"What influences how well householders living in previously flooded communities feel they are protected or could recover from future flooding?: Results of a survey".

In England, the Environment Agency (EA) estimates that over 3 million properties in England are at risk of surface water flooding. Heavy and prolonged rainfall that drives surface water flooding is projected to increase in the future due to climate change. This paper presents a quantitative secondary analysis of a cross-sectional household flood survey in a disadvantaged city in England heavily impacted by surface water flooding in 2007 and at severe risk of flooding in the future. The aim of this study was to examine how previous experience of flooding, demographic factors, and behaviours impact on feelings of protection against flooding and perceived ability to recover from flooding. Survey data were collected from residents in Hull in northern England in 2018, in areas impacted by major floods in 2007 when over 8,600 households were flooded. Valid responses were received from 453 households, of whom 37.3% were flooded or flooding damaged their house (n = 169), 14.6% had been disrupted by flooding (n = 66), 9.3% had been exposed to flooding (n = 42) and 176 (38.9%) had not experienced flooding. Over 22% felt they had very low protection against flooding, and over 25% would make a very slow recovery if they were flooded. Associations were found between gender and both low levels of protection against flooding. Females were less likely to feel confident in their recovery from flooding than males (OR 0.551). The findings support a need to focus on women's perceptions of flood vulnerability and capacity to cope and recover from flooding in flood and disaster management policy and practice, including providing effective support before, during and after flooding.

Lower Extremity Strains in the US National Football League, 2015-2019.

BACKGROUND: Lower extremity (LEX) strains, including hamstring, quadriceps, adductor, and calf strains, are among the most common injuries in sports. These injuries lead to high burden, resulting in significant missed participation time. PURPOSE: To describe the incidence of LEX strains in professional American football. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive epidemiology study. METHODS: This study included all players who played in ≥1 National Football League (NFL) game or sustained a LEX strain during participation in the 2015-2019 seasons. LEX strain frequency was calculated by setting (game, practice, conditioning), timing in season (offseason, preseason, regular season, postseason), and roster position. Game incidence rates were calculated for season, roster position, and play type. LEX strains were identified in the standardized leaguewide electronic health record (n = 32 teams). RESULTS: Across 5 years, 5780 LEX strains were reported among 2769 players (1-year risk, 26.7%; 95% CI, 26.0%-27.3%); 69% (n = 4015) resulted in time loss. Among all LEX strains, 54.7% were hamstring (n = 3163), 24.1% adductor (n = 1393), 12.6% calf (n = 728), 8.3% quadriceps (n = 477), and 0.3% multiple muscle groups (n = 19). Most were reported during preseason practices (n = 1076; 27%) and regular season games (n = 1060; 26%). The 2-week period of training camp practices comprised 19% of all time-loss strains. Among game injuries, preseason games had the highest rate of LEX strain (2.9/10,000 player-plays; 95% CI, 2.6-3.2). Defensive secondary players accounted for the highest proportion of time-loss LEX strains (27%; n = 1082). In games, punt plays had nearly twice the injury rate of kickoff plays (14.9/1000 plays [95% CI, 13.1-17.0] vs 7.5/1000 plays [95% CI, 6.2-8.9], respectively) and >3 times the rate of pass plays (4.3/1000 plays; 95% CI, 4.0-4.7) and run plays (2.6/1000 plays; 95% CI, 2.3-2.9). In aggregate, LEX strains led to an estimated 16,748 participation days missed each year and a median 12 days missed per injury. CONCLUSION: LEX strains affected 1 in 4 NFL players each year, resulting in a high burden of injury in terms of time lost from practice and competition. Safe return to the NFL season during training camp and reduction of injuries during regular season games are key focuses for future injury reduction.

Positional Differences in Running and Nonrunning Activities During Elite American Football Training.

Ward, PA, Ramsden, S, Coutts, AJ, Hulton, AT, and Drust, B. Positional differences in running and nonrunning activities during elite American football training. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2017-The aim of this investigation was to describe differences in training loads between position groups within professional American football. Integrated micro technology data were collected on 63 NFL football players during an American football training camp. Five key metrics (total distance, high-speed distance, player load (PL), PL per minute, and total inertial movement analysis [IMA]) served to quantify both running and nonrunning activities. Players were classified into position groups (defensive back [DB], defensive linemen [DL], linebacker, offensive linemen [OL], quarterback, running back, tight end, and wide receiver [WR]). Training sessions were identified by their relationship to the upcoming match (e.g., -4, -3, and -2). Running and nonrunning activities varied between position groups relative to the training day. Differences in total distance between DB and WR were observed to be unclear across the 3 training days (game day [GD] -4: 74 ± 392 m; GD -3: -122 ± 348 m; and GD -2: -222 ± 371 m). However, moderate to large differences were observed between these 2 positions and the other positional groups. A similar relationship was observed in PL and PL per minute, with the DB and WR groups performing greater amounts of load compared with other positional groups. Differences in high-speed distance varied across positional groups, indicating different outputs based on ergonomic demands. The OL and DL groups ran less but engaged in a higher amount of nonrunning activities (total IMA) with differences ranging from moderate to large across the 3 training days. Total IMA differences between offensive and defensive linemen were unclear on GD -4 (-4 ± 9) and GD -2 (-2 ± 8) and likely moderate on GD -3 (-9 ± 9). Positional differences with regard to running and nonrunning activities highlight the existence of position-specific training within a training microcycle. In addition, total IMA provides a useful metric for quantifying sport-specific movements within the game of American football.