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1.
Behav Sci (Basel) ; 14(7)2024 Jun 24.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39062348

RESUMO

The importance of assessing psychopathic traits in juveniles who have committed sexual offenses has been established in individuals who demonstrate a particularly severe and violent pattern of behavior. Additionally, the assessment of these traits in other juveniles might be relevant considering that higher levels of these traits represent an increased probability of the juvenile committing offenses. This study is a systematic review of the literature about the presence of callous-unemotional (CU) traits in juveniles who have committed sexual and non-sexual offenses, in order to ascertain eventual differences between these groups regarding the presence of CU traits. Studies were obtained from multiple databases, with predefined exclusion and inclusion criteria, according to PRISMA-P guidelines. A total of 18 studies were reviewed and included in the final analysis. The 18 studies used measures of CU traits and reported descriptive categories of CU traits in juveniles who have committed general offenses or juveniles who have committed sexual offenses. Meta-analytic procedures such as pooled means, pooled variances, and pooled standard deviations are presented in this study. The main conclusion obtained is that juveniles who have committed general offenses present higher levels of CU traits compared to juveniles who have committed sexual offenses. Although the review highlights limitations in the literature, the identification of these characteristics in different types of juveniles who have committed offenses is important to shed light on the phenomenon and develop interventions better suited to their characteristics. Recommendations for future research are also presented.

2.
Neuropsychology ; 37(2): 133-156, 2023 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36442005

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: Precursors of antisocial behavior in children may be associated with neuropsychological deficits, namely in executive functions (EF). The main objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to synthesize evidence of the relation between EF performance and early manifestations of antisocial behavior in children and adolescents. METHOD: The procedures of this systematic review and meta-analysis were based on the PRISMA recommendations. The review was based on a systematic search in the EBSCOhost and Pubmed databases. Fifty studies were included in this review, 37 of which contributed with data for meta-analysis. All studies examined the possible relation between the EF measures and behavior problems in childhood and adolescence. Meta-analytical procedures were performed, and the overall effect size was calculated from random-effect models, using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software. RESULTS: A substantial part of the studies report EF deficits in children and adolescents who present behavior problems, revealing that these deficits are already present in youth, long before being associated with antisocial behavior in adults, especially when in comorbidity with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Specifically, typical controls (TC) performed significantly better than disruptive behavior disorders (DBD) groups on measures of overall EF, g = -.35, 95% CI [-0.48, -0.22], p < .001. Similar results were found for working memory, g = -.26, 95% CI [-0.45, -0.07], p < .001, cognitive inhibition, g = -.30, 95% CI [-0.57, -0.04], p = .03, behavioral inhibition, g = -.45, 95% CI [-0.71, -0.19], p = .001, and cognitive flexibility (tests scores), g = -.31, 95% CI [-0.60, -0.02], p = .04. Comparing DBD + ADHD participants with TC, no significant differences were found, either for overall EF or for each dimension. Finally, DBD participants performed better than DBD + ADHD participants on measures of overall EF, g = .20, 95% CI [0.08, 0.33], p = .002. CONCLUSION: These findings are in line with neuropsychological theories arguing that executive dysfunctions may interfere with the children's and/or adolescents' ability to control their own conduct, in order to inhibit inappropriate behaviors in favor of the prosocial ones. This review and meta-analysis also identify the main characteristics and potential limitations of the existing studies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).


Assuntos
Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade , Transtornos de Deficit da Atenção e do Comportamento Disruptivo , Criança , Adulto , Adolescente , Humanos , Transtornos de Deficit da Atenção e do Comportamento Disruptivo/complicações , Função Executiva/fisiologia , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/psicologia , Memória de Curto Prazo/fisiologia , Comorbidade
3.
Clin Psychol Rev ; 94: 102145, 2022 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35349788

RESUMO

The current meta-analysis includes 477 records (N = 142,692) and comprehensively explores the complex interplay between psychopathy, antisocial behavior, and empathy. First, empathy domains (cognitive and affective) were used to dissociate antisocial behavior from psychopathy. Cognitive empathy was more impaired in antisocial groups (gcognitive = -0.43; gaffective = -0.11), while samples scoring higher in psychopathy displayed larger deficits in affective empathy (gaffective = -0.40; gcognitive = -0.22). Secondly, the specific associations between empathy domains and psychopathy dimensions were evaluated. Most effect sizes pertaining to psychopathy traits closely related to antisocial behavior were mild for both empathy domains (r = -0.03 to -0.21). Callous-affective traits were largely correlated with affective empathy (r = -0.34 to -0.46) and moderately correlated to cognitive empathy (r = -0.26 to -0.27). Diverging results were found for the interpersonal dimension, as boldness-adaptive manifestations were unrelated to cognitive empathy (r = 0.03), while non-adaptive interpersonal traits were negatively associated with both empathy domains (rcognitive = -0.16; raffective = -0.25). Overall, these findings suggest that: (1) psychopathy and antisocial behavior display distinct empathic profiles; (2) psychopathy dimensions are differentially associated with cognitive and affective empathy; (3) the interaction between interpersonal traits and empathy domains is different across the conceptual models of psychopathy.


Assuntos
Transtorno da Personalidade Antissocial , Empatia , Humanos
4.
Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry ; 27(3): 852-869, 2022 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35164538

RESUMO

Callous unemotional (CU) traits refer to specific deficits in affective experience and interpersonal style, characterized by absence of guilt, constrictive display of emotion and failure to show empathy, callous use of others for one's own gain. The Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits (ICU) was developed to measure CU traits in children and adolescents. The aim of this study was to analyze the factorial structure of the Portuguese version of teacher-report ICU for children in school age and examine psychometric properties such as internal consistency and convergent validity in a community sample. Thirty-six teachers provided behavioral ratings of 100 and 78 children of elementary school, 88 boys and 90 girls, aged between 6 and 10 years old. Confirmatory factor analyses provided further support to a 2-factor structure, comprising the following dimensions: callous and uncaring. This study showed that the ICU seems a reliable an accessible tool that can be used in the Portuguese educational context to evaluate CU traits with low time consumption.


Assuntos
Transtorno da Conduta , Adolescente , Transtorno da Personalidade Antissocial/psicologia , Criança , Transtorno da Conduta/psicologia , Emoções , Empatia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Inventário de Personalidade , Portugal , Psicometria , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes
5.
Front Psychol ; 12: 610474, 2021.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33716872

RESUMO

Sexting has been defined as sending, receiving, or forwarding sexually explicit messages, images, or photos to others through digital platforms, and can assume more consensual or more abusive and violent forms. This study aims to explore the prevalence of abusive sexting in Portuguese adolescents and the psychological characteristics of sexting abusers in terms of emotional and behavioral problems, potential markers of psychopathy, childhood trauma and maltreatment, and different forms of aggression. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 4,281 participants, aged 12-20 years (2,264 girls and 2,017 boys), of whom 204 (4.8%) engaged in abusive sexting behaviors and 182 (4.3%) self-identified as being a non-consensual sexting victim. Abusive sexting was more common among boys and middle adolescents, and abusive sexting victims were more likely to be children of single-parent families. Engaging in abusive sexting and being a victim of abusive sexting were also related to behavioral and emotional problems, callousness, experiences of neglect and abuse in childhood, and various forms of aggression. Implications for future research and intervention are discussed.

6.
Physiol Behav ; 225: 113088, 2020 10 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32707158

RESUMO

Delinquent behavior describes one of the most severe forms of antisocial and aggressive behavior, causing the highest mental health and public expenditures of problematic behavior in adolescence. Literature suggests that different concentrations of cortisol may serve as a biological marker for a severe antisocial subgroup of adolescents, although from the environmental risk factors that play a role in the development of severe delinquent and aggressive behavior, other neurobiological factors may be important. This review aims to analyze the association of cortisol levels with the development of delinquent behavior. Studies related to the topic were obtained from multiple databases, through rigorous exclusion and inclusion criteria. Only papers with empirical and quantitative methodologies from scientific and academic publications were included. Aims, methodological aspects (sample and instruments), and main conclusions were extracted from each study. Overall, the data suggest that regardless of the literature relating low cortisol levels to conduct problems and antisocial behavior, the lack of consensus in the examined studies demonstrates that more studies are needed to reveal the role of biosocial mechanisms in this hormonal-behavior link, and how these mechanisms are involved in establishing and maintaining delinquent behavior.


Assuntos
Transtorno da Personalidade Antissocial , Hidrocortisona , Adolescente , Agressão , Humanos
7.
Sex Abuse ; 32(7): 806-825, 2020 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31221049

RESUMO

Over the last decade, we have witnessed consistent advances in risk assessment procedures, namely the validation of those used with juveniles who have committed sexual offenses. The adaptation of these instruments into other languages requires research examining the conceptual and metric equivalence of the instruments, not just translation equivalence. Informed by data from 141 boys, aged 13 to 18, the psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the Juvenile Sex Offender Assessment Protocol-II (J-SOAP-II), regarding reliability and construct validation, are presented and discussed. Factor structure, internal consistency, and interrater reliability were examined, and a reliable factorial structure that was consistent with the original validation of the J-SOAP was found. Scales 2 and 3 had good internal consistency, and Scale 1 had acceptable internal consistency. Results regarding concurrent validity revealed mostly statistically significant correlations. The implications of this research for juvenile sex offender risk assessments are discussed.


Assuntos
Criminosos/psicologia , Delinquência Juvenil/psicologia , Delitos Sexuais/psicologia , Inquéritos e Questionários/normas , Adolescente , Comportamento do Adolescente/psicologia , Humanos , Masculino , Portugal , Psicometria , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Medição de Risco
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