. La arteriografía o la angiorresonancia magnética son útiles para el diagnóstico; es característica la afectación de diversos vasos supraaórticos. Pese a los buenos resultados que muestra la angioplastia transluminal percutánea, se requieren estudios prospectivos que determinen el tratamiento óptimo de esta patología (AU)


Introduction. Fibromuscular dysplasia is an infrequent angiopathy that occurs more often in young women. It consists in a series of heterogeneous histological changes that finally lead to the narrowing of arteries. Clinical manifestations depend on the vessel involved, but high blood pressure (renal artery involvement) and stroke (carotid artery involvement) are the most common. Little has been published about this process in recent years. Case report. A 30-year-old female with extensive infarction of the right middle cerebral artery caused by obstruction of the internal carotid artery. Arteriographical examination revealed the dissection of the four supra-aortic trunks together with alterations to the renal artery. The patient’s age and the involvement of the four cerebral arteries with irregular stenoses led us to consider a fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) as the first diagnostic option. A conservative attitude was adopted towards the vascular lesions and therapy was carried out with a view to rehabilitating the neurological deficits. Discussion. Brain FMD can be asymptomatic and is often diagnosed by chance. The usual clinical presentation is a stenosis-related ischemic stroke, arterial obstruction or arterio-arterial thromboembolism. Arteriography or magnetic resonance angiography are useful for diagnosis; the involvement of different supra-aortic vessels is characteristic. Despite the good results shown by percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, there is still a need for prospective studies that determine the optimal treatment for this pathology (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Adulto , Acidente Vascular Cerebral , Displasia Fibromuscular , Isquemia Encefálica
7.
Rev Neurol ; 35(4): 362-6, 2002.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12235569

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To review the bibliography indexed in MEDLINE so as to assess and/or compare the usefulness and indications of dopaminergic drugs in both cognitive and motor disorders due to head injuries (traumatic brain injury). DEVELOPMENT: Lesions due to head injuries cause both focal and diffuse cerebral damage which lead to neuropsychological and motor deficit. It is clear that motor alterations cause major physical disability, but neuropsychological alterations affect cognitive behaviour and emotional aspects which are very disabling and seriously affect both the patient and his family and also his return to social, family and working life. There is a wide range of drugs available to assist in the improvement or recovery of the patient. Some of the most important of these drugs are the dopaminergic agents, due to the importance of dopamine for proper frontal cerebral area function. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the indications for the use of dopaminergeric drugs when trying to improve or accelerate recovery from cognitive deficits in patients with traumatic cerebral damage. However, it is important to note that, in view of the complexity of cognitive function and the mechanisms of their recovery, it will be necessary to make randomized, double blind, prospective studies with a control group (if possible) so as to determine the real part played by these drugs in the recovery process of patients with traumatic brain damage.


Assuntos
Lesões Encefálicas/tratamento farmacológico , Dopaminérgicos/uso terapêutico , Amantadina/uso terapêutico , Benzofenonas/uso terapêutico , Benzotiazóis , Lesões Encefálicas/complicações , Bromocriptina/uso terapêutico , Carbidopa/uso terapêutico , Catecóis/uso terapêutico , Transtornos Cognitivos/tratamento farmacológico , Transtornos Cognitivos/etiologia , Humanos , Indóis/uso terapêutico , Levodopa/uso terapêutico , Nitrilas , Nitrofenóis , Pramipexol , Selegilina/uso terapêutico , Tiazóis/uso terapêutico , Tolcapona
8.
Rev. neurol. (Ed. impr.) ; 35(4): 362-366, 16 ago., 2002.
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-22119

RESUMO

Objetivo. Realizar una revisión bibliográfica de los artículos indexados en MEDLINE, con el fin de valorar y contrastar la utilidad e indicaciones de los fármacos dopaminérgicos en los trastornos, tanto cognitivos como motores, derivados del traumatismo craneoencefálico (TCE). Desarrollo. Las lesiones producidas por el TCE oca sionan daños cerebrales, tanto focales como difusos, que se traducen principalmente en déficit neuropsicológicos y motores. Es evidente que las alteraciones motoras provocan importantes discapacidades físicas, pero las alteraciones neuropsicológicas afectan a aspectos cognitivos, conductuales y emocionales, que son altamente discapacitantes y que tienen un importante impacto, tanto en el mismo afectado como en su familia, así como en su reinserción sociofamiliar y laboral. Para el manejo de estos déficit disponemos de un arsenal farmacológico, que puede contribuir a la mejoría o recuperación del paciente. De este grupo de neurofármacos cabe destacar los fármacos dopaminérgicos, con la importante base de la dopamina en el correcto funcionamiento de las áreas cerebrales frontales. Conclusiones. Este trabajo confirma las indicaciones que el uso de fármacos dopaminérgicos tiene a la hora de intentar mejorar o acelerar la recuperación de los déficit cognitivos en pacientes con daño cerebral de origen traumático. Sin embargo, es importante destacar que, dada la complejidad de las funciones cognitivas y de sus mecanismos de recuperación, sería preciso la realización de estudios prospectivos, aleatorios, a doble-ciego y, a ser posible, con grupo control, para poder determinar el auténtico papel que desempeñan estos fármacos en el proceso de recuperación de los pacientes con daño cerebral de origen traumático (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Selegilina , Tiazóis , Dopaminérgicos , Benzofenonas , Bromocriptina , Carbidopa , Catecóis , Transtornos Cognitivos , Amantadina , Indóis , Levodopa , Lesões Encefálicas Traumáticas
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