Metabolic syndrome and its association with physical activity in Sudanese early adolescents - Khartoum state, Sudan: An observational study.

The growing prevalence of overweight/obesity in adolescents highlights the significance of studying metabolic syndrome (MetS) in increasingly sedentary adolescents. To date, no study in Sudan has examined the association between MetS and physical activity (PA) among adolescents. This study aimed to assess the association between MetS and its components and PA among Sudanese early adolescents. A cross-sectional assessment was conducted from to 2018 to 2019 on a sample of 921 primary school students from Khartoum State, Republic of Sudan. MetS was defined according to the International Diabetes Federation criteria and a standardized questionnaire was used to assess PA. Metabolic equivalents of task were calculated, and levels of different intensities of PA (tertiles) were identified accordingly. The association between PA and MetS and its components was assessed using a logistic regression model. The participants comprised 388 boys and 533 girls with a mean age of 12.59 ±â€…1.21 years. The prevalence of MetS was significantly higher in subjects in the 1st PA tertile (least active) than in the 2nd and 3rd (most active) tertiles of PA, and this difference was observed in both boys and girls. After adjusting for other study factors, the odds of MetS among adolescents in the 1st PA tertile were 7 times higher than those in the highest PA tertile (adjusted odds ratio = 7.01, 95% confidence interval: 1.48, 32.99). A physically inactive lifestyle was associated with higher odds of MetS and its components, especially waist circumference and triglyceride levels, in Sudanese early adolescents. This study highlights the importance of promoting PA in this age group.

Copolymerization of ß-Butyrolactones into Functionalized Polyhydroxyalkanoates Using Aluminum Catalysts: Influence of the Initiator in the Ring-Opening Polymerization Mechanism.

Within bioplastics, natural poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) stands out as fully biocompatible and biodegradable, even in marine environments; however, its high isotacticity and crystallinity limits its mechanical properties and hence its applications. PHB can also be synthesized with different tacticities via a catalytic ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of rac-ß-butyrolactone (BBL), paving the way to PHB with better thermomechanical and processability properties. In this work, the catalyst family is extended based on aluminum phenoxy-imine methyl catalyst [AlMeL2], that reveals efficient in the ROP of BBL, to the halogeno analogous complex [AlClL2]. As well, the impact on the ROP mechanism of different initiators is further explored with a particular focus in dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), a hardly studied initiator for the ROP of BBL. A thorough mechanistic study is performed that evidences the presence of two concomitant DMAP-mediated mechanisms, that lead to either a DMAP or a crotonate end-capping group. Besides, in order to increase the possibilities of PHB post-polymerization functionalization, the introduction of a side-chain functionality is explored, establishing the copolymerization of BBL with ß-allyloxymethylene propiolactone (BPLOAll), resulting in well-defined P(BBL-co-BPLOAll) copolymers.

Behavioral assessment of intrinsically formed smart concrete using steel fibre and carbon black composite.

In recent years, health monitoring consists of the periodic observation and analysis of existing systems to predict and avoid structural breakdown, thereby saving lives and significantly lowering the cost of structural maintenance and repair. Normally, non-destructive testing techniques and sensor technology are used to detect damage in concrete structures are expensive in nature. Self-diagnosing or smart concrete has emerged a new paradigm in concrete research for damage detection. Smart concrete was cast by blending functional fillers such as carbon black, and steel fibers with concrete to improve the performance. Under various load conditions, the mechanical properties of the proposed smart concrete were examined. The electrical resistance of smart concrete was measured using the Four Probe Method and the Arduino UNO software. SEM and XRD were used to investigate the microstructures of intrinsically smart concrete. Thermogravimetric analysis was employed as a Non-Destructive Testing method to observe the hydration process. Furthermore, the obtained data were linked with the electrical resistivity of the smart concrete to assess corrosion damage. The electrical resistivity method is also an economical method and effective method to monitor the rate of corrosion.

Beyond Acculturation: Health and Immigrants' Social Integration in the United States.

Immigrants typically have more favorable health outcomes than their U.S.-born counterparts of the same race-ethnicity. However, little is known about how race-ethnicity and region of birth moderate the health outcomes of different immigrant groups as their tenure of U.S. residence increases. We study the association between time spent in the United States and health outcomes among non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic White, Asian, and Hispanic immigrants using National Health Interview Survey data. Although all immigrant groups initially report better health outcomes than their U.S.-born counterparts, the association between U.S. tenure and reported health outcomes varies among immigrants by race-ethnicity and region of birth. Black immigrants have the worst hypertension profiles, and Black and Hispanic immigrants have the worst obesity profiles. The results suggest that acculturation cannot fully explain racial-ethnic differences in the association between U.S. tenure and health outcomes. We advance a more complete sociological theory of immigrant integration to better explain disparate immigrant health profiles.

Assessing Nutritional Anemia Among University Students in Jazan, Saudi Arabia: A Public Health Perspective.

Background: Nutritional anemia is a significant public health concern worldwide, particularly affecting young adults and children in Saudi Arabia, where inadequate nutrition is considered a primary contributing factor. This study aims to (i) examine the levels of serum iron, folate, and vitamin B12 in young adult students, with a focus on identifying any deficiencies and their association with anemia; (ii) explore the prevalence of mixed-deficiency anemia resulting from deficiencies in serum iron, folate, and vitamin B12 (iii) explore how sociodemographic characteristics and dietary habits influence serum iron, folate, and vitamin B12 levels. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study encompassed 158 young adult students at Jazan University, Saudi Arabia. Blood samples were collected following a comprehensive questionnaire addressing sociodemographic and health characteristics. These samples were analyzed for complete blood count, serum iron, folate, and vitamin B12 levels. Results: The findings of this study revealed a significant decrease in serum iron levels, with 70.6% of males and 88% in females exhibiting reduced level. Additionally, low levels of folate were observed in 4% of the study population, while deficiency in vitamin B12 was found in 2.2% of the study population. However, the simultaneous presence of low serum iron levels along with deficiencies in folate or vitamin B12 was not observed in the study participants. Conclusion: The study indicates that there is a high incidence of low serum iron and ferritin levels among university students in Saudi Arabia, which poses a considerable public health concern. Conversely, the prevalence of folate and vitamin B12 deficiencies among the students was comparatively low, and notably, there were no cases where these deficiencies were observed alongside iron deficiency.

The Prevalence of Lewis, Lutheran, and P1 Antigens and Phenotypes in Southwestern Saudi Arabia.

BACKGROUND: Inherited hemoglobinopathies are common in Jazan Province, Saudi Arabia, and some patients may frequently require a blood transfusion. Therefore, the provision of compatible units using extended phenotypes is necessary to preclude the risk of alloimmunization. This study aimed to investigate the frequencies of the Lewis (LE), Lutheran (LU), and P1 antigens, as well as determine the prevalence of LE and LU phenotypes. METHODS: This study collected 150 blood samples from Saudi Arabian anonymous volunteering blood donors at Prince Muhammed bin Nasser Hospital in Jazan Province, Saudi Arabia. Serotyping was performed using antigen profile-II based on gel card technology to determine LE, LU, and P1 antigens. RESULTS: The prevalence of antigens was as follows: Lea (n = 37, 24.6%), Leb (n = 87, 58%), Lua (n = 6, 4%), Lub (n = 150, 100%), and P1 (n = 120, 80%). Regarding the LE phenotypes, Le (a+b-) was 24.7%, Le (a-b+) was 58%, and Le (a-b-) was 17.3%. The frequencies of only observed LU phenotypes Lu (a-b+) and Lu (a+b+) were 96% and 4%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, this study reports LE, LU, and P1 antigen prevalence. Moreover, LE and LU phenotype frequencies were investigated. This study may help establish a national database of blood group antigens in Jazan Province, Saudi Arabia. Additionally, it may provide better transfusion practice to avoid the alloimmunization risk.

Dietary patterns and their associations with glycemic control among type 2 diabetic patients in Jazan, Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study.

Diabetes is an important global health concern. According to the World Health Organization, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) has 2.8 to 4.3 million diabetic patients between the ages of 27 to 60 in the year 2022. Medical nutrition therapy an essential component of diabetes management, helps improve diabetes outcomes by assisting patients in achieving a target glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level of <7. This study aimed to describe the pattern of food consumption in the study population and determine its association with glycemic control. This was a cross-sectional study among health facility attendees at the Endocrinology and Diabetes Center (EDC) in Jazan, KSA. A total of 315 patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) were enrolled using a systematic random sampling technique. Sociodemographic and dietary habit information gathered through face-to-face interviews, anthropometric measurements, and HbA1c were collected from medical records. Participants were mostly females (55.6%), and more than half of them were above 50 years of age. More than 90% of the patients had poor HbA1c levels, and 2-thirds of the patients were overweight and obese (43.8% and 37.1%, respectively). The most consumed foods were bread (8 times/week) and coffee/tea and vegetables (7 times per week), and the least consumed was soda beverages (once/week). Multivariate logistic regression revealed that the consumption of fruits (consumed 5 times/week) significantly decreased HbA1c, while the consumption of pastries/pizza (consumed twice/week) significantly increased it. The pattern of consumption of fruits and vegetables in the study population conformed to the recommended levels, and that of fruits showed a statistically significant association with the control of HbA1c. Another food item that has a significant negative effect on HbA1c is pastries/pizza. Further studies that include more potentially confounding variables, such as treatment type, are needed.

Sleep Duration and Metabolic Syndrome among Early Adolescents-A Cross-Sectional Study in Khartoum State, Sudan.

Numerous studies have reported that sleep disorders are linked to poor health outcomes. However, studies on these associations in children and adolescents in an African context are limited. The aim of the present study was to analyze the relationship between sleep duration and the presence of metabolic syndrome among early adolescents in Sudan. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on participants aged 10-15 years in Khartoum State, Sudan. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) was diagnosed by increased waist circumference and the presence of two or more metabolic abnormalities (triglycerides [TG], high-density lipoproteins [HDL-C], blood pressure [BP], and fasting plasma glucose [FBG]). Short sleep duration was defined based on National Sleep Foundation (NSF) classification. Data were collected by physical examinations, biochemical analyses, and self-developed standardized questionnaires. Data were analyzed with IBM SPSS Statistics Version 24. A generalized additive model (GAM) was used for the smoothing function between sleep duration and MetS. p < 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: The prevalence of MetS and short sleep among early adolescents aged 10-15 years in Sudan was 2.3% and 55.0%, respectively. A higher prevalence of short sleep was found among overweight and obese participants (p < 0.05). The prevalence of MetS among short sleepers was 2.8%. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that male short sleepers had higher odds of having MetS compared to female short sleepers. The relationship between short sleep and low HDL-C in boys and between short sleep and high TG in girls was statistically significant. The highest risk of MetS was observed at less than 6.5 h of sleep per night. Conclusions: Short sleep duration was significantly associated with overweight/obesity in the total population and with low HDL-C in boys and high triglycerides in girls. A nonlinear curve pattern was observed between sleep duration and prevalence of MetS. Longitudinal studies are needed to further determine the causal relationship between sleep habits and MetS and its components.

Nano-Emulsion Based Gel for Topical Delivery of an Anti-Inflammatory Drug: In vitro and in vivo Evaluation.

Introduction: Arthritic disorder is a common disease in elderly patients and the most common cause of joint dysfunction. This study aims to design Piroxicam-loaded nanoemulsion (PXM-NE) formulations to enhance the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of the drug for topical use. Methods: The nanoemulsion preparations were designed based on a high-pressure homogenization technique and were characterized for particle size (PS), poly dispersity index (Pi), zeta potential (ZP), drug content, and the selected formula was investigated for its topical analgesic activity and pharmacokinetic parameters. Results: The characterizations showed that the PS was 310.20±19.84 nm, Pi was 0.15±0.02, and ZP was -15.74±1.6 mV for the selected formula. A morphology study showed that the PXM-NE droplets were spherical with a uniform size distribution. The in vitro release study showed a biphasic release pattern with a rapid release within the first 2 hours followed by a sustained release pattern. The analgesic activity for optimal formula was 1.66 times higher than the commercial gel with a double duration of analgesic activity. The Cmax was 45.73±9.95 and 28.48±6.44 ng/mL for the gel form of the selected formula and the commercial gel respectively. The relevant bioavailability of the selected formula was 2.41 higher than the commercial gel. Conclusion: The results showed good physicochemical properties, higher bioavailability, and a longer analgesic effect of PXM from nanoemulsion gel, as compared to the commercial product.

Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome among Early Adolescents in Khartoum State, Sudan.

BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is rapidly increasing in prevalence with rising childhood obesity and sedentary lifestyles worldwide. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of MetS and its components among Sudanese early adolescents in Khartoum State. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at primary schools in Khartoum State. A questionnaire was administered to assess the sociodemographic characteristics of the participants. Anthropometric, blood pressure, and biochemical measurements were taken. RESULTS: In total, 921 students, boys and girls aged 10-15 years old, participated in the study. The mean age of the participants was 12.59 ± 1.21 years. The overall prevalence rate of MetS was 2.3% using International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria. MetS was significantly more prevalent among boys than girls (3.4% vs. 1.5%). Obese adolescents had higher MetS prevalence than those who were overweight (14.9 vs. 2.8, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Boys had a significantly higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome than girls. Early adolescents from Sudan who are obese had more risk factors for MetS than those who are normal weight or overweight. It is important to address the causes of increased risk for MetS early in life to prevent the development of the disease in adult life.

The association between preventive health and outpatient spending and life expectancy by income quartile.

BACKGROUND: To describe the relationship between longevity and local access to preventive healthcare at the county level. METHODS: We used Medicare outpatient reimbursement data from the 2010 Dartmouth Health Atlas and longevity data from Chetty et al. (2016) to identify the cross-sectional associations between county longevity, access to outpatient care, and the quality of primary care. RESULTS: We find that the cost of outpatient care is inversely correlated with area life expectancy for individuals in the bottom income quartile. Much of this correlation is driven by men in the bottom income quartile. We also find that disaggregating a preventive care index produces significant relationships between components of the index and longevity where none were previously found. CONCLUSIONS: These results counter prior assertions that local health costs are not associated with life expectancy. Additionally, the results also suggest that the local cost of outpatient care and the quality of that care may influence the longevity of low-income populations, especially for low-income men.

Factor analysis - Eating patterns among khat chewers.

Objectives: Khat is a green leafy plant that grows in many countries, including in the southwest of Saudi Arabia. It is estimated that one third of the people in Jazan chew khat, and the majority are males. The objective of this study was to identify the dietary patterns among khat-chewing students of Jazan University. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive analytical study was conducted at Jazan University. A total of 620 khat-chewing students participated in the study. Food intakes were collected through a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Dietary patterns were assessed by exploratory factor analysis based on the intake of the 17 food groups. A principal component analysis for factor extraction followed by varimax rotation was used. Results: Based on the Kaiser criterion and the scree plot, factor analysis identified three patterns that accounted for 70.2% of the variability within the sample. The first factor (starch) was characterized by rice, bread, pizza, potato, traditional food, burger, snacks, and hot drinks. The second factor (meat products/fruit) included meat products, poultry, fish, cool drinks, and fruit. The third factor (dairy products/vegetables) included dairy, low-fat and fat-free dairy, fat, and vegetables. Conclusion: The present study identified dietary patterns among khat-chewing students via factor analysis. It is now important to identify a correlation between specific patterns and health status to implement dietary interventions.

Noise levels encountered in university dental clinics during different specialty treatments.

BACKGROUND: Noise levels encountered during the dental treatments in different departments have deleterious effects on the ears of dental healthcare providers and there is scarcity of data in the literature in Saudi Arabia. Hence, the aim of the study was to determine the noise levels resulting from the usage of different specialty instruments and equipment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted to measure the level of noise produced by different specialty instruments and equipment within the dental clinics of the College of Dentistry, Riyadh Elm University (REU), Riyadh. The noise produced during the restorative treatments, endodontics and prosthodontics was recorded objectively using a decibel (dB) meter placed at a distance of 30 cm from the operator's ear. Mean noise levels were calculated and compared among the various specialty treatments using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Furthermore, Tukey's test was applied to perform a pairwise comparison between the groups. RESULTS: An overall noise of 73.83 ± 4.39 dB was found to be generated within the dental clinical setting. A highest sound level of 79.44 ± 2.10 dB was observed during restorative treatment followed by 74.14 ± 3.08, 73.22 ± 1.93, 71.39 ± 3.37 and 70.97 ± 4.70 dB for endodontic, periodontal, and prosthodontic treatments, respectively. A statistically significant difference was observed in the noise levels produced from the different specialty treatments (P = 0.000). CONCLUSION: The greatest noise level was recorded with the use of the amalgamator in restorative dental treatment. It was inferred that the noise emanating from all the specialty dental treatments was below the hazardous levels. Long-term exposure may, however, have adverse effects on auditory as well as general health.

Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding antibiotic use and resistance among community pharmacists: a cross sectional study in Jordan.

Background Antibiotic resistance is a global threat and burden on healthcare systems. One major factor contributing to this problem is inappropriate use of antibiotics, which comprises suboptimal use, misuse, abuse, and dispensing errors. Another important factor is dispensing antibiotics without medical prescription. Many studies considered pharmacists as healthcare providers accountable for this malpractice. Objectives To investigate community pharmacists' knowledge, attitudes, and practices in relation to antibiotic dispensing, antibiotic resistance and antibiotic stewardship. Setting Community pharmacists selected from different areas in Amman/Jordan. Subjects were selected based on their availability and accessibility. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional survey of community pharmacists was conducted between May to October 2019, using a structured, validated, and pilot-tested questionnaire. A four-part systematic survey consisting of biography, knowledge, practice and attitude domains was used. Main outcome measure community pharmacist knowledge, practices and attitudes regarding antibiotic use and resistance. Results Of 150 community pharmacists approached, 114 completed and returned the questionnaire (response rate 76%). More than 83.3% perceived antimicrobial resistance as a global problem. A substantial percentage (59.7%) educate patients about issues of inappropriate antibiotics use. Almost half the participants (44.7%) agreed that implementing antimicrobial stewardship would result in better outcomes. Conclusion It is crucial to improve the curriculum in schools of pharmacy, emphasizing on interprofessional education and developing customized interventions. Regulations on dispensing antibiotics without prescription should be enforced. Policy makers need to implement antimicrobial stewardship and encourage the use of public educational interventions in community pharmacy.

Is gene panel sequencing more efficient than clinical-based gene sequencing to diagnose autoinflammatory diseases? A randomized study.

The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of the gene-panel next-generation sequencing (NGS) strategy versus the clinical-based gene Sanger sequencing for the genetic diagnosis of autoinflammatory diseases (AIDs). Secondary goals were to describe the gene and mutation distribution in AID patients and to evaluate the impact of the genetic report on the patient's medical care and treatment. Patients with AID symptoms were enrolled prospectively and randomized to two arms, NGS (n = 99) (32-55 genes) and Sanger sequencing (n = 197) (one to four genes). Genotypes were classified as 'consistent/confirmatory', 'uncertain significance' or 'non-contributory'. The proportion of patients with pathogenic genotypes concordant with the AID phenotype (consistent/confirmatory) was significantly higher with NGS than Sanger sequencing [10 of 99 (10·1%) versus eight of 197 (4·1%)]. MEFV, ADA2 and MVK were the most represented genes with a consistent/confirmed genotype, whereas MEFV, NLRP3, NOD2 and TNFRSF1A were found in the 'uncertain significance' genotypes. Six months after the genetic report was sent, 54 of 128 (42·2%) patients had received effective treatment for their symptoms; 13 of 128 (10·2%) had started treatment after the genetic study. For 59 of 128 (46%) patients, the results had an impact on their overall care, independent of sequencing group and diagnostic conclusion. Targeted NGS improved the diagnosis and global care of patients with AIDs.

Recent Advances in Metal-Mediated Stereoselective Ring-Opening Polymerization of Functional Cyclic Esters towards Well-Defined Poly(hydroxy acid)s: From Stereoselectivity to Sequence-Control.

Poly(hydroxy acid)s are a family of biocompatible and (bio)degradable polyesters with various outcomes in different domains of application. To date, poly(hydroxy acid)s are best prepared by ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of the corresponding cyclic esters. Using racemic chiral monomers featuring side-chain groups enables to access, providing a stereoselective catalyst/initiator system is implemented, stereoregular functional polymers, thereby improving their physico-chemical properties, and ultimately, widening their range of uses. Here, we highlight a few important advances in metal-mediated stereoselective ROP of cyclic esters towards the synthesis of (functional) stereoregular poly(hydroxy acid)s that have recently been disclosed, emphasizing on (functional) ß- and γ-lactones, diolide and O-carboxyanhydride (OCA) monomers and yttrium-based catalysis. Fine-tuning of the substituents flanked on the catalyst ligand enables reaching poly(hydroxy acid)s with syndiotactic and also isotactic microstructures. The stereocontrol mechanisms at work and their probable origin, relying on steric but also electronic factors imparted in particular by the ligand substituents, are discussed. Taking advantage of such stereoselective ROPs, original copoly(hydroxy acid)s with gradient or alternated patterns then become accessible from the use of mixtures of chemically different, oppositely configured enantiopure monomers.

OFF/ON switching of circularly polarized luminescence by oxophilic interaction of homochiral sulfoxide-containing o-OPEs with metal cations.

Here we describe a new class of CPL switches based on oxophilic interactions between chiral sulfoxide-containing ortho-phenylene ethynylene (o-OPE) foldamers and cationic metals. These systems represent a unique case combining high glum values (up to 0.7 × 10-2) and high quantum yields in both folded ON and unfolded OFF CPL states.

Baclofen to Prevent Relapse in Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB)-Dependent Patients: A Multicentre, Open-Label, Non-Randomized, Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) dependence is associated with a severe, potentially lethal, withdrawal syndrome and relapse rates as high as 60% within 3 months of detoxification. Baclofen has been shown to decrease self-administration of GHB in mice and reduce relapse in a case series of GHB-dependent patients. Controlled studies on the effectiveness of baclofen to prevent relapse in GHB-dependent patients are lacking. AIM: The aim of this study was to assess effectiveness of baclofen in preventing relapse in GHB-dependent patients. METHODS: This was an out-patient, multicentre, open-label, non-randomized, controlled trial in GHB-dependent patients (n = 107) in the Netherlands. Treatment as usual (TAU, n = 70) was compared with TAU plus baclofen 45-60 mg/day for 3 months (n = 37). Outcome measures were rates of lapse (any use) and relapse (using GHB on average once a week or more), based on self-report. Side effects were monitored with a baclofen side-effects questionnaire. Treatment groups were compared using Chi square analyses, with both per-protocol (PP) and intention-to-treat (ITT) analyses. RESULTS: GHB-dependent patients treated with baclofen after detoxification showed no reduced lapse rates, but reduced relapse and dropout rates, compared with patients receiving TAU only (24 vs 50%). While both ITT and PP analyses revealed similar results, the effectiveness of baclofen prescribed PP was slightly higher than in ITT analysis. Patients reported overall limited side effects, with the most frequently reported being feeling tired (28%), sleepiness (14%) and feeling depressed (14%). No serious adverse events were reported. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed potential effectiveness of baclofen in preventing relapse in patients with GHB dependence after detoxification. Though promising, future studies with longer follow-up and a randomized double-blind design should confirm these findings before recommendations for clinical practice can be made. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: Netherlands Trial Register with number NTR4528.

Detection of Lipomannan in Cattle Infected with Bovine Tuberculosis.

Early and rapid detection of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is critical to controlling the spread of this disease in cattle and other animals. In this study, we demonstrate the development of an immunoassay for the direct detection of the bovine bTB biomarker, lipomannan (LM) in serum using a waveguide-based optical biosensor. We apply an ultra-sensitive detection strategy developed by our team, termed lipoprotein capture, that exploits the pull-down of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) nanodiscs from cattle blood that allows for the recovery and detection of associated LM. We also profile the change in the expression of these TB biomarkers as a function of time from a small set of samples collected from studies of bovine TB-infected cattle. We demonstrate for the first time the direct detection of bovine LM in serum, and clearly show that the biomarker is expressed in detectable concentrations during the entire course of the infection.