Formulation and characterization of polymeric nanoparticle of Rivastigmine for effective management of Alzheimer's disease.

Memory loss or dementia is a progressive disorder, and one of its common forms is Alzheimer's disease (AD), effecting mostly middle aged and older adults. In the present study, we developed Rivastigmine (RIV) nanoparticles using poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (RIV-loaded PLGA NPs) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The prepared RIV-PLGA nanoparticles was evaluated for the management of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The nanoparticles were prepared by the slightly modified nano-precipitation technique. The developed formulations were evaluated for particle size, zeta potential (ZP), polydispersibility index (PDI) and surface morphology and drug content. The experimental result revealed that prepared RIV-loaded PLGA NPs (F1) was optimized having particle size (61.2 ± 4.6 nm), PDI (0.292), ZP (-11.2 ± 1.2). SEM study confirms the prepared nanoparticles depicted non-aggregated as well smooth surface particles without any fracture. This formulation (F1) was further assessed for in vivo studies on animal model. A pharmacological screening on an animal model of Alzheimer's disease revealed that RIV-loaded PLGA NPs formulations treat CNS disorders like Alzheimer's effectively. In addition to that, an in-vivo brain cholinesterase estimation study found that, animals treated with optimized formulation significantly (p < 0.01) reduced brain cholinesterase activity when compared to scopolamine-treated animals. According to the above results, it can be concluded that RIV-loaded PLGA NPs are ideal carriers for delivering the drug at a specific target site in the brain, thus may treat Alzheimer's disease efficiently and improve patient compliance.

Evaluation of biogenically synthesized MgO NPs anticancer activity against breast cancer cells.

Background: Magnesium is recognized to have pharmacological potential, and its nanoformulation is anticipated to offer significant therapeutic effects, particularly against cancer. In this study, we analyzed the anticancer effect of biogenically synthesized magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) against breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231). Methods: Different biological evaluations, such as cytotoxicity, cellular morphology, induction of apoptosis, generation of ROS, cell adhesion and cellular migration were estimated using well established methodology. Results: The biogenic MgO NPs exhibited increased cytotoxicity, induced apoptosis, enhanced formation of ROS, promoted cell adhesion and inhibited cellular migration in a dose-dependent manner, showing its therapeutic potential against MDA-MB-231 cells. Conclusion: The current study observed strong anticancer activity of MgO NPs against studied cancer cell lines. However, our study must be validated in an appropriate animal/xenograft model to authenticate the effectiveness of MgO NPs against breast cancer.

In-vitro and ex-vivo antidiabetic, and antioxidant activities of Box-Behnken design optimized Solanum xanthocarpum extract loaded niosomes.

One of the most prevalent lifestyle diseases, diabetes mellitus (DM) is brought on by an endocrine issue. DM is frequently accompanied by hyperglycemia, a disease that typically results in an excess of free radicals that stress tissues. The medical community is currently concentrating on creating therapeutic medications with roots in nature to lessen the damage associated with hyperglycemia. Solanum xanthocarpum has a number of medicinal benefits. The investigation aimed to produce and analyze niosomal formulations containing S. xanthocarpum extract (SXE). Niosomes were made by implementing the solvent evaporation process, which was further optimized using Box-Behnken design. Drug release, DPPH assessments, α-amylase inhibition assay, α-glucosidase inhibition assay, and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) investigation were all performed on the developed formulation (SXE-Ns-Opt). SXE-Ns-Opt displayed a 253.6 nm vesicle size, a PDI of 0.108, 62.4% entrapment efficiency, and 84.01% drug release in 24 h. The rat's intestinal CLSM image indicated that the rhodamine red B-loaded SXE-Ns-Opts had more intestinal penetration than the control. Additionally, the antioxidant effect of the obtained formulation was demonstrated as 89.46% as compared to SXE (78.10%). Additionally, acarbose, SXE, and SXE-Ns-Opt each inhibited the activity of α-amylase by 95.11%, 85.88%, and 89.87%, and also suppressed the enzyme of α-glucosidase by 88.47%, 81.07%, and 85.78%, respectively. To summarise, the establishment of the SXE-Ns-Opt formulation and its characterization demonstrated the legitimacy of the foundation. A promising candidate for the treatment of diabetes mellitus has been shown as in vitro studies, antioxidant against oxidative stress, CLSM of rat's intestine and a high degree of penetration of formulation.

Cathepsin-B inhibitor CA-074 attenuates retinopathy and optic neuritis in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induced in SJL/J mice.

The complicated multiple sclerosis (MS) can exhibit subacute sight deterioration and can lead to total deprivation of vision. In the current work, we explored the therapeutic outcome of Cathepsin B inhibitor (CA-074) against retinopathy and optic neuritis (ON) caused by experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by proteolipid protein peptide (PLP) in female SJL/J mice. A daily dose of 10 mg/kg CA-074 was administered to the EAE mice intraperitoneally for 14 days from day 14 post-immunization until day 28. The Western blot and immunofluorescence analyses show inflammation in the optic nerve through the elevation of iNOS and NFkB markers in EAE mice. Optic neuritis was reported which is a consequence of demyelination and axon injury, estimated with the reduction in myelin basic protein (MBP). The glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression level was found to be elevated in the retina of EAE mice which confirmed the retinopathy. The administration of CA-074 ameliorated optic neuritis and retinopathy by reducing inflammation. The treatment with CA-074 also reduced the demyelination and axonal injuries in the EAE mice. The findings of this study have shown the protective effect of CA-074 in the case of retinopathy and ON inflicted by EAE in SJL/J mice.

Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and P-solubilizing Pseudomonas fluorescence (ATCC-17400) on morphological traits and mineral content of sesame.

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is an important staple crop of the family Pedaliaceae. The commercial production of sesame is still dependent on the applications of chemical fertilizers. Mycorrhiza inoculum resulted in better morphological and biochemical traits in vegetables. Thus, here the outcome of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and Pseudomonas fluorescence (ATCC-17400) inoculation was studied in the pot culture experiment. Primarily, there seems to be a promising opportunity of AMF in sesame under pot and field trials because of enhanced morphological parameters, especially root weight, and disparities in nutrients and metabolites. The AMF appears to be an option to boost plant growth, mineral content, and sesame yield. The AMF treatment with Pseudomonas fluorescence strain (ATCC-17400) determined the maximum values for the morphological traits and mineral content. Overall, our study highlights mycorrhizal fungi and other microbes efficacy in achieving a successful sesame production.

The possible impact of socioeconomic, income, and educational status on adverse effects of drug and their therapeutic episodes in patients targeted with a combination of tuberculosis interventions.

First-line antituberculosis (anti-TB) compounds have been considered as proven components of the Directly Observed Treatment-Short course (DOTS). Drug therapy against tuberculosis has been categorized as I, II, or III following the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program guidelines. Anti-TB are drugs are quite common and show limited adverse effects. However, first-line anti-TB compounds mediated DOTS therapy and were found with several complications. Thus, those drugs have been discontinued. Therefore, the present study was designed to find out the possible impact of socioeconomic, income, and educational status on the adverse effects of drugs and their therapeutic episodes in patients targeted with a combination of tuberculosis intervention. This study found that an increased incidence of tuberculosis was found in patients who have finished high school, contributing to a high percentage of adverse effects. Notably, adverse events were shown maximally in poor patients compared with rich- or high-income patients. On the contrary, a high prevalence of adverse events was shown to be increased in partially skilled workers compared with full-skilled workers. Consequently, adversely considerable events were implicated to be raised in patients associated with minimal socioeconomic class. Such interesting factors would help in monitoring such events in experimental patients.

Tocotrienols have a nephroprotective action against lipid-induced chronic renal dysfunction in rats.

Vitamin E is the generic term for a group of tocopherols and tocotrienols (T3). Hyperlipidemia has been known to cause progressive chronic renal dysfunction (CRD). Several investigators have reported that T3 have hypolipidemic and nephroprotective activity against free radical-related diseases. This study was conducted to determine if T3 as tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) from palm oil would protect against lipid-induced CRD in rats. For the induction of atherosclerosis and hyperlipidemia, Wistar male rats were fed an atherogenic diet containing 1.25% cholesterol, 0.5% cholic acid and 21% beef tallow (42.6% calories from fat). The atherogenic diet was given for 14 weeks to induce atherosclerosis. The control rats were given normal rat chow and drug control animals treated with TRF (100 mg/kg bw; orally). The first group was taken as disease control in which the animals were left untreated and given normal rat chow for six weeks, while the second group was treated with 100 mg TRF/kg bw. Atherosclerosis and renal functions were evaluated after six weeks of TRF treatment. Feeding an atherogenic diet to rats for 14 weeks resulted in dyslipidemia and impaired renal functions with decreased glomerular filtration rate. The treatment with TRF significantly reduced dyslipidemia and inhibited the development of CRD caused by atherogenic factors. These findings show that low-dose treatment of TRF may provide significant health benefits in the prevention of lipid-induced CRD. The study suggests that TRF is effective in preventing lipid-induced CRD.