Phase angle as a screening method for sarcopenia in community-dwelling older adults / Ângulo de fase como método de triagem para sarcopenia em idosas ativas de comunidade

ABSTRACT Objective We investigated the utility of the phase angle as a screening tool for sarcopenia. Methods We performed a cross-sectional study that included 169 active community-dwelling elderly women. The phase angle was determined using tetrapolar bioelectrical impedance, and sarcopenia was diagnosed based on skeletal muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance using bioelectrical impedance analysis, a handheld dynamometer, and the gait speed test, respectively. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to investigate the role of the phase angle as a predictor of sarcopenia. Results The prevalence of sarcopenia was 12.4%. The median phase angle was 5.30°; elderly women with sarcopenia had lower phase angles than those without sarcopenia (p=0.006). The phase angle cutoff for the detection of sarcopenia was ≤5.15°, with an area under the curve of 0.685, sensitivity 81.0%, specificity 60.8%, and accuracy 63.31%. Elderly women with a low phase angle show a high risk of presenting with reduced muscle mass. Conclusions The phase angle was shown to be a useful screening tool in elderly women with sarcopenia.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar o ângulo de fase como método de triagem para sarcopenia. Métodos Estudo transversal realizado com 169 idosas ativas de comunidade. O ângulo de fase foi obtido por bioimpedância elétrica tetrapolar e a sarcopenia foi diagnosticada a partir da massa muscular esquelética, força muscular e performance física utilizando bioimpedância elétrica, dinamometria manual e o teste de velocidade de marcha, respectivamente. A curva Receiver Operating Characteristic foi construída para avaliar o ângulo de fase como preditor de sarcopenia. Resultados A prevalência de sarcopenia foi de 12,4%. A mediana do ângulo de fase foi de 5,30°; idosas com sarcopenia apresentaram valores menores do ângulo de fase em relação às não sarcopênicas (p=0,024). O ponto de corte do ângulo de fase para identificar sarcopenia foi ≤5,15°, com área sob a curva de 0,685, sensibilidade de 81,0%, especificidade de 60,8% e acurácia de 63,31%. Observou-se que idosas com ângulo de fase reduzido apresentaram maior chance de terem massa muscular reduzida e sarcopenia. Conclusão O ângulo de fase se mostrou útil para triagem de idosas com sarcopenia.

A poorer nutritional status impacts quality of life in a sample population of elderly cancer patients.

RATIONALE: Quality of Life (QoL) is impaired in cancer, and the elderly are particularly vulnerable to malnutrition. A diagnosis of cancer in elderly patients further exacerbates risks of negative health outcomes. Here we investigated associations between QoL and nutritional status in a sample population of mostly socially deprived elderly cancer patients. METHOD: 432 cancer patients were recruited for this cross-sectional study at point of admission to a tertiary referral hospital for cancer treatment. Patient-generated subjective global assessment (PG-SGA) assessed nutritional status. Functional assessment of cancer therapy- general (FACT-G) quantified QoL. Relationship between PG-SGA and QoL was assessed by Spearman correlation. PG-SGA outcomes were compared against FACT-G scores employing Mann-Whitney test. Bivariate Linear Regression Model was employed to investigate influences of sociodemographic, clinical and nutritional status upon QoL. RESULTS: 37.5% of participants were malnourished or at risk. 39% were illiterate and 54.6% had family income lower than minimum wage. Malnourished patients showed lower FACT-G scores (76.8 vs. 84.7; p = 0.000). Poor nutritional diagnosis was inversely correlated with all QoL domains. Bivariate regression analysis showed that lower PG-SGA scores (ßo = - 1.00; p = 0.000) contributed to FACT-G score deterioration, the male gender showed better QoL scores, and other clinical and sociodemographic variables did not show relationship. CONCLUSION: Poorer nutritional status was significantly associated with worsened physical, social, emotional and functional well-being QoL domains in elderly cancer patients. Poorer nutritional status is an independent risk factor for worsened QoL. Future policies aimed at particularly vulnerable populations may improve QoL and health outcomes.

Phase angle and metabolic parameters in severely obese patients.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: obese patients present an inflammatory and metabolic profile that leads to oxidative stress and cellular damage. Phase angle is an indicator of cellular integrity and has been proposed as a prognostic parameter for changes in the metabolic profile. Objective: to investigate the possible association between phase angle and metabolic parameters in obese patients. Material and method: this was a cross-sectional study of adult obese patients who attended a specialized clinic between 2014 and 2016. All patients were ≥ 18 years of age, with a body mass index ≥ 35 kg/m2. All data were obtained from medical records and made part of the clinical protocol. Patients were divided into two groups using a cutoff point for phase angle, and the groups were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis or Chi-squared test for quantitative and categorical variables, respectively. Correlations were identified by Spearman's and Pearson's correlation analyses. All between-group differences were considered statistically significant at p ≤ 0.05. Results: a low phase angle was present in 30.5 % of the 141 patients enrolled in the study. We found an association between low phase angle and presence of hyperuricemia (p = 0.018) when adjusted for waist circumference, dysglycemia, arterial hypertension, and hyperuricemia. There was no correlation between phase angle and the components of body composition. Conclusions: there is an association of phase angle with uric acid levels, but not with other metabolic parameters.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: los pacientes obesos presentan un perfil inflamatorio y metabólico que provoca estrés oxidativo y daño celular. El ángulo de fase es un indicador de integridad celular que se ha propuesto como parámetro pronóstico de los cambios del perfil metabólico. Objetivo: investigar la posible asociación entre el ángulo de fase y los parámetros metabólicos en pacientes obesos. Material y método: este fue un estudio transversal de pacientes obesos adultos que asistieron a una clínica especializada entre 2014 y 2016. Todos los pacientes tenían ≥ 18 años de edad y un índice de masa corporal ≥ 35 kg/m2. Todos los datos se obtuvieron de los registros médicos y formaron parte del protocolo clínico. Los pacientes se dividieron en dos grupos usando un punto de corte para el ángulo de fase, y los grupos se compararon usando la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis o del chi cuadrado para las variables cuantitativas y categóricas, respectivamente. Las correlaciones se identificaron mediante el análisis de correlación de Spearman y el de Pearson. Todas las diferencias entre grupos se consideraron estadísticamente significativas si p ≤ 0.05. Resultados: se observó un ángulo de fase bajo en el 30,5 % de los 141 pacientes incluidos en el estudio. Encontramos una asociación entre el ángulo de fase bajo y la presencia de hiperuricemia (p = 0.018) cuando se ajustó para la circunferencia de la cintura, la disglucemia, la hipertensión arterial y la hiperuricemia. No hubo correlación entre el ángulo de fase y los componentes de la composición corporal. Conclusiones: el ángulo de fase presenta asociación con los niveles plasmáticos de ácido úrico pero no con otros parámetros metabólicos.

Reduction of relative handgrip strength and cardiometabolic risk in individuals with HIV/AIDS.

INTRODUCTION: Low handgrip strength (HS) is associated with cardiometabolic alterations that have affected people with HIV/AIDS. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study performed in adults receiving antiretroviral treatment. HS was evaluated using a dynamometer and divided by body weight to obtain the relative strength. The association between relative HS and overweight, increased waist circumference (WC), high body fat percentage, glycemia, and lipid ratios were assessed using logistic regression. RESULTS: Low relative HS was identified in 35% of participants and associated with increased WC (odds ratio = 9.7; 95% confidence interval = 2.8-33.0). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of low HS was high and associated with increased WC.

Reduction of relative handgrip strength and cardiometabolic risk in individuals with HIV/AIDS

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Low handgrip strength (HS) is associated with cardiometabolic alterations that have affected people with HIV/AIDS. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study performed in adults receiving antiretroviral treatment. HS was evaluated using a dynamometer and divided by body weight to obtain the relative strength. The association between relative HS and overweight, increased waist circumference (WC), high body fat percentage, glycemia, and lipid ratios were assessed using logistic regression. RESULTS: Low relative HS was identified in 35% of participants and associated with increased WC (odds ratio = 9.7; 95% confidence interval = 2.8-33.0). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of low HS was high and associated with increased WC.

Micronutrient intake in elderly living in nursing homes.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the ingestion of micronutrients in elderly living in nursing homes. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study, conducted with 216 individuals of both sexes, age equal or greater than 60 years, living in nursing homes for elderly in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Direct weighing of the food was used to get food intake, and prevalence of inadequacy was obtained using the software Multiple Source Method (MSM) and evaluated by estimated average requirement (EAR). RESULTS: A high prevalence of inadequate intake of micronutrients was observed, being over 90% for vitamins E, folate, pyridoxine and calcium, in both sexes and between 50 and 70% for selenium, retinol, riboflavin, cyanocobalamin and vitamin C. CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of inadequate intake of micronutrients in elderly living on nursing homes observed in this study may be used for planning public health strategies aiming to improve the nutritional context of this population and their quality of life, reducing the costs of health care.

Blood count parameters as a marker for metabolic syndrome in older adults.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Blood count parameters are associated with the metabolic syndrome (MS). However, few studies have evaluated the precision of blood count components to identify MS in older adults. We evaluated the accuracy of blood count components as a screening method and a marker of MS in older adults. METHODS AND RESULTS: A cross-sectional study with 203 older adults of both sexes was conducted. The following variables were used: MS as defined by harmonized criteria, hemoglobin, hematocrit, leukocytes and platelets. Area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, sensitivity (sens), specificity (spec) and logistic regression were adjusted for age and sex. Leukocyte count showed the highest Youden's index value for MS screening, with an optimal cut-off point of 7.514103/mm3 (sens: 66.7%; spec: 72.0%) for men and 5.626103/mm3 (sens: 73.1%; spec: 42.4%) for women. Older adults with leukocyte count higher than these cut-off points presented a 2.4 times greater chance of developing MS. CONCLUSION: Leukocyte count can be used as a screening indicator to identify individuals with a higher risk of developing MS. Older adults with high leukocyte count and no associated chronic diseases should receive attention, as they are individuals with a potential risk for MS.

Factors associated with sarcopenia in institutionalized elderly.

INTRODUCTION: The sarcopenia is a negative aspect for the health of the elderly, increased the risk for disease and mortality. Additionally can contributes greatly to functional reducing capacity and quality of life. OBJECTIVE: To identify the prevalence and factors associated with sarcopenia in institutionalized elderly. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study, conducted with 216 elderly people, aged ≥ 60 years, of both sexes, residents in long-term care facilities in Salvador-Bahia, Brazil. To identify sarcopenia was used the skeletal muscle Index. Covariates were considered: gender, age, time of institutionalization, type of institution, body mass index and functional capacity. The Association between sarcopenia and covariates was evaluated using the Poisson regression model with robust variance. RESULTS: The prevalence of sarcopenia in the elderly was 72.2% and this condition was associated with male sex (PR = 1,33; CI 95% = 1,081,65), thinness (PR = 1,29; CI 95% = 1,16-1,43) and obesity (PR = 0,37; CI 95% = 0,23-0,61). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of sarcopenia was high among the elderly living in long-term institutions, especially among men. Elderly with thinness showed greater impairment of muscle reserves, while the state of obesity was protective.

Factors associated with sarcopenia in institutionalized elderly / Factores asociados con la presencia de sarcopenia en ancianos institucionalizados

Introduction: The sarcopenia is a negative aspect for the health of the elderly, increased the risk for disease and mortality. Additionally can contributes greatly to functional reducing capacity and quality of life. Objective: To identify the prevalence and factors associated with sarcopenia in institutionalized elderly. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, conducted with 216 elderly people, aged ≥ 60 years, of both sexes, residents in long-term care facilities in Salvador-Bahia, Brazil. To identify sarcopenia was used the skeletal muscle Index. Covariates were considered: gender, age, time of institutionalization, type of institution, body mass index and functional capacity. The Association between sarcopenia and covariates was evaluated using the Poisson regression model with robust variance. Results: The prevalence of sarcopenia in the elderly was 72.2% and this condition was associated with male sex (PR = 1,33; CI 95% = 1,08- 1,65), thinness (PR = 1,29; CI 95% = 1,16-1,43) and obesity (PR = 0,37; CI 95% = 0,23-0,61). Conclusion: The prevalence of sarcopenia was high among the elderly living in long-term institutions, especially among men. Elderly with thinness showed greater impairment of muscle reserves, while the state of obesity was protective (AU)

Introducción: la sarcopenia es un aspecto negativo para la salud de las personas mayores, aumenta el riesgo de enfermedad y mortalidad. Además puede contribuir en gran medida a la reducción de la capacidad funcional y calidad de vida. Objetivo: identificar la prevalencia y los factores asociados con la sarcopenia en los ancianos institucionalizados. Métodos: se trata de un estudio transversal, realizado con 216 personas de edad avanzada (≥ 60 años), de ambos sexos, residentes en centros de atención a largo plazo en Salvador-Bahia, Brasil. Para identifi car la sarcopenia se utilizó el índice musculoesquelético. Se consideraron covariables: género, edad, tiempo de institucionalización, tipo de institución, índice de masa corporal y la capacidad funcional. La asociación entre la sarcopenia y covariables se evaluó utilizando el modelo de regresión de Poisson con varianza robusta. Resultados: la prevalencia de la sarcopenia en los ancianos fue de 72,2% y esta condición se asocia con el sexo masculino (RP = 1,33; IC del 95% = 1,08-1,65), la delgadez (RP = 1,29; IC del 95 % = 1,16-1,43) y la obesidad (RP = 0,37; IC del 95% = 0,23-0,61). Conclusión: la prevalencia de la sarcopenia fue alta entre los ancianos que viven en instituciones de larga duración, especialmente entre los hombres. Los ancianos con delgadez mostraron un mayor deterioro en las reservas musculares, mientras que los obesos mostraban una mayor protección muscular (AU)

Razão TG/HDL-c, indicadores antropométricos e bioquímicos de risco cardiovascular no renal crônico em tratamento conservador / TG/HDL-c reason, anthropometrics and biochemical indicators of cardiovascular risk in chronic renal in conservative treatment

Introdução: As doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) representam no Brasil a principal causa de morbimortalidade e sua prevalência cresce em todo o mundo. O paciente com doença renal crônica apresenta alto risco de desenvolvimento da doença e este risco eleva-se na presença de dislipidemia. Triglicérides (TG) elevado e lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL-c) reduzida são preditores independentes de eventos cardiometabólicos. O excesso de tecido adiposo também está envolvida com risco de DCV. Portanto a utilização de preditores do desenvolvimento de DCV, como a razão triglicerídeos/HDL colesterol (TG/HDL-c) e indicadores antropométricos de avaliação de gordura corporal são importantes na prática clínica. Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre a razão TG/HDL e indicadores antropométricos de risco cardiovascular em pacientes renais crônicos em tratamento conservador. Métodos: Estudo transversal, envolvendo 90 pacientes clinicamente estáveis atendidos ambulatorialmente. A razão TG/HDL-c foi definida de acordo com equação preestabelecida, sendo considerado risco para DCV valores >2,5 para mulheres e >3,5 para homens. Os parâmetros antropométricos utilizados foram o índice de massa corporal (IMC) e a circunferência da cintura (CC). Dados sociais, de estilo de vida, clínicos e bioquímicos também foram coletados. Na comparação entre os dois grupos (razão TG/HDL-c elevado e razão TG/HDL adequado) foi utilizado o teste t de Student para os dados paramétricos e de Mann-Whitney para os dados não paramétricos. As proporções foram comparadas pelo teste do quiquadrado. Os ajustes entre Razão TG/HDL, IMC e CC foram realizadas através da análise de regressão logística. Resultados: Da amostra avaliada, 50 pacientes (55,6%) apresentaram razão TG/HDL elevada. Pacientes com IMC e CC alterada apresentavam maior risco de DCV, avaliado através da razão TG/HDL-c. Houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os indicadores antropométricos utilizados, IMC e CC, e razão TG/HDL-c quando estratificado em elevado e adequado. Entretanto, na análise ajustada, não foi observada associação entre o IMC ou a CC e a razão TG/HDL. Conclusão: Os resultados demonstram que após ajustes com possíveis variáveis de confusão não houve associação entre os valores da razão TG / HDL-C e indicadores antropométricos de adiposidade, IMC e CC. Os resultados deste estudo levam a questionar a real influência do excesso de peso e da obesidade central na razão TG/HDL-c (AU)

Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality, and its prevalence is growing worldwide. Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at high risk of group, especially those with dyslipidemia. Triglycerides (TG) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL-c) are independent predictors of cardiovascular events. Excessive adipose tissue also increases the cardiovascular risk. Therefore, CVD predictors, such as the Triglycerides / HDL cholesterol (TG / HDL-c) ratio and the anthropometric measurements for assessing body fat are important in clinical practice. Objective: To evaluate the association between TG / HDL ratio, anthropometric measurements and the cardiovascular risk in CKD patients on dialysis. Methods: A cross-sectional study involving 90 clinically stable outpatients. The TG / HDL-c ratio was defined according to a predetermined equation, considering high CVD risk values greater than 2.5 for women and greater than 3.5 for men. The anthropometric parameters used were the body mass index (BMI) and the waist circumference (WC). Social data, lifestyle, clinical and biochemical data were also collected. Results: Fifty patients (55.6%) had a high TG / HDL ratio. Patients with abnormal BMI and WC were at a higher cardiovascular risk, as measured by the TG / HDL-c ratio. There was a statistically significant difference between the anthropometric measurements (BMI and the WC), and the TG / HDL-c ratio in the stratified analysis. However, in the adjusted analysis no association between the BMI or the WC and the TG/HDL ratio was observed. Conclusion: There was no association between the TG / HDL-C ratio and the adiposity measurements (BMI and WC) in the adjusted analysis. The results of this study question the real influence of overweight and central obesity in the TG / HDL-c ratio (AU)

Ângulo de fase e marcadores tradicionais do estado nutricional em pacientes renais crônicos antes e após a hemodiálise / Phase angle and traditional markers of nutritional status in patients with chronic renal failure before and after hemodialysis

Introdução: Na prática clínica são muitos os métodos utilizados na avaliação de pacientes em hemodiálise, a maioria com limitações. O ângulo de fase, uma variável da bioimpedância elétrica, vem se destacando como importante indicador prognóstico, mas sua relação com marcadores nutricionais é controversa. Objetivo: Avaliar a existência de correlação e concordância entre o ângulo de fase padronizado e marcadores tradicionais do estado nutricional em pacientes renais crônicos, antes e após o tratamento dialítico. Métodos: Estudo transversal com 57 pacientes em hemodiálise, de ambos os sexos, em uma unidade de tratamento dialítico, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil. Os participantes foram avaliados por antropometria, bioimpedância e dinamometria, antes e após a hemodiálise. Foram realizadas análises descritivas, teste T de Student, correlação de Pearson e concordância a partir do coeficiente Kappa. Resultados: Não houve diferença significante no período pré e pós-diálise para as variáveis: circunferência muscular do braço, força do aperto de mão e percentual de massa celular corporal. No período pré-diálise, a correlação foi positiva e fraca entre o ângulo de fase padronizado e o índice de massa corporal, a circunferência muscular do braço, a força do aperto de mão e o percentual de massa celular corporal. No período pós-diálise o percentual de massa celular corporal foi a única variável que não teve correlação estatisticamente significante. A análise de concordância entre o ângulo de fase padronizado e demais parâmetros, no período pré-diálise, mostrou concordâncias pobres ou fracas. No período pós-diálise houve discordância com a percentual de massa celular corporal e concordância moderada com a força do aperto de mão. Conclusão: O ângulo de fase padronizado apresentou correlações fracas com os indicadores antropométricos e moderada concordância com a força do aperto de mão (AU)

Introducion: In clinical practice there are many methods used to assess patients on hemodialysis, most with limitations. The phase angle, a variable of the electric bioimpedance, has been excelling as an important prognostic indicator, but its relation to nutritional markers is controversial. Objective: To evaluate the existence of correlations and concordances between the standard phase angle and traditional markers of nutritional status in patients with chronic renal failure, prior to and following dialysis treatment. Methods: A transversal study with fifty-seven hemodialysis patients, of both sexes, in a dialysis treatment unit, in Salvador, Bahia (Brazil). The participants were evaluated for anthropometry, bioimpedance, and dynamometry, before and after hemodialysis. We performed a descriptive analysis, Student’s t test, Pearson correlation and agreement from the kappa coefficient. Results: There was no significant difference between the pre- and post-dialysis period for the following variables: muscular circumference of the arm, handgrip force, and percentage of cellular body mass. In the pre-dialysis period, the correlation was positive and weak between the standard phase angle and the body mass index, the muscular circumference of the arm, handgrip force, and cellular body mass. In the post-dialysis period the percentage of cellular body mass was the only variable that had no statistically significant correlation. The analysis of concordance between the standard phase angle and other parameters, in the pre-dialysis period, showed poor or weak concordances. In the post-dialysis period there were discordances for the percentage of cellular body mass and moderate concordance for handgrip force. Conclusion: The standard phase angle presented weak correlations with the anthropométric indicators and moderate concordance for handgrip force (AU)

Correction: Factors Associated with Anemia in the Institutionalized Elderly.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162240.].

Factors Associated with Anemia in the Institutionalized Elderly.

As a common problem in long-term care facilities (LTCFs), anemia affects 25-63% of the elderly. The aim of the present study was to describe the prevalence and characteristics of anemia and its associated factors in the institutionalized elderly. The cross-sectional study was carried out with three hundred thirteen individuals aged ≥ 60 years, of both genders, living in long-term care facilities for the elderly in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Poisson regression (PR) with robust variance estimates was used to assess the factors related to anemia. The prevalence of anemia was 38%. Mild anemia was predominant in both genders (male: 26.8%; female: 21.1%), as normocytic and normochromic anemia, with no anisocytosis (69.75%). Anemia was associated with thinness (PR: 1.68; 95% CI: 1.04-2.72) and with moderate (PR: 1.98; 95% CI: 1.07-3.63) and total (PR: 2.61; 95% CI: 1.34-5.07) dependence in the final model. Severe dependence exhibited borderline significance (PR: 1.94; 95% CI: 1.00-3.77). The prevalence of anemia was high in the institutionalized elderly in both genders, with characteristics suggesting chronic diseases as the causal factor, and the frequency of occurrence was higher in thinness elderly with moderate to total dependence.

Anthropometric clinical indicators in the assessment of visceral obesity: an update / Indicadores clínicos antropométricos na avaliação da gordura visceral: uma atualização

Introduction: Visceral obesity is associated with an increased risk of metabolic disorders and occurrence of chronic diseases. The quantification of the visceral fat becomes necessary and advantageous in clinical practice, especially through accurate and precise methods in replacement of imaging methods as computed tomography (CT). Objective: To present the use of anthropometric indicators that have been linked to visceral fat. Methods: The selection of items was taken in from Scopus, Scielo, Lilacs, CAPES journals, PubMed/ MEDLINE and Google Scholar, in the period between 2007 and 2014. Anthropometric and clinical indicators as waist circumference (WC), waist- to- height ratio (WHtR), waist-to- thigh ratio (WTR), waist- to- hip ratio (WRH), sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD), abdominal diameter height index (SAD/ Height), abdominal diameter index (ADI), conicity index (CI), visceral adiposity index (VAI) and the lipid accumulation production (LAP) were investigated for their relationship with visceral fat measured by CT. Results: Most indicators have strong correlation (r>0.70) with visceral fat. It was observed that there are few recent studies evaluating this relationship, especially with the indices derived of the WC and the SAD, besides the LAP and the VAI. Most studies investigated the relationship between these indicators with the diseases that are consequent of the visceral obesity. Conclusion: The clinical anthropometric indicators are accurate in estimating visceral obesity, easy to use and has low cost enabling clinical nutritional assessment able to intervene earlier and more effectively in the prevention and/or treatment of this obesity (AU)

Introdução: A obesidade visceral está associada a um risco maior de distúrbios metabólicos e ocorrência de doenças crônicas. A quantificação da gordura visceral torna-se necessária e vantajosa na prática clínica, sobretudo por métodos acurados e precisos em substituição aos métodos por imagem, como a tomografia computadorizada (TC). Objetivo: Descrever a utilização de indicadores clínicos antropométricos que têm sido relacionados à gordura visceral. Métodos: A seleção dos artigos foi feita no Scopus, Scielo, Lilacs, periódicos Capes, Pubmed/Medline e Google Acadêmico, no período entre 2007 e 2014. Indicadores clínicos antropométricos como circunferência da cintura (CC), Razão cintura altura (RCA), Razão cintura coxa (RCCx), Razão Cintura Quadril (RCQ), Diâmetro abdominal sagital (DAS), Diâmetro abdominal altura (DAS/ALT), Índice Diâmetro abdominal (IDA), Índice conicidade (IC), Índice de adiposidade visceral (IAV) e o Produto de acumulação lipídica (PAL) foram investigados quanto sua relação com o tecido adiposo visceral medido pela TC. Resultados: A maioria dos indicadores tem forte correlação (r>0.70) com a gordura visceral. Observou-se que há poucos estudos recentes que avaliaram essa relação, sobretudo com os índices derivados da CC e do DAS, além do PAL e o IAV. A maioria dos estudos investigou a relação entre esses indicadores com as doenças que são consequentes da obesidade visceral. Conclusão: Os indicadores clínicos antropométricos são acurados na estimativa da gordura visceral, fáceis de utilizar e apresentam baixo custo possibilitando uma tomada de decisão na avaliação clínica nutricional capaz de intervir mais precoce e efetivamente na prevenção de risco de doenças (AU)

Nutritional status of institutionalized elderly Brazilians: a study with the mini nutritional assessment / Estado nutricional de ancianos brasileños institucionalizados: un estudio con el mini nutritional assessment

Objective: To assess the nutritional status of elderly living in nursing homes in the city of Salvador, Brazil and associated factors. Methods: Cross-sectional study performed with 359individuals of both sexes, ages equal or over 60 years old, located in Nursing Homes in the urban area of the city of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Results: Regarding nutritional status according to Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), 66.3% of the evaluated elderly were malnourished and at risk of malnutrition. When comparing sexes, it has been observed that among men the prevalence of this condition (76.6%) was higher than in women (62.4%). It has been observed, as a result of the multivariate analysis, that only the variable functional capacity for Activities of Daily Living (ADL)was statistically significant. There was moderate correlation between MNA and Mini-Mental State Examination(r=0.454; p<0.0001), as well as between MNA and the ADL scale (r=0.569; p<0.0001). There was weak negative correlation between MNA total score and age (r=0.159;p=0.002).Conclusion: Malnutrition and malnutrition risk were conditions of remarkable importance, with almost two thirds of the elderly in this situation. ADL functional capacity must be monitored given their close relationship with the nutritional status of the elderly. An interdisciplinary approach in the context of institutionalization is needed due to the association between nutritional status and variables of different dimensions (AU)

Objective: Evaluar el estado nutricional de los ancianos residentes en Hogares para Ancianos, en la ciudad de Salvador, Brasil y factores asociados. Métodos: Estudio transversal con 359 individuos mayores de 60 años, de ambos sexos y residentes en hogares de ancianos en la zona urbana de la ciudad de Salvador, Bahia, Brasil. Resultados: En cuanto al estado nutricional de acuerdo con Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), el 66,3% de los ancianos evaluados estaban desnutridos y en riesgo de desnutrición. La prevalencia de esta afección fue mayor entre los hombres (76,6%) en comparación con las mujeres (62,4%). Se ha observado, como resultado del análisis multivariado, que sólo la capacidad funcional variable para Actividades de la Vida Diaria (AVD) fue estadísticamente significativa. Hubo correlación moderada entre MNA y Mini Examen del Estado Mental (r = 0,454; p <0,0001), así como entre MNA y la escala AVD (r = 0,569; p <0,0001). Hubo correlación débil negativa entre la puntuación total del MNA y la edad (r = 0,159; p = 0,002). Conclusión: La desnutrición y el riesgo de desnutrición fueron de importancia excepcional de las condiciones, porque casi dos tercios de los ancianos estaban en esta situación. La capacidad funcional para AVD debe ser supervisada por su estrecha relación con el estado nutricional de las personas mayores. Un enfoque interdisciplinario en el contexto de la institucionalización es necesario debido a la asociación entre el estado nutricional y variables de diferentes dimensiones (AU)

Nutritional assessment in surgical oncology patients: a comparative analysis between methods / Valoración nutricional en pacientes oncológicos quirúrgicos: un análisis comparativo entre métodos

Background and aims: The malnutrition found in oncology patients is the main responsible for the increase in morbimortality and worsening of their quality of life. Currently, the assessment of malnutrition is performed by subjective and objective methods, or the combination of them. Although these methods are routinely applied and their association is very common in clinical practice, there are few studies on the agreement between them. Thereby, this study aims to compare different methods for nutritional status assessment in surgical oncology patients. Methods: 173 oncology patients, admitted for surgery, were submitted to an anthropometric evaluation and answered a SGA, PG-SGA and NRS-2002. Kappa test was used to evaluated the level of concordance between the methods. Results: Poor concordance were observed between BMI and NRS-2002 (K=0,286), SGA (K=0,372) and PGSGA (K=0,173). Among the subjective methods, the best results were found for SGA and PG-SGA (K=0,690), and the lowest between NRS-2002 and both others (SGA: K=0,345; PG-SGA: K=0,322). Conclusions: The poor concordance found between objective and subjective methods reinforces the importance of associating indicators in the nutritional assessment of this population Despite of the poor concordance found between the nutritional status assessment methods investigated in this study, patients who had greater depletion of body stores were also diagnosed with a higher degree of malnutrition by subjective methods (AU)

Introducción y objetivos: La desnutrición en el paciente oncológico es responsable por el aumento de la morbilidady la mortalidady produce una disminución de su calidad de vida. En la actualidad, la identificación de la desnutrición se lleva a cabo por medio de métodos subjetivos y objetivos o por la unión de ambos. A pesar de la asociación de estos métodos como examen de rutina en la práctica clínica, son muy pocos los trabajos que evalúan la concordancia entre ellos. De ese modo, el objetivo de este estudio fue comparar diferentes métodos para evaluar el estado nutricional de los pacientes oncológicos quirúrgicos. Métodos: Se analizaron 173 pacientes oncológicos, ingresados para cirugía, se sometieron a una evaluación antropométrica y respondieron a SGA, PG-SGA y NRS- 2002. Se utilizó el test Kappa para evaluar el nível de concordancia entre los métodos. Resultados: Baja concordancia entre el IMC con el NRS-2002 (K=0,286), ASG(K=0,372) y ASG-PPP (K=0,173) fue identificado. Entre los métodos subjetivos, los resultados fueron mejores com ASG y ASG-PPP (K=0,690) y menor entre el NRS-2002 y los otros (ASG: K=0,345; ASG-PPP: K=0,322). Conclusión: Los resultados demostraron baja concordancia entre los métodos objetivos y subjetivos, lo que refuerza La importancia de la asociación de los indicadores en la evaluación nutricional de esta población. Aunque se ha encontrado baja concordancia entre los métodos de evaluación nutricional empleados en este estudio, los pacientes que presentaron una mayor reducción de las reservas corporales, fueron diagnosticados com un mayor rado de mal nutrición por los métodos subjetivos (AU)

Anthropometric indicators associated with hypertriglyceridemia in the prediction of visceral fat / Indicadores antropométricos associados a hipertrigliceridemia na predição de gordura visceral

The accumulation of visceral fat is strongly associated with cardiometabolic changes. Alternative methods, such as the association between anthropometric indicators and hypertriglyceridemia, are used as the best estimate for the accumulation of visceral fat, preventing cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of anthropometric indicators with hypertriglyceridemia in the prediction of visceral fat in men and women. This was a cross-sectional study conducted with 192 individuals, of both genders, submitted to anthropometric evaluation (sagittal abdominal diameter [SAD], waist circumference [WC], and waist-hip ratio [WHR]), serum dosage of triglycerides (TG), and computed tomography scan, in order to measure the visceral adipose tissue (VAT) area. Descriptive analysis, Pearson's Correlation, and multiple linear regression were performed. Anthropometric indicators had high correlation with the VAT area (p=0.000). Regardless of serum TG levels, individuals with high values of anthropometric indicators had excess VAT area (p<0.05). For every centimeter increased in SAD, there was an average increase of 12.46 cm² in the VAT area. The study showed that both SAD and WC were good indicators to explain the variability in the VAT area, independently of changes in TG levels, making it possible to identify individuals with a risk of developing cardiovascular diseases.

O acúmulo de gordura visceral está fortemente associada com alterações cardiometabólicas. Métodos alternativos, como a associação de indicadores antropométricos e hipertrigliceridemia, são usados ​​como uma melhor estimativa para o acúmulo de gordura visceral, prevenindo doenças cardiovasculares. O objetivo foi avaliar a associação entre indicadores antropométricos com a hipertrigliceridemia para predição de gordura visceral em homens e mulheres. Estudo transversal, realizado com 192 indivíduos, de ambos os sexos, que foram submetidos à avaliação antropométrica (Diâmetro Abdominal Sagital -DAS, Circunferência da Cintura -CC e Relação Cintura-quadril -RCQ), dosagem sérica de triglicérides (TG) e tomografia computadorizada, a fim de medir a área do tecido adiposo visceral (ATAV). Análise descritiva, Correlação de Pearson e Regressão Linear Múltipla foram realizados. Indicadores antropométricos apresentaram alta correlação com a ATAV (p=0,000). Independente do nível sérico de TG, os indivíduos com indicadores antropométricos elevados tinham excesso de ATAV (p<0,05). Para cada aumento de um centímetro no DAS, houve um aumento médio de 12,46 cm² de ATAV. O estudo mostrou que ao mesmo tempo, DAS e CC foram os melhores indicadores para explicar a variabilidade na ATAV, independentemente de mudanças no nível de triglicérides, o que possibilitou a identificação de indivíduos com risco de desenvolver doenças cardiovasculares.

Hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype: association with metabolic disorders and visceral fat in adults / Fenotipo cintura hipertrigliceridémica: relación entre cambios metabólicos y grasa visceral en adultos

Objective: To evaluate the association of Hypertriglyceridemic waist with metabolic disorders and visceral fat in adults. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 191 individuals of both sexes. Subjects were grouped according to Waist Circumference (WC) ratings (Men: > 90 cm; Women: > 80 cm) and triglycerides (TG) (> 150 mg/dl) in Group 1 (HTW Phenotype): elevated WC and TG; Group 2 (absence of HTW Phenotype): elevated WC and normal TG or normal WC and elevated TG or normal WC and TG. Metabolic alternations, visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and visceral/subcutaneous fat index (VF/SF) measured by computed tomography were evaluated as cardiovascular risk factors between the groups. Results: Individuals with HTW phenotype, 82% had three or more cardiovascular risk factors. The association between cardiovascular risk factors with HTW phenotype revealed that among men 73.7% had hypercholesterolemia, 94.9% elevated non-HDLc and 78.9% excess of VAT area (p = 0.001). Among women, 65% had elevated Sistolic Blood Plessure, 80% hypercholesterolemia and 90% elevated non-HDLc (p < 0.02). Conclusion: The HTW phenotype associated with the metabolic alternations and VAT excess. Individuals with HTW had higher number of cardiovascular risk factors. The Hypertriglyceridemic waist can be used in clinical practice for investigating cardiovascular risk and visceral adipose tissue in individuals (AU)

Objetivo: Evaluar la relación entre Cintura Hipertrigliceridémica (CHT) con cambios metabólicos y grasa visceral en adultos. Métodos: Estudio transversal con 191 personas de ambos sexos. Los participantes fueron agrupados según clasificación de Circunferencia de Cintura (CC) (Hombres: > 90 cm; Mujeres: > 80 cm) y triglicéridos séricos (TG) (>150 mg/dl) en el Grupo 1 (Fenotipo CHT): Elevación en CC y TG; Grupo 2 (ausencia del Fenotipo CHT): Aumento en CC y TG normal, o CC normal y TG elevado o CC y TG normales. Cambios metabólicos, área del tejido adiposo visceral (TAV) y índice de grasa visceral/subcutáneo (GV/GS), medidas por tomografía computadorizada, fueron evaluados como factores de riesgo cardiovascular entre los grupos. Resultados: De los participantes con el Fenotipo CHT, 82% presentaban tres o más factores de riesgo cardiovascular. La relación entre los factores de riesgo cardiovascular y el Fenotipo CHT demostró que entre los hombres 73,7% presentaban hipercolesterolemia, 94,9% noHDLc elevado y 78,9% exceso de área TAV (p = 0,001). Entre las mujeres, 65% presentaban presión arterial sistólica alta, 80% hipercolesterolemia y 90% no-HDLc elevado (p < 0,02). Conclusión: El Fenotipo CHT se relacionó con cambios metabólicos y exceso de TAV. Personas con CHT presentaron más factores de riesgo cardiovascular. La Cintura Hipertrigliceridémica puede ser utilizada en la práctica clínica para investigar el riesgo cardiovascular y el depósito del tejido adiposo visceral en las personas (AU)

Nutritional assessment in surgical oncology patients: a comparative analysis between methods.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The malnutrition found in oncology patients is the main responsible for the increase in morbimortality and worsening of their quality of life. Currently, the assessment of malnutrition is performed by subjective and objective methods, or the combination of them. Although these methods are routinely applied and their association is very common in clinical practice, there are few studies on the agreement between them. Thereby, this study aims to compare different methods for nutritional status assessment in surgical oncology patients. METHODS: 173 oncology patients, admitted for surgery, were submitted to an anthropometric evaluation and answered a SGA, PG-SGA and NRS-2002. Kappa test was used to evaluated the level of concordance between the methods. RESULTS: Poor concordance were observed between BMI and NRS-2002 (K=0,286), SGA (K=0,372) and PGSGA (K=0,173). Among the subjective methods, the best results were found for SGA and PG-SGA (K=0,690), and the lowest between NRS-2002 and both others (SGA: K=0,345; PG-SGA: K=0,322). CONCLUSIONS: The poor concordance found between objective and subjective methods reinforces the importance of associating indicators in the nutritional assessment of this population Despite of the poor concordance found between the nutritional status assessment methods investigated in this study, patients who had greater depletion of body stores were also diagnosed with a higher degree of malnutrition by subjective methods.

Introducción y objetivos: La desnutrición en el paciente oncológico es responsable por el aumento de la morbilidady la mortalidady produce una disminución de su calidad de vida. En la actualidad, la identificación de la desnutrición se lleva a cabo por medio de métodos subjetivos y objetivos o por la unión de ambos. A pesar de la asociación de estos métodos como examen de rutina en la práctica clínica, son muy pocos los trabajos que evalúan la concordancia entre ellos. De ese modo, el objetivo de este estudio fue comparar diferentes métodos para evaluar el estado nutricional de los pacientes oncológicos quirúrgicos. Métodos: Se analizaron 173 pacientes oncológicos, ingresados para cirugía, se sometieron a una evaluación antropométrica y respondieron a SGA, PG-SGA y NRS- 2002. Se utilizó el test Kappa para evaluar el nível de concordancia entre los métodos. Resultados: Baja concordancia entre el IMC con el NRS-2002 (K=0,286), ASG(K=0,372) y ASG-PPP (K=0,173) fue identificado. Entre los métodos subjetivos, los resultados fueron mejores com ASG y ASG-PPP (K=0,690) y menor entre el NRS-2002 y los otros (ASG: K=0,345; ASG-PPP: K=0,322). Conclusión: Los resultados demostraron baja concordancia entre los métodos objetivos y subjetivos, lo que refuerza La importancia de la asociación de los indicadores en la evaluación nutricional de esta población. Aunque se ha encontrado baja concordancia entre los métodos de evaluación nutricional empleados en este estudio, los pacientes que presentaron una mayor reducción de las reservas corporales, fueron diagnosticados com un mayor grado de mal nutrición por los métodos subjetivos.

[School: a place for studying and eating]. / Escola: lugar de estudar e de comer.

This study seeks to discuss the significance of school nutrition expressed by students in public schools from the state of Bahia, Brazil. The objective is to understand the symbolic aspects associated with school nutrition. The results of a survey into the significance of nutrition offered by the Brazilian School Nutrition Program (PNAE) expressed by students from six public schools in municipalities in the state of Bahia, Brazil, are presented. A qualitative approach to understand nutrition at school and notions about healthy food by analyzing oral and written narratives of adolescents is used. The reports point to opposing stances between food in the home and food outside the home. What is customary can appear strange depending on the time and place. In this sense, they do not make an association between healthy food and PNAE. The food culture requires students to eat food on two occasions: breakfast and lunch (or dinner). These are aspects that are distinct, however they must be combined in school, because for these social actors, studying and eating are necessities that complement each other.