Full-Endoscopic Lumbar Decompression with Minimal Nerve Root Retraction for Impending Neurologic Deficit in Degenerative Lumbar Spine Diseases.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this retrospective case study was to analyze the outcomes of minimal nerve root retraction in patients with impending neurologic deficit in degenerative lumbar spine disease using the full-endoscopic spine surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-seven consecutive patients with impending neurologic deficit underwent endoscopic spine surgery through either the transforaminal or the interlaminar approach. Their clinical outcomes were evaluated with visual analog scale (VAS) leg pain score, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and MacNab's criteria. The outcome of motor deficitis was evaluated with the Medical Research Council (MRC) grade. Completeness of decompression was documented with a postoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scan. RESULTS: A total of 40 lumbar levels of 37 patients were operated, VAS score of the leg improved from 7.7 ± 1 to 1.9 ± 0.6 (p < 0.0001). ODI score improved from 74.7 ± 6.5 to 25.4 ± 3.49 (p < 0.0001). Motor weakness improved significantly immediately after surgery. The mean MRC grade increased to 1.97, 3.65, 4.41, and 4.76 preoperatively, at 1 week, at 3 months, and at the final follow-up, respectively, and all the patients with foot drop and cauda equina syndrome symptom recovered completely. One patient with great toe drop recovered partially to MRC grade 3. Mean follow-up of the study was 13.3 ± 6.1 months. According to MacNab's criteria, 30 patients (80.1%) had good and 7 patients (18.9%) had excellent results. Three patients required revision surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Minimal nerve root retraction during full-endoscopic spine surgery is safe and effective for treatment of the impending neurologic deficit. We could achieve a thorough decompression of the affected nerve root with acceptable clinical outcome and minimal postoperative morbidity.

Posterior endoscopic cervical foramiotomy and discectomy: clinical and radiological computer tomography evaluation on the bony effect of decompression with 2 years follow-up.

PURPOSE: Cervical radiculopathy is a common disabling cervical spine condition. Open anterior and posterior approaches are the conventional surgical treatment approaches with good clinical outcomes. However, the soft tissue damage in these procedures can lead to increase perioperative morbidity. Endoscopic spine surgery provides more soft tissue preservation than conventional approaches. We investigate the radiological and clinical outcomes of posterior endoscopic cervical foraminotomy and discectomy. METHODS: A prospective clinical and radiological study with retrospective evaluation were done for 25 patients with 29 levels of cervical radiculopathy who underwent posterior endoscopic cervical discectomy from November 2016 to December 2018. Clinical outcomes of Visual Analogue Scale, Neck Disability Index and MacNab's score were evaluated at pre-operative, post-operative 1 week, 3 months and final follow-up. Preoperative and post-operative final follow-up flexion and extension roentgenogram were evaluated for cervical stability assessment. Pre-operative and post-operative computer tomography cervical spine evaluation of foraminal length in ventro-dorsal, cephalad-caudal dimensions, sagittal foraminal area and using 3D CT reconstruction coronal decompression area were done. RESULTS: Twenty-nine levels of cervical radiculopathy underwent posterior endoscopic cervical decompression. The mean follow-up was 29.6 months, and the most common levels affected were C5/6 and C6/7. There was a complication rate of 12% with 2 cases of neurapraxia and one case of recurrent of prolapsed disc. There was no revision surgery in our series. There was significant clinical improvement in Visual Analogue Scale and Neck Disability Index. Prospective comparative study between preoperative and final follow-up mean improvement in VAS score was 5.08 ± 1.75, and NDI was 45.1 ± 13.3. Ninety-two percent of the patients achieved good and excellent results as per MacNab's criteria. Retrospective evaluation of the radiological data showed significant increments of foraminal dimensions: (1) sagittal area increased 21.4 ± 11.2 mm2, (2) CT Cranio Caudal length increased 1.21 ± 1.30 mm and (3) CT ventro-dorsal length increased 2.09 ± 1.35 mm and (4) 3D CT scan reconstruction coronal decompression area increased 536 ± 176 mm2, p < 0.05. CONCLUSION: Uniportal posterior endoscopic cervical foraminotomy and discectomy are safe, efficient and precise choreographed set of technique in the treatment of cervical radiculopathy. It significantly improved clinical outcomes and achieved the objective of increasing in the cervical foramen size in our cohort of patients.

Generation Change of Practice in Spinal Surgery: Can Endoscopic Spine Surgery Expand its Indications to Fill in the Role of Conventional Open Spine Surgery in Most of Degenerative Spinal Diseases and Disc Herniations: A Study of 616 Spinal Cases 3 Years.

BACKGROUND: A paucity of literature on the effect of spinal endoscopic surgery replacing a large percentage of open and microscopic minimally invasive surgery on outcomes in patients. OBJECTIVE: Evaluation of the effect of endoscopic practice expansion in degenerative spinal conditions and disc herniations on patients' outcome as we shifted from first-generation endoscopic discectomy to second-generation decompression and finally third generation of endoscopic spinal fusion practice. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Retrospective cohort study on surgical treatment of degenerative spinal conditions for 616 spinal cases. Basic demographics, preoperative, postoperative 1 week, 6 months, and final follow-up of patients' clinical outcomes in terms of pain score, Oswestry disability index, and MacNab's criteria for pain score were evaluated. RESULTS: 75%, 91%, and 97% of the surgeries with complications rate of 8.2%, 9%, and 3.4% were found in Generation 1, 2, and 3 of endoscopic surgery, respectively. Compared to preoperative scores, each generation VAS and ODI scores all statistically significantly improved. In the final follow-up, compared to preoperative state, the mean VAS improvement was 4.75 ± 1.7, 5.49 ± 1.66, and 5.37 ± 1.70, mean ODI improvement was 45.99 ± 11.8, 48.93 ± 11.2, and 48.43 ± 11.41, and MacNab's criteria showed a trend of upward improvement of 87.3%, 96.0%, and 98.7% cases, which showed good-to-excellent outcome, in Generation 1, 2, and 3, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Generation change of increasing percentage of endoscopic surgeries and expansion of endoscopic spinal indications over open surgeries in degenerative spinal conditions and disc herniations are possible as a surgeon gets more experience with endoscopic spine surgery producing a good clinical outcome.

Evolution of endoscopic transforaminal lumbar approach for degenerative lumbar disease.

Endoscopic spine surgery has evolved dramatically in last 30 years; with the development of new improved endoscopic optics and instrumentation limitation of endoscopic spine surgery has significantly reduced. The transforaminal approach has been limited in its indications due to its optimized approach and obstacles of bony or neural structures. As the initial transforaminal approach is based on the inside out technique, there were many limitations on the indications. Outside-in approach has been developed to address these limitations. However, the outside-in approach was not free from anatomical obstacles. The mobile outside-in approach technique has advantage of both inside-out and outside-in technique. It is equally safe as inside-out technique and provides an easy handling of structures, while it is equally versatile as outside-in technique in managing different types of disc prolapse such as central, paracentral, foraminal, far lateral, and up and down migration, and in high-canal compromise cases. The mobile outside in technique, however, demands a longer learning curve and beginners need to be patient while learning the technique.

Uniportal Full Endoscopic Posterolateral Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion with Endoscopic Disc Drilling Preparation Technique for Symptomatic Foraminal Stenosis Secondary to Severe Collapsed Disc Space: A Clinical and Computer Tomographic Study with Technical Note.

BACKGROUND: Severe collapsed disc secondary to degenerative spinal conditions leads to significant foraminal stenosis. We hypothesized that uniportal posterolateral transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion with endoscopic disc drilling technique could be safely applied to the collapsed disc space to improve patients' pain score, restore disc height, and correct the segmental angular parameters. METHODS: We included patients who met the indication criteria for lumbar fusion and underwent uniportal full endoscopic posterolateral transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion with pre-operative Computer Tomography mid disc height of less than or equal to 5 mm and MRI of Grade 3 Foraminal Stenosis. Visual analogue scale and computer tomography pre-operative and post-operative sagittal disc height in the anterior, middle and posterior part of the disc; sagittal focal segmental angle; mid coronal disc height and coronal wedge angles were evaluated. RESULTS: 30 levels of Endo-TLIF were included, with a mean follow up of 12 months. The mean improvement in decreasing pain score was 2.5 ± 1.1, 3.2 ± 0.9 and 4.3 ± 1.0 at 1 week post operation, 3 months post operation and at final follow up, respectively, p < 0.05. There was significant increase in mid sagittal computer tomographic anterior, middle and posterior disc height of 6.99 ± 2.30, 6.28 ± 1.44, 5.12 ± 1.79 mm respectively, p < 0.05. CT mid coronal disc height showed an increase of 7.13 ± 1.90 mm, p < 0.05. There was a significant improvement in the CT coronal wedge angle of 2.35 ± 4.73 and the CT segmental focal sagittal angle of 1.98 ± 4.69, p < 0.05. CONCLUSION: Application of Uniportal Endoscopic Posterolateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion in patients with severe foraminal stenosis secondary to severe collapsed disc space significantly relieved patients' pain and restored disc height without early subsidence or exiting nerve root dysesthesia in our cohort of patients.

Infected Schmorl's node: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Schmorls node (SN) are mostly asymptomatic and incidental findings on MRI. However, sometimes they present like acute onset low back pain or acute exacerbation of chronic back pain after minor trauma. CASE PRESENTATION: We present rare case of symptomatic infected SN in 67 years female patient presented with complains of low back pain radiating to right buttock. After initial conservative treatment failed subsequent imaging showed significant increase in size of lesion with focal signal changes in disc space gave suspicion of underlying secondary pathology. Patient operated for complete excision of lesion. Histopathological report was suggestive of pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis. Patient improved well postoperatively. CONCLUSION: Most of the time acute SN responds well to conservative treatment; however rapid deterioration of symptoms or persistent severe pain should give suspicion of underlying secondary pathology.

How I do it? Transforaminal endoscopic decompression of intraspinal facet cyst.

BACKGROUND: Transforaminal endoscopic surgery provides equivalent results to open surgery with added advantages of feasibility under local anesthesia, no injury to posterior elements, preservation of the ligamentum flavum, ease of revision surgery, and cost-effectiveness. The technique of transforaminal endoscopic excision of cysts of facet or zygapophyseal joints is scarcely described in literature. METHODS: The transforaminal endoscopy is applicable to cyst lying in the extraforaminal, foraminal, and intraspinal regions. The "mobile" outside-in technique combined with osteotomy of the tip of the superior articular process facilitates intraspinal access for complete decompression. CONCLUSION: Transforaminal endoscopic removal of the facet cyst is a viable alternative to traditional open surgery with added advantages of a minimal access procedure.