Monocytes/macrophages infected with Toxoplasma gondii do not increase co-stimulatory molecules while maintaining their migratory ability.

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that is able to disseminate into deep tissues and cross biological barriers, reaching immunoprivileged sites such as the brain and retina. The parasite is able to infect macrophages and dendritic cells and use them for dispersal throughout the body, but the activation state of those cells is unknown. We investigated the ability of human and murine cells from monocytic/macrophage lineages that had not previously been exposed to inflammatory cytokines to up-regulate co-stimulatory and adhesion molecules upon infection. Toxoplasma gondii-infected human monocytes (freshly isolated and THP1 lineage) were unable to up-regulate CD86, CD83, CD40 or CD1a. CD80 expression increased in infected cells but expression of l-selectin and beta2 integrin was unaltered. We evaluated the ability of infected macrophages from wild type C57/BL/6 or CD14(-/-) mice to migrate in 8 mum transwells. Infected cells from CD14(-/-) mice were more likely to de-adhere than infected cells from wild type mice but they did not show any increase in migratory ability. The non-stimulatory profile of these infected cells may contribute to parasite spread throughout the lymphatic circulation in the initial phases of infection.

Comunidades de abelhas Euglossina (Hymenoptera, Apidae) em fragmentos de Mata Atlântica no Sudeste do Brasil / Euglossine bee (Hymenoptera, Apidae) community in Atlantic Forest fragments in southeastern Brazil

A comunidade de abelhas Euglossina foi amostrada através de armadilhas com iscas aromáticas, ao longo de 12 meses (novembro de 2004 a outubro de 2005) em cinco fragmentos de Floresta Atlântica submontana com diferentes tamanhos e níveis de degradação, na bacia do Rio São João, norte do estado do Rio de Janeiro: Reserva Biológica União (3126 ha), Andorinhas (145 ha), Imbaú (130 ha), Estreito (21 ha) e Afetiva (19 ha). Foram registrados 4094 indivíduos pertencentes a 17 espécies de três gêneros (Euglossa, Eulaema e Exaerete) nas 5 áreas. As espécies com maior abundância relativa foram Euglossa cordata (Linnaeus, 1758), Eulaema cingulata (Fabricius, 1804), Eulaema nigrita Lepeletier, 1841 e Euglossa sapphirina Moure, 1968, sendo maior a importância relativa desta última nos fragmentos menores. Dentre as espécies encontradas, Euglossa analis Westwood, 1840 é sugerida como possível indicadora de florestas mais preservadas. Na comparação entre as cinco áreas foram verificadas correlações positivas e significativas da riqueza de espécies de abelhas com o tamanho da área e da diversidade de abelhas (Hï) com a diversidade florística (Hï). Estes dados sugerem que perdas de área e qualidade de hábitat influenciam negativamente a comunidade destas abelhas, reduzindo a riqueza e diversidade de espécies. Os maiores valores de similaridade foram observados na comparação entre os fragmentos da região do Imbaú, distantes entre si por até 2 Km, sugerindo que estes não estejam isolados para as populações de Euglossina, ou que venham sofrendo igualmente os efeitos da fragmentação.

The Euglossine bee community was sampled with chemical bait traps throughout 12 months (November 2004 to October 2005) in five remnants of submontane Atlantic Forest in São João river basin, in the north of Rio de Janeiro state with different sizes and degradation levels: Reserva Biológica União (3126 ha), Andorinhas (145 ha), Imbaú (130 ha), Estreito (21 ha) e Afetiva (19 ha). 4094 individuals belonging to 17 species of three genera (Euglossa, Eulaema and Exaerete) were captured. The species with highest values of relative abundance were Euglossa cordata (Linnaeus, 1758), Eulaema cingulata (Fabricius, 1804), Eulaema nigrita Lepeletier, 1841 and Euglossa sapphirina Moure, 1968, the last one being more important in the smaller remnants. Among the collected species Euglossa analis Westwood, 1840 is suggested as possible indicator of preserved forests. Comparing the five areas, positive and significant correlations were observed, bee species richness with area size and bee diversity (H') with floristic diversity (H'). These results suggest that losses in forest size and habitat quality influence euglossine bee communities negatively by reducing the abundance and richness of species. The highest similarity values were observed in the Imbaú region remnants, distant from each other by up to 2 km, suggesting that these areas are not isolated for euglossine populations, or they have been suffering similar fragmentation effects.