RESUMO
We used the Ecopath with Ecosim ecosystem model to assess the future effects of multiple stressors on sardine and the Portuguese continental shelf ecosystem. We assessed individual and combined impacts of changes in sardine fishing pressure, biomass of sardine competitors and predators and sea surface temperature (SST). This study demonstrated that the greatest impact on sardine stock is caused by projected SST rise whose effect is dominant and detrimental to sardine stock regardless of other conditions, including sardine fishing at maximum sustainable yield (FMSY). The largest impact on ecosystem stability, maturity and diversity of flows was observed under the forced-biomass scenarios that simulate changes in biomass of sardine predators and competitors. Moreover, these stressors alongside FMSY are projected to play an important role in the future evolution of the sardine stock. Results presented in this study can assist long-term and strategic management of the Iberian sardine stock.
Assuntos
Ecossistema , Caça , Biomassa , Portugal , TemperaturaRESUMO
Mortality during the early stages is a major cause of the natural variations in the size and recruitment strength of marine fish populations. In this study, the relation between the size-at-hatch and early survival was assessed using laboratory experiments and on field-caught larvae of the European sardine (Sardina pilchardus). Larval size-at-hatch was not related to the egg size but was significantly, positively related to the diameter of the otolith-at-hatch. Otolith diameter-at-hatch was also significantly correlated with survival-at-age in fed and unfed larvae in the laboratory. For sardine larvae collected in the Bay of Biscay during the spring of 2008, otolith radius-at-hatch was also significantly related to viability. Larval mortality has frequently been related to adverse environmental conditions and intrinsic factors affecting feeding ability and vulnerability to predators. Our study offers evidence indicating that a significant portion of fish mortality occurs during the endogenous (yolk) and mixed (yolk /prey) feeding period in the absence of predators, revealing that marine fish with high fecundity, such as small pelagics, can spawn a relatively large amount of eggs resulting in small larvae with no chances to survive. Our findings help to better understand the mass mortalities occurring at early stages of marine fish.
Assuntos
Peixes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Animais , Tamanho Corporal , Feminino , Larva/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Expectativa de Vida , MortalidadeRESUMO
The larval development of the dusky grouper Epinephelus marginatus up to the benthic juvenile stage is described in detail to establish a reference for their larval identification. Development is described in terms of ontogenetic changes in morphology, growth, pigmentation, fin structure and skeletal structure. Larvae were reared in mesocosms at a mean temperature of 24·3° C, salinity of 36·5, dissolved oxygen of 6·4 mg l(-1) and pH of 8·2. Newly hatched larvae had an estimated total length (LT ) of 2·3 mm. On the second day post hatching the yolk was almost fully absorbed with traces of the oil globule still present, the eyes were already pigmented and mouth and gut functional. At this stage the cranial skeletal elements for feeding and breathing (mouth and gills) and the pectoral-fin support were already present. About 50% of the observed larvae had food in their guts. Pigmentation was very characteristic, consisting of two large chromatophores visible on the edge of the primordial fin, close to the midpoint of the post-anal region of the body and over the midgut and hindgut and post-anal portion of the body. At 2·9 mm LT the emergence of the second dorsal-fin spine, characteristic of the Epinephilinae, was clearly visible. The pre-flexion stage started in larva of 3·2 mm LT . At 5·5 mm LT the larvae possessed posterior preopercular angle spines, and the dorsal and pelvic spines presented serrated edges and were pigmented. The water surface-tension-related death of the yolk sac and pre-flexion larvae described in the rearing of several other grouper species did not occur during E. marginatus culture. Notochord flexion, with initial ossification of the caudal-fin supporting elements, started at 6·6 mm LT . At this stage the major melanophores, preopercular, dorsal and pelvic spines and mandibular teeth were already present. Transformation of larvae into juveniles occurred when larvae averaged 13·8 mm LT . Juveniles with a mean LT of 20·1 mm started to settle and most of them were benthic with a mean LT of 26·8 mm.
Assuntos
Bass/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Nadadeiras de Animais , Animais , Bass/anatomia & histologia , Embrião não Mamífero/anatomia & histologia , Desenvolvimento Embrionário , Larva/anatomia & histologia , Larva/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Pigmentação , Saco VitelinoRESUMO
O crescente interesse na substituição de antioxidantes sintéticos por naturais em alimentos tem fomentado a pesquisa sobre fontes vegetais, caracterização de matérias-primas e identificação de novos compostos antioxidantes. As reações de oxidação não são uma preocupação exclusiva das indústrias alimentícias, seu estudo é também amplamente necessário para evitar implicações indesejáveis na saúde humana. O objetivo desta revisão, depois de apresentar aspectos gerais sobre a oxidação, é concentrar-se nos benefícios da utilização das especiarias como antioxidantes naturais, em especial as da família Labiatae, amplamente utilizadas na culinária brasileira.
The growing interest in replacing synthetic antioxidants by natural antioxidants in food has stimulated research on vegetable sources, raw material characterization and identification of new antioxidant compounds. Oxidation reactions are not an exclusive preoccupation of the food industry; studies regarding this issue are widely necessary in order to prevent undesired implications for human health. The aim of this review, after presenting overall aspects about oxidation, is to concentrate on the benefits of using spices as natural antioxidants, especially those from the Labiatae family, which are widely used in the Brazilian cuisine.
Assuntos
Especiarias/análise , Antioxidantes/efeitos adversos , Plantas Medicinais , Lamiaceae/metabolismo , OxidaçãoRESUMO
Bone and joint infections due to Aspergillus are rare and occur more commonly in immunosuppressed patients. We report the case of an 84-year-old woman who developed septic arthritis caused by Aspergillus fumigatus after corticosteroid infiltration. This patient had presented with arthritis of the left knee for several months but no microorganism had been found despite numerous arthrocenteses. This arthritis was resistant to treatment by numerous corticosteroid infiltrations. During an arthroscopy, analysis of the synovial fluid yielded A. fumigatus. Thereafter, other explorations showed disseminated aspergillosis with osteo-articular destruction, blood and urinary dissemination. A systemic treatment by voriconazole associated to intra-articular injections and surgical debridement was initiated but the patient died. Septic arthritis caused by A. fumigatus is very rare but must be considered as a differential diagnosis of septic arthritis after corticosteroid infiltration. Their complications can be very important and destructive.
Assuntos
Corticosteroides/administração & dosagem , Artrite Infecciosa/etiologia , Aspergilose/etiologia , Osteomielite/etiologia , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Humanos , Injeções Intra-ArticularesRESUMO
Axillary lymphadenectomy is the major cause of morbidity reported in breast surgery, but remains the gold standard in breast cancer staging procedures. The aim of this study was to evaluate if endoscopic lymphadenectomy, preceded by fat suction, could reduce morbidity and hospitalization, giving better aesthetic results, while conserving the same oncologic radicality as the traditional open technique. We studied 15 cases of breast cancer with tumour diameter < or = 25 mm, N0. The subjects underwent endoscopic lymphadenectomy. We removed an average of 15.5 node/patient, the volume of lymphorrea was 580 ml, the drainage was kept up for 5 days, the mean length of hospitalization was 6 days. One seroma (4.6%) was found. No shoulder restriction has been reported and aesthetic results were excellent. The follow-up will demonstrate if this technique can reduce the incidence of lymphoedema.
Assuntos
Axila/cirurgia , Neoplasias da Mama/cirurgia , Endoscopia , Excisão de Linfonodo/métodos , Metástase Linfática , Adulto , Idoso , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama/secundário , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama/cirurgia , Carcinoma Lobular/secundário , Carcinoma Lobular/cirurgia , Drenagem , Estética , Feminino , Humanos , Tempo de Internação , Lipectomia , Metástase Linfática/diagnóstico , Linfedema/prevenção & controle , Mastectomia Segmentar , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/epidemiologiaRESUMO
A number of flavone and xanthone derivatives bearing some characteristic features of fluoroquinolones such as the fluorine atom and an ortho piperazine ring are described. The new compounds have been tested for possible cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities. Cytotoxicity of both groups of compounds is rather poor, while the antibacterial activity is restricted to xanthones.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos/síntese química , Antineoplásicos/síntese química , Flavonoides/síntese química , Xantinas/síntese química , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Ensaios de Seleção de Medicamentos Antitumorais , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Flavonoides/farmacologia , Fluoroquinolonas , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Proteus mirabilis/efeitos dos fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos , Xantinas/farmacologiaRESUMO
This was a retrospective review of 17 T-condylar fractures in children and adolescents, aged 9-16 years. It examined the results by sex, age, arm injured, hand dominance, mechanism of injury, radiologic appearance, operative findings, operative procedure, outcome, and complications. There was a male-to-female ratio of 2.4:1. The large majority of patients received their fractures as a result of a fall. The majority of patients injured their nondominant left distal humerus. Five patients had a neuropathy, all of which spontaneously resolved. Fifteen patients underwent open reduction, internal fixation, with a mean postoperative follow-up of 16 months. The posteromedial (Bryan-Morrey) and the olecranon osteotomy approach resulted in a statistically significant better extension than the triceps-splitting approach (p < or = 0.05). Patients with articular damage had statistically significantly less extension at follow-up (p < or = 0.001). The use of continuous passive motion (CPM) in the immediate postoperative period resulted in a functional range of motion sooner and yielded a statistically significant increase in flexion at follow-up examination than when not used (p < or = 0.05).
Assuntos
Fraturas do Úmero , Adolescente , Criança , Articulação do Cotovelo/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Fixação Interna de Fraturas , Humanos , Fraturas do Úmero/diagnóstico , Fraturas do Úmero/fisiopatologia , Fraturas do Úmero/cirurgia , Masculino , Complicações Pós-Operatórias , Amplitude de Movimento Articular , Estudos Retrospectivos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
A number of xanthone derivatives bearing the basic chain of naftifine and butenafine antimycotics in 1, 2, 3, and 4 nuclear positions are described. The in vitro antifungal activity against representative strains of molds and yeasts is reported. Only butenafine xanthone analogues show significant activity against Cryptococcus neoformans, in particular the regioisomer 4d (1.5 micrograms/ml).
Assuntos
Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Xantenos/farmacologia , Alilamina/análogos & derivados , Alilamina/química , Antifúngicos/síntese química , Aspergillus niger/efeitos dos fármacos , Aspergillus niger/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Benzilaminas/química , Candida albicans/efeitos dos fármacos , Candida albicans/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Cryptococcus neoformans/efeitos dos fármacos , Cryptococcus neoformans/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Naftalenos/química , Penicillium/efeitos dos fármacos , Penicillium/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Xantenos/químicaRESUMO
CASE REPORT: Gastric cancer in a 29 years old pregnant woman. A total of 109 cases were collected in the whole from 1916 to 1988; to these, we add one new case of a 29 years old pregnant woman observed in 1993 in Verona University Surgical Sciences Department. DISCUSSION: Cancer of the digestive tract during pregnancy is really rare and has poor prognosis. The diagnosis during pregnancy is difficult because the symptoms are frequently masked by factors related to the normal first trimester in pregnancy. X-ray are often restricted. Gastroendoscopy is applied to pregnant women only when evident symptoms are present such as: severe anemia, jaundice and weight loss. The incidence of inoperable cases is elevated such as the mortality in the operated cases. The whole survival rate after three years is 21%. CONCLUSION: Gastric cancer in pregnancy has a poor prognosis. The possible reasons are: delayed detection, low differentiation degree, restricted therapeutic approach because of pregnancy, personal factors as the patients' desire for a child, religious, ethical considerations.
Assuntos
Complicações Neoplásicas na Gravidez/diagnóstico , Adulto , Evolução Fatal , Feminino , Gastrectomia , Humanos , Metástase Neoplásica , Gravidez , Complicações Neoplásicas na Gravidez/patologia , Complicações Neoplásicas na Gravidez/cirurgiaRESUMO
Some flavone-2'-carboxylic acid analogues are described. Direct in vitro toxicity of the synthesized compounds was evaluated towards four tumoral cell lines, and the ability of these compounds to stimulate mouse peritoneal macrophages in culture to become tumoricidal (indirect toxicity) was also studied. Direct cytotoxic activity was very low for all derivatives. However, almost all compounds showed a remarkable increase of indirect cytotoxicity. In particular, compound 3i, which has an F atom in the 7 position of the flavone ring, was able to increase significantly the macrophage's lytic properties, and has been selected for further investigations.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/síntese química , Ácidos Carboxílicos/química , Flavonoides/química , Adjuvantes Imunológicos/síntese química , Adjuvantes Imunológicos/farmacologia , Animais , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Ensaios de Seleção de Medicamentos Antitumorais , Flavonoides/farmacologia , Humanos , Macrófagos Peritoneais/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Células Tumorais Cultivadas/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Some simple geiparvarin analogues, in which the coumarin moiety has been replaced with an X-substituted benzene ring, are described. The compounds were tested on LoVo cells (human colon carcinoma cell line) and some of them show a cytotoxicity comparable with that of the prototype. A QSAR analysis was also attempted, but it did not provide satisfactory results, mainly because of the limited range of variation of the biological activity.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/síntese química , Cumarínicos/síntese química , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/química , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/farmacologia , Neoplasias do Colo/patologia , Cumarínicos/química , Cumarínicos/farmacologia , Ensaios de Seleção de Medicamentos Antitumorais , Humanos , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Espectrometria de Massas , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Células Tumorais CultivadasRESUMO
A topological modification of ipriflavone 1, a recent antiosteoporotic drug, is described. The flavone moiety of 1 has been replaced by a xanthone one. Among the new derivatives, the 3,6-diisopropoxyxanthone (2a) has shown significant bone resorption inhibition in in vitro and in vivo tests.
Assuntos
Reabsorção Óssea/tratamento farmacológico , Xantenos/síntese química , Xantenos/farmacologia , Xantonas , Animais , Humanos , RatosRESUMO
With the aim to split the pharmacological properties of lefetamine (CAS 14148-99-3), some structural modifications of this compound have been studied. The basic group of lefetamine has been shifted from the alkyl chain to the vicinal phenyl ring and the N-substitution has been changed. The dimethylaminomethyl derivatives and chiefly the o-morpholinometyhl exhibited a strong anti-visceral chemical antinociception activity stripped of thermal antinociception properties and physical dependence liability. Furthermore, through the introduction of a diethylaminomethyl group in the lefetamine structure some derivatives were selected exhibiting besided a significant increase in the anti-visceral chemical antinociception activity, remarkable local anesthetic properties.
Assuntos
Analgésicos não Narcóticos/síntese química , Analgésicos não Narcóticos/farmacologia , Anestésicos Locais/síntese química , Anestésicos Locais/farmacologia , Fenetilaminas/farmacologia , Analgésicos não Narcóticos/toxicidade , Anestesia Intravenosa , Anestésicos Locais/toxicidade , Animais , Anuros , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Cobaias , Dose Letal Mediana , Masculino , Camundongos , Medição da Dor/efeitos dos fármacos , Nervos Periféricos/efeitos dos fármacos , Fenetilaminas/química , Fenetilaminas/toxicidade , Coelhos , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/psicologiaRESUMO
Some geiparvarin bioisosteres and homologues are described. The compounds were tested on LoVo cells (human colon carcinoma cell line). The EC50 values of the synthesized compounds ranged from 35.04 microM (compound 3) to 11.88 microM (compound 4), while the EC50 value of geiparvarin 1 was 13.30 microM.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/síntese química , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/farmacologia , Neoplasias do Colo/tratamento farmacológico , Cumarínicos/síntese química , Cumarínicos/farmacologia , Ensaios de Seleção de Medicamentos Antitumorais , Humanos , Isomerismo , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Células Tumorais CultivadasRESUMO
Some coumarin-, flavonol- and flavanon-acetic acids are described. The cytotoxicity of the synthesized compounds was determined on a human colon carcinoma cell line (LoVo) through evaluation of neutral red uptake, performed by the Riddel method. All tested derivatives were able to induce a statistically significant reduction of lysosomal neutral red uptake at 5 x 10(-5) M concentration. Some compounds were more active than the reference compound flavon-8-acetic acid.
Assuntos
Acetatos/síntese química , Antineoplásicos/síntese química , Neoplasias do Colo/tratamento farmacológico , Flavonoides/síntese química , Acetatos/uso terapêutico , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Cumarínicos/síntese química , Cumarínicos/uso terapêutico , Flavonoides/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Células Tumorais CultivadasRESUMO
Geiparvarin is an antiproliferative compound whose mechanism of action has not yet been identified. We have investigated the biochemical action on purified microtubular protein, as well as on tubulin, of geiparvarin and of some derivatives resulting from its conjugation with two synthetic oestrogens, diethylstilboestrol and meso-hexoestrol, in comparison with the antimicrotubular action of the reference oestrogens. Geiparvarin and derivatives did not inhibit colchicine binding to tubulin nor did they significantly influence GTP-induced polymerization. On the contrary, they effectively counteracted the stimulating effect of taxol on microtubule formation, both in the presence and in the absence of microtubule-associated proteins. A competitive inhibition mechanism at the taxol binding site of tubulin may thus be proposed to explain the antimicrotubular action of geiparvarin.
Assuntos
Cumarínicos/farmacologia , Inibidores do Crescimento/farmacologia , Microtúbulos/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Ligação Competitiva , Encéfalo , Bovinos , Colchicina/química , Cumarínicos/química , Dietilestilbestrol/química , Inibidores do Crescimento/química , Guanosina Trifosfato/química , Paclitaxel/química , Tubulina (Proteína)/químicaRESUMO
A procedure has been developed to quantify the levels of aggrecan and link protein mRNAs in small amounts of various tissues, including cartilage, using the power of PCR to amplify extremely low levels of specific templates. The PCR protocol which was selected allows for a simple assay procedure, with standards in different tubes from the samples. This straightforward procedure is quantitative, inexpensive, and allows for many samples to be analyzed at one time.
Assuntos
Cartilagem/química , Proteínas da Matriz Extracelular , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , Proteínas/genética , Proteoglicanas/genética , Agrecanas , Animais , Artérias/química , Sequência de Bases , Cartilagem/citologia , Bovinos , Córnea/química , Lectinas Tipo C , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Músculos/química , RNA Mensageiro/análise , RNA Mensageiro/química , Pele/químicaRESUMO
The authors report a case of adrenal angioma (a rare benign mesenchymal tumour) which was diagnosed by chance ("incidentaloma") and whose clinical and instrumental characterisation led to the hypothesis of a pheochromocytoma. The various diagnostic methods used are analysed together with results and the possible causes of their erroneous interpretation.