Biochemical differentiation between cancerous and normal human colorectal tissues by micro-Raman spectroscopy.

Human colorectal tissues obtained by ten cancer patients have been examined by multiple micro-Raman spectroscopic measurements in the 500-3200 cm-1 range under 785 nm excitation. Distinct spectral profiles are recorded from different spots on the samples: a predominant 'typical' profile of colorectal tissue, as well as those from tissue topologies with high lipid, blood or collagen content. Principal component analysis identified several Raman bands of amino acids, proteins and lipids which allow the efficient discrimination of normal from cancer tissues, the first presenting plurality of Raman spectral profiles while the last showing off quite uniform spectroscopic characteristics. Tree-based machine learning experiment was further applied on all data as well as on filtered data keeping only those spectra which characterize the largely inseparable data clusters of 'typical' and 'collagen-rich' spectra. This purposive sampling evidences statistically the most significant spectroscopic features regarding the correct identification of cancer tissues and allows matching spectroscopic results with the biochemical changes induced in the malignant tissues.

Reducing the layer number of AB stacked multilayer graphene grown on nickel by annealing at low temperature.

Controlling the number of layers of graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition is crucial for large scale graphene application. We propose here an etching process of graphene which can be applied immediately after growth to control the number of layers. We use nickel (Ni) foil at high temperature (T = 900 °C) to produce multilayer-AB-stacked-graphene (MLG). The etching process is based on annealing the samples in a hydrogen/argon atmosphere at a relatively low temperature (T = 450 °C) inside the growth chamber. The extent of etching is mainly controlled by the annealing process duration. Using Raman spectroscopy we demonstrate that the number of layers was reduced, changing from MLG to few-layer-AB-stacked-graphene and in some cases to randomly oriented few layer graphene near the substrate. Furthermore, our method offers the significant advantage that it does not introduce defects in the samples, maintaining their original high quality. This fact and the low temperature our method uses make it a good candidate for controlling the layer number of already grown graphene in processes with a low thermal budget.

Raman scattering study of ß-Sr(0.33)V(2)O(5) in charge disordered and ordered phase.

Polarized Raman spectra of the strontium vanadium oxide bronze ß-Sr(0.33)V(2)O(5) are measured in the temperature range between 300 and 77 K. The charge ordering phase transition at about 165 K is characterized by the appearance of new Raman-active modes in the spectra, as well as through an abrupt change of the phonon frequencies and dampings. The Raman scattering spectra of ß-Sr(0.33)V(2)O(5) in the charge disordered phase are in apparent resemblance with those of α'-NaV(2)O(5), which suggests that there is a similar charge-phonon dynamics in both compounds. We also suggest that the electrons are delocalized into V(1)-O(5)-V(3) orbitals in the mixed valence state of ß-Sr(0.33)V(2)O(5).