Interventions to Improve the Quality in the Organ and Tissue Donation Process.

BACKGROUND: Map Interventions is capable of supporting the multidisciplinary team that works in organ and tissue donation to disseminate quality in this process. METHODS: A scoping review study that was conducted through the steps proposed by the Joanna Briggs Institute. RESULTS: Fifty-six studies made up the sample. 2018 (no. 07, 12.5%) had the highest number of publications. The country that published the most was the United States (no. 16, 28.56%). The database with the most publications was the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature - CINAHL (no. 15, 26.78%). The most used interventions, which had the most significant impact on the improvement of results and quality, were the use of indicators in all stages of the organ and tissue donation process; the use of real goals that can be achieved; frequent audits, validation of instruments to track opportunities for improvement; as well as methodologies to implement quality and education among professionals who work in this process. Such interventions reveal important changes in the organ donation process, especially in the notification of potential and effective donors, as well as providing an opportunity for safety in the stages of the organ and tissue donation process. CONCLUSION: The interventions tracked suggest the implementation of a set of actions formed by the continuous use of auditing, indicators, continuing education with the team that works in the process of organ and tissue donation, combined with the management of the results obtained through the indicators, where it is generated from these data, actions that have a direct impact on the weaknesses identified.

Family Interview Evaluation for Organ Donation: Communication of Death and Information About Organ Donation.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to identify variables related to organ donation that can contribute to the development of best practices in planning and conducting family interviews by health professionals. METHODS: This descriptive and prospective study of quantitative approach was conducted at 2 southern Brazil health institutions referenced in organ donation. Data collection occurred between 2018 and 2019 by health professionals who conduct family interviews using validated instruments that assessed the stages of the interview. Analysis was performed by means of the proportions of the studied variables associated with the donation authorization categories per the χ2 test. The significance level adopted was 0.05. RESULTS: The variables that presented the highest level of significance in the correlation with the prevalence of family authorization for organ donation included the following: communication with the family about the results of each test in the brain death diagnostic protocol; identification of whether the family understood the information about the death; presence of a member of the transplantation commission who had training to communicate information about organ donation; presence of a family member who had power to authorize the donation; and the interval between the communication of death and information about organ donation. CONCLUSIONS: The study presents important gaps that can be filled by health teams and hospitals in order to improve the welcoming and respect for families, as well as the organ donation rates. It is important to understand that each family is unique when facing mourning, and to distance the communication of death from the discussion about organ donation is an act of respect and empathy.

Family interview for organ and tissue donation: good practice assumptions.

OBJECTIVES: to identify information that can support creating good practice assumptions to develop family interview for organ and tissue donation. METHODS: this scoping study, conducted in two Brazilian hospitals in the southern, between April and December 2017, included integrative review and consultation with 15 families who experienced interview for organ donation. For data analysis, thematic content analysis was used. RESULTS: three categories emerged: communication of death, which shows the need to know the history of hospitalization of patients; emotional support, the team must have mastery of the stages of mourning; information about donation, professionals need to know the stages of the donation process and respect families' time. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: good practice assumptions point to the need for team training, respect for family time and the use of simple language.

Family interview for organ and tissue donation: good practice assumptions / Entrevista familiar para la donación de órganos y tejidos: supuestos de buenas prácticas / Entrevista familiar para doação de órgãos e tecidos: pressupostos de uma boa prática

ABSTRACT Objectives: to identify information that can support creating good practice assumptions to develop family interview for organ and tissue donation. Methods: this scoping study, conducted in two Brazilian hospitals in the southern, between April and December 2017, included integrative review and consultation with 15 families who experienced interview for organ donation. For data analysis, thematic content analysis was used. Results: three categories emerged: communication of death, which shows the need to know the history of hospitalization of patients; emotional support, the team must have mastery of the stages of mourning; information about donation, professionals need to know the stages of the donation process and respect families' time. Final Considerations: good practice assumptions point to the need for team training, respect for family time and the use of simple language.

RESUMEN Objetivos: identificar información que pueda apoyar el desarrollo de supuestos de buenas prácticas para el desarrollo de entrevistas familiares para la donación de órganos y tejidos. Métodos: estudio de alcance, realizado en dos hospitales brasileños de la Región Sur, entre abril y diciembre de 2017, incluyó revisión integradora y consulta a 15 familias que vivieron la entrevista de donación de órganos. Para el análisis de datos se utilizó el análisis de contenido y el modelo de entrevista familiar de Alicante. Resultados: se consolidaron tres categorías: comunicación de la muerte, que muestra la necesidad de conocer la historia de la hospitalización del paciente; apoyo emocional, el equipo debe tener dominio de las etapas del duelo; información sobre la donación, el profesional necesita conocer las etapas del proceso de donación y respetar el tiempo familiar. Consideraciones Finales: los supuestos para las mejores prácticas apuntan a la necesidad de capacitación en equipo, respeto por el tiempo en familia y el uso de un lenguaje sencillo.

RESUMO Objetivos: identificar informações que possam subsidiar a elaboração de pressupostos de boas práticas para o desenvolvimento da entrevista familiar para doação de órgãos e tecidos. Métodos: scoping study, realizado em dois hospitais brasileiros da Região Sul, entre abril e dezembro de 2017, incluiu revisão integrativa e consulta a 15 famílias que vivenciaram a entrevista para doação de órgãos. Utilizou-se a análise de conteúdo e o modelo de entrevista familiar de Alicante para análise dos dados. Resultados: consolidaram-se três categorias: comunicação da morte, que mostra a necessidade de conhecer a história da hospitalização do paciente; apoio emocional, a equipe deve ter domínio das etapas do luto; informação sobre doação, o profissional precisa conhecer as etapas do processo de doação e respeitar o tempo da família. Considerações Finais: os pressupostos para melhores práticas apontam a necessidade de capacitação da equipe, o respeito ao tempo da família e o uso de linguagem simples.

Complications Following Liver Transplant at a Teaching Hospital.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to analyze the liver transplant complications in a reference transplant hospital in southern Brazil. METHODS: The researchers used a cross-sectional, quantitative, exploratory, and descriptive study, conducted using 103 medical records of patients who underwent liver transplantation from 2011 to 2018. Data were analyzed through median, mean, and standard deviation, and the Kruskal-Wallis test was used. RESULTS: There was a higher proportion of men (70.9%), with a mean age of 53.3 years, who had hepatitis C (43.7%). The indication for the procedure was hepatocellular carcinoma (34%). The most frequent complications included pulmonary (26.7%), graft-related complications such as rejection (21.1%), and viral infections (14.4%). In addition, infectious complications, such as pneumonia (45%) and septicemia (29%), occurred. The main causes of death were septic shock (15.6%) and multiple organ failure (21.9%). There was statistical significance between the recipient's age and the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease value at the time of transplantation for the development of complications. CONCLUSIONS: The data from the present study provide important information about liver transplant. These data may enable the team to propose strategies for practice improvements, which will certainly offer better living conditions and transplant survival.

Communication of Death in the Context of Infant-Child Donation: Best Practices for Creating Family Interview for Organ and Tissue Donation.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze evidence capable of supporting best practices available in the literature to create dialogues about organ and tissue donation with parents of deceased children and adolescents. METHODS: An integrative literature review performed using Scopus, Cochrane, PsycINFO, PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science database, and SciELo electronic libraries from November of 2013 to November of 2018, using keyword syntax for each database. The categories were developed using the Alicante model. RESULTS: A total of 745 articles were identified, with 7 selected for analysis. The information obtained was grouped into 3 categories: death communication, which indicates the importance of using simple and clear words; emotional support, which reveals the need to respect family time and the importance of empathy and compassion; and donation information, which punctuates the importance of dissociating communication about the death from that regarding organ donation. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence shows that best practices are the use of simple language, respect for the family during the grieving process, and the importance of establishing different situations in which to communicate about the death and the donation process.

Gerência do cuidado de enfermagem ao paciente em morte encefálica / Management of nursing care to the braid dead patient

Objetivo: compreender a gerência do cuidado de enfermagem aos pacientes em morte encefálica na perspectiva de enfermeiros atuantes no processo de doação e transplantes de órgãos. Método: trata-se de estudo qualitativo, fundamentado na Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados, com 25 enfermeiras. Obtiveram-se os dados por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas individuais e se empregou a codificação aberta, axial e seletiva para análise dos dados. Resultados: emergiram-se duas categorias a partir da análise dos dados: << Observando as dificuldades relacionadas a gerência do cuidado de enfermagem ao paciente em morte encefálica >> e << Compreendendo as ações realizadas pela equipe de enfermagem na gerência do cuidado ao paciente em morte encefálica >>. Destacaram-se como dificuldades a limitação da estrutura física, recursos humanos e materiais. Enfatizaram-se pelos enfermeiros a monitorização e o suporte hemodinâmico, controle glicêmico e de diurese como ações necessárias para a gerência do cuidado ao paciente em morte encefálica. Conclusão: compreende-se que a gerência do cuidado ao paciente em morte encefálica requer entendimento para além das esferas técnicas sendo necessária a desmistificação do significado da doação de órgãos para manutenção de uma nova vida em outro alguém.(AU)

Objective: to understand the management of Nursing care to patients in brain death from the perspective of nurses working in the process of organ donation and transplants. Method: this is a qualitative study, based on the Data Based Theory, with 25 nurses. The data were obtained through individual semi-structured interviews and the open, axial and selective coding was used for data analysis. Results: two categories emerged from the analysis of the data: "Observing the difficulties related to the management of nursing care to the brain dead patient" and "Understanding the actions performed by the nursing team in the management of the brain dead patient's care. The limitations of physical structure and human and material resources were highlighted as difficulties. Monitoring and hemodynamic support, glycemic control and diuresis as necessary actions for the management of patient care in brain death were emphasized by the nurses. Conclusion: it is understood that the management of patient care in brain death requires understanding beyond the technical spheres, and it is necessary to demystify the meaning of organ donation for the maintenance of a new life in another person.(AU)

Objetivo: comprender la gestión del cuidado de enfermería a los pacientes en muerte encefálica en la perspectiva de enfermeros actuantes en el proceso de donación y trasplantes de órganos. Método: se trata de un estudio cualitativo, fundamentado en la Teoría Fundamentada en los Datos, con 25 enfermeras. Se obtuvieron los datos por medio de entrevistas semiestructuradas individuales y se empleó la codificación abierta, axial y selectiva para análisis de los datos. Resultados: surgieron dos categorías a partir del análisis de los datos: << Observando las dificultades relacionadas a la gestión del cuidado de enfermería al paciente en muerte encefálica >> y << Comprendiendo las acciones realizadas por el equipo de enfermería en la gestión del cuidado al paciente en muerte encefálica >>. Se destacaron como dificultades la limitación de la estructura física, recursos humanos y materiales. Se enfatizaron por los enfermeros el monitoreo y el soporte hemodinámico, control glucémico y de diuresis como acciones necesarias para la gestión del cuidado al paciente en muerte encefálica. Conclusión: se comprende que la gestión del cuidado al paciente en muerte encefálica requiere entendimiento más allá de las esferas técnicas siendo necesaria la desmitificación del significado de la donación de órganos para el mantenimiento de una nueva vida en otro.(AU)

Aplicativo para avaliação do nível de consciência em adultos: produção tecnológica em enfermagem / Aplicación para evaluación del nível de consciencia en adultos: producción tecnológica en enfermería / App to evaluate the level of consciousness in adults: technological production in nursing

RESUMO Objetivo: desenvolver um aplicativo para a avaliação do nível de consciência em adultos. Método: produção tecnológica, estruturada a partir do referencial teórico da metodologia da aprendizagem baseada em problemas e desenvolvido considerando os passos do design instrucional contextualizado (análise, design, desenvolvimento, avaliação). Estudo realizado na Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, de maio de 2014 a abril de 2015. Resultados: o aplicativo apresenta os conteúdos: escalas para avaliação do nível de consciência, avaliação pupilar, reflexos e padrão respiratório, apresentados aos usuários por meio de textos curtos com breves explicações, imagens e vídeos. Conclusão: o aplicativo pode facilitar o estudo sobre a temática em qualquer hora ou local, permitindo inclusive sua aplicação à beira do leito, contribuindo assim para melhorias do ensino, assistência e segurança de pacientes em estado crítico. O resultado da avaliação da tecnologia por docentes e estudantes será objeto de estudos futuros.

RESUMEN Objetivo: desarrollar una aplicación para analizar el nivel de consciencia en adultos. Método: producción tecnológica, estructurada por medio del referencial teórico de la metodología de aprendizaje basada en problemas, la cual se desarrolló considerándo los pasos del diseño educacional contextualizado (análisis, design, desarrollo, evaluación). Estudio que se realizó en la Universidad Federal de Santa Catarina, de mayo de 2014 a abril de 2015. Resultados: la aplicación presenta los contenidos: escalas para evaluación del nivel de consciencia, evaluación pupilar, reflejos y patrón respiratorio, presentados a los usuarios por medio de textos cortos con breves explicaciones, imágenes y videos. Conclusión: la aplicación puede facilitar el estudio acerca de la temática en cualquier hora o local, posibilitando incluso su uso en el lecho, lo que contribuye para mejorías de la enseñanza, asistencia y seguridad de pacientes en condición crítica. El resultado de la evaluación de la tecnología por docentes y estudiantes será objeto de estudios futuros.

ABSTRACT Objective: to develop an app for assessing the level of consciousness in adults. Method: technological production, structured from the theoretical framework of problem-based learning methodology and developed considering the steps of contextualized instructional design (analysis, design, development, evaluation). Study conducted at the Federal University of Santa Catarina, from May 2014 to April 2015. Results: the app presents the contents: scales for evaluation of the level of consciousness, pupillary evaluation, reflexes and breathing pattern, presented to the users through short texts with brief explanations, images and videos. Conclusion: the app can facilitate the study of the theme at any time or place, even allowing its application at the bedside, thus contributing to improvements in teaching, care and safety of critically ill patients. The results of the evaluation of the technology by teachers and students will be the object of future studies.

Cultura de segurança no processo de doação de órgãos: revisão de literatura / Cultura de seguridad en el proceso de donación de órganos: una revisión de la literatura / Safety culture in the organ donation process: a literature review

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar o desenvolvimento da cultura de segurança no processo de doação de órgãos e transplantes na literatura científica. Métodos Revisão integrativa da literatura a partir das bases de dados CINAHL, LILACS, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science e na biblioteca eletrônica SciELO, de 2012 a 2016, com sintaxe de palavras-chaves e descritores para cada base, sendo selecionados 14 artigos para análise. Resultados Foram detectados 1.659 estudos, desses, 33 foram lidos na íntegra, sendo definido para coleta dos dados 14 estudos. As informações obtidas foram analisadas criticamentre e agrupadas em duas categorias: Na Categoria 1 - Cultura de segurança no uso de medicamentos no período pós-transplante: destaca-se como fundamental o envolvimento da equipe multidisciplinar na orientação da alta hospitalar no transplante e ainda, os principais fatores de erros no uso dos fármacos. Na Categoria 2 - Cultura de segurança nas unidades transplantadoras: apresenta-se questões relacionadas à segurança dos pacientes submetidos aos transplantes nos períodos pré e intra-operatórios. Conclusão Por meio desse estudo, observou-se que a temática da cultura de segurança no processo de doação e transplante de órgãos está incipiente na literatura sendo necessário desenvolvimento de estudos bem delineados e relacionando à cultura de segurança do paciente em todas as etapas do processo de doação e transplantes.

Resumen Objetivo Evaluar el desarrollo de la cultura de seguridad en el proceso de donación de órganos y trasplantes en la literatura científica. Métodos Revisión integrativa de literatura con búsquedas en bases CINAHL, LILACS, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Sciences y SciELO, entre 2012 y 2016, con sintaxis de palabras claves y descriptores para cada base, habiéndose seleccionado 14 artículos para su análisis. Resultados Fueron hallados 1.659 estudios. De ellos, 33 fueron leídos integralmente, definiéndose 14 para la recolección de datos. La información obtenida fue analizada críticamente y agrupada en dos categorías. En la Categoría 1- Cultura de seguridad para uso de medicamentos en el período postrasplante, se resalta como esencial la involucración del equipo multidisciplinario en la indicación del alta en el trasplante, y también, los principales factores de error en el uso de fármacos. En la Categoría 2- Cultura de seguridad en las unidades de trasplante, se presentan preguntas relacionadas a la seguridad de los pacientes sometidos a trasplantes en los períodos pre e intraoperatorios. Conclusión Este estudio observó que la cultura de seguridad en el proceso de donación y trasplante de órganos es incipiente en la literatura, requiriéndose el desarrollo de estudios bien delineados y relacionando la cultura de seguridad del paciente en todas las etapas del proceso de donación y trasplante.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the development of a safety culture in the organ donation and transplantation process as it is available in the scientific literature. Methods An integrative literature review was conducted in the CINAHL, LILACS, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, and the electronic library, SciELO, from 2012 to 2016, using a syntax of keywords and descriptors for each database; fourteen articles were selected for analysis. Results One thousand six hundred and fifty nine studies were found, 33 complete articles were read, and 14 studies were selected for analysis. The information obtained was analyzed critically and grouped into two categories. Category 1 - patient safety culture for the use of medications in the post-transplant period: the involvement of the multidisciplinary team is essential in the orientation process for hospital discharge, and the main factors related to errors in the use of medicines. Category 2 - safety culture in the transplant units: issues related to patient safety of those undergoing transplantation in the pre- and intra-operative periods. Conclusion This study showed that the issue of a culture of safety in the donation and organ transplantation process is incipient in the literature; well-designed studies related to the culture of patient safety are necessary for all the stages of the donation and transplant process.

Effects of neuropeptide S on seizures and oxidative damage induced by pentylenetetrazole in mice.

Neuropeptide S (NPS) and its receptor were recently discovered in the central nervous system. In rodents, NPS promotes hyperlocomotion, wakefulness, anxiolysis, anorexia, and analgesia and enhances memory when injected intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.). Herein, NPS at different doses (0.01, 0.1 and 1nmol) was i.c.v. administered in mice challenged with pentylenetetrazole (PTZ; 60mg/kg) repeatedly injected. Aiming to assess behavioral alterations and oxidative damage to macromolecules in the brain, NPS was injected 5min prior to the last dose of PTZ. The administration of NPS only at 1nmol increased the duration of seizures evoked by PTZ, without modifying frequency and latency of seizures. Biochemical analysis revealed that NPS attenuated PTZ-induced oxidative damage to proteins and lipids in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. In contrast, the administration of NPS to PTZ-treated mice increased DNA damage in the hippocampus, but not cerebral cortex. In conclusion, this is the first evidence of the potential proconvulsive effects of NPS in mice. The protective effects of NPS against lipid and protein oxidative damage in the mouse hippocampus and cerebral cortex evoked by PTZ-induced seizures are quite unexpected. The present findings were discussed analyzing the paradoxical effects of NPS: facilitation of convulsive behavior and protection against oxidative damage to lipids and proteins.

Role of the ecto-nucleotidases in the cooperative effect of adenosine and neuropeptide-S on locomotor activity in mice.

Activation of adenosine receptors modifies the action of classic neurotransmitters (i.e. dopamine, glutamate and acetylcholine) and other neuromodulators, like vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and neuropeptide S (NPS). Similarly to adenosine, NPS is involved in the regulation of stimulus and response to fear and arousal. Thus, the present study investigates the effects of NPS on locomotor activity in mice treated with or without α,ß-methylene adenosine 5'-diphosphate (AOPCP), the inhibitor of ecto-5'-nucleotidase. Additionally, we evaluate the activity of ecto-5'-nucleotidase in brain slices of mice treated with or without NPS. Male adult CF-1 mice received i.c.v. NPS as 0.1 nmol injection with or without pre-treatment with 1 nmol α,ß-methylene adenosine 5'-diphosphate (AOPCP), the selective inhibitor of ecto-5'-nucleotidase, to evaluate locomotor activity. In another set of experiments, mice received i.c.v. infusion of 0.1 nmol NPS to assay enzymatic activity in brain slices. The results demonstrated that the pre-treatment with AOPCP, which was inactive per se, prevented NPS-induced hyperlocomotion in mice. The dose of 0.1 nmol NPS was efficient to induce hyperlocomotion in animals during the observation period in the activity cage. Regarding enzymatic activity, i.c.v. NPS injection did not induce any significant alterations in ATP and AMP hydrolysis in striatum and hippocampus brain slices of mice. The present study shows that the hyperlocomotor effect of NPS depends on the ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity.