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1.
Enferm. infecc. microbiol. clín. (Ed. impr.) ; 35(7): 417-425, ago.-sept. 2017. ilus, tab, mapas
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-165238

RESUMO

Introducción: Salmonella spp. es un enteropatógeno que se transmite a los humanos a través de alimentos o agua contaminada. En 1997, el Grupo de Microbiología del Instituto Nacional de Salud de Colombia inició el programa de vigilancia de enfermedad diarreica aguda y fiebre tifoidea, que incluye Salmonella spp. Este informe presenta los resultados fenotípicos y genotípicos de los aislamientos recuperados de 2005 a 2011 como parte de la vigilancia. Métodos: Un total de 4.010 aislamientos de Salmonella spp. fueron analizados por serotipificación con el esquema Kauffmann-White-LeMinor, patrones de sensibilidad antimicrobiana y de electroforesis en gel de campos pulsados (PFGE). Resultados: Se identificaron un total de 93 serovares, con 9 predominantes, Typhimurium, Enteritidis, Typhi, Dublin, Panama, Derby, Braenderup, Saintpaul y Uganda. Salmonella spp. presentó altos porcentajes de resistencia a tetraciclina y ácido nalidíxico. El 52,4% (2.101/4.010) de los aislamientos fueron sensibles a todos los antibióticos. La multirresistencia se observó en el 54,9% de los aislamientos de Typhimurium, representada por 81 combinaciones. Por PFGE se analizaron 51,9% aislamientos (2.083/4.010) de 34 serovares, generando 828 patrones electroforéticos XbaI. De estos, 8 se reportaron en al menos 2 países en Latinoamérica. Conclusión: La vigilancia de Salmonella spp. permite conocer la distribución de los serovares, su resistencia y la identificación de clones endémicos en Colombia, aportando bases para un tratamiento óptimo en las infecciones generadas por este patógeno y en el diseño de programas para disminuir la dispersión de aislamientos multirresistentes (AU)


Introduction: Salmonella is an enteropathogen acquired through contaminated food or water. In Colombia, Salmonella spp. is included in the national surveillance of Acute Diarrhoeal Diseases and typhoid fever initiated in 1997. This report shows the phenotype and genotype results obtained from 2005 to 2011. Methods: A total of 4010 isolates of Salmonella enterica were analysed by serotyping with Kauffmann-White-LeMinor, antimicrobial resistance patterns, and pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Results: A total of 93 serovars were identified, of which, Typhimurium, Enteritidis, Typhi, Dublin, Panama, Derby, Braenderup, Saintpaul, and Uganda were prominent. The highest levels of resistance were found for tetracycline and nalidixic acid. Susceptibility was observed in 52.4% (2101/4010) of the isolates. Multi-resistance was recorded in 54.9% of Typhimurium isolates, with 81 different combinations. Using PFGE, 51.9% (2083/4010) isolates were analysed in 34 serovars, and 828 electrophoretic patterns were obtained. From these, 8 patterns were found in at least two Latin-American countries. Conclusion: The surveillance of Salmonella spp. provides information on the serovar distribution, antimicrobial resistance, and clonal distribution in Colombia, as well as information to treat this disease and control the spread of antimicrobial bacterial resistance (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Salmonella enterica/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Salmonella/epidemiologia , Diarreia/microbiologia , Monitoramento Epidemiológico/tendências , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Doenças Endêmicas/prevenção & controle , Eletroforese em Gel de Campo Pulsado/métodos , Sorotipagem/métodos , Salmonella enteritidis/isolamento & purificação , Salmonella typhi/isolamento & purificação , Salmonella typhimurium/isolamento & purificação
2.
Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin ; 35(7): 417-425, 2017.
Artigo em Inglês, Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27038678

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Salmonella is an enteropathogen acquired through contaminated food or water. In Colombia, Salmonella spp. is included in the national surveillance of Acute Diarrhoeal Diseases and typhoid fever initiated in 1997. This report shows the phenotype and genotype results obtained from 2005 to 2011. METHODS: A total of 4010 isolates of Salmonella enterica were analysed by serotyping with Kauffmann-White-LeMinor, antimicrobial resistance patterns, and pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). RESULTS: A total of 93 serovars were identified, of which, Typhimurium, Enteritidis, Typhi, Dublin, Panama, Derby, Braenderup, Saintpaul, and Uganda were prominent. The highest levels of resistance were found for tetracycline and nalidixic acid. Susceptibility was observed in 52.4% (2101/4010) of the isolates. Multi-resistance was recorded in 54.9% of Typhimurium isolates, with 81 different combinations. Using PFGE, 51.9% (2083/4010) isolates were analysed in 34 serovars, and 828 electrophoretic patterns were obtained. From these, 8 patterns were found in at least two Latin-American countries. CONCLUSION: The surveillance of Salmonella spp. provides information on the serovar distribution, antimicrobial resistance, and clonal distribution in Colombia, as well as information to treat this disease and control the spread of antimicrobial bacterial resistance.


Assuntos
Vigilância da População , Infecções por Salmonella/microbiologia , Salmonella enterica/isolamento & purificação , Doença Aguda , Colômbia , Diarreia/microbiologia , Humanos , Infecções por Salmonella/diagnóstico , Salmonella enterica/classificação , Salmonella enterica/genética , Sorotipagem , Fatores de Tempo
3.
Biomédica (Bogotá) ; 35(3): 395-406, jul.-sep. 2015. graf, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-765468

RESUMO

Introducción. En Colombia, Shigella sonnei es uno de los serotipos más frecuentemente aislados (53,4 %) de muestras clínicas humanas asociadas a la enfermedad diarreica aguda. La identificación de patrones de restricción del ADN mediante electroforesis en gel de campo pulsado constituye la base de la vigilancia molecular de S. sonnei . Objetivo. Establecer la base de la vigilancia molecular de S. sonnei en Colombia mediante electroforesis en gel de campo pulsado. Materiales y métodos. Se estudiaron 102 de los 2.048 aislamientos de S. sonnei remitidos por la Red Nacional de Laboratorios entre 1997 y marzo del 2013; la selección se hizo de acuerdo con el patrón de resistencia antimicrobiana, el origen de la muestra y la relación con brotes. Se determinó el patrón genético mediante electroforesis en gel de campo pulsado con las enzimas de restricción XbaI y Blnl, según el protocolo de la red PulseNet International. El análisis de los patrones electroforéticos se hizo con el programa GelCompar II, versión 4.0. Resultados. Se obtuvieron 42 patrones electroforéticos con una similitud de 70 a 100 %. El patrón más frecuente fue COIN08J16X01.0017 (17,6 %), seguido por los patrones COIN04J16X01.0004 (9,8 %) y COIN02J16X01.0002 (5,8 %), y el 66,8 % restante se asoció con otros patrones electroforéticos. El análisis de brotes demostró la relación genética de cada brote con 100 % de similitud en la identificación; el patrón más frecuente en los brotes fue el COIN08J16X01.0017 (17,1 %). Conclusión. Se estableció la base de datos genotípicos de aislamientos de S. sonnei a nivel nacional mediante electroforesis en gel de campo pulsado; se incluyeron los 42 patrones únicos identificados en este estudio.


Introduction: In Colombia, Shigella sonnei is one of the most frequently isolated serotypes (53.4%) in human clinical samples associated with diarrheal acute disease. The identification of DNA restriction patterns by pulsed field gel electrophoresis is the basis for the molecular surveillance of S. sonnei . Objective: To establish the basis for the molecular surveillance of S. sonnei in Colombia using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Materials and methods: We studied 102 of 2,048 S. sonnei isolates referred by the National Laboratory Network between 1997 and March, 2013; the selection was made according to the antimicrobial multiresistance profile, the source of samples, and the relation to outbreaks. The genetic profile was determined by pulsed field gel electrophoresis using the restriction enzymes XbaI and BlnI in accordance with the PulseNet International protocol. The electrophoretic patterns were analyzed with the GelCompare II, version 4.0 software. Results: We obtained 42 electrophoretic patterns with a 70% to 100% similarity. The most frequent pattern was COIN08J16X01.0017 with 17.6%, followed by patterns COIN04J16X01.0004 with 9.8%, and COIN02J16X01.0002 with 5.8%, while the remaining 66.8% was associated with other electrophoretic patterns. The analysis of 10 outbreaks demonstrated their genetic relation with a 100% of similarity; the most frequent pattern in outbreaks was COIN08J16X01.0017 with 17.1%. Conclusion: The genotypic database for Shigella sonnei isolates was established using pulsed field gel electrophoresis including the 42 unique patterns identified in this study.


Assuntos
Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Shigella sonnei/isolamento & purificação , Vigilância da População , Disenteria Bacilar/microbiologia , Shigella sonnei/classificação , Shigella sonnei/efeitos dos fármacos , Shigella sonnei/genética , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de Restrição , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Sorotipagem , Doença Aguda , Surtos de Doenças , Eletroforese em Gel de Campo Pulsado , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Disenteria Bacilar/epidemiologia , Genótipo
4.
Biomedica ; 35(3): 395-406, 2015.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26849701

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: In Colombia, Shigella sonnei is one of the most frequently isolated serotypes (53.4%) in human clinical samples associated with diarrheal acute disease. The identification of DNA restriction patterns by pulsed field gel electrophoresis is the basis for the molecular surveillance of S. sonnei . OBJECTIVE: To establish the basis for the molecular surveillance of S. sonnei in Colombia using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied 102 of 2,048 S. sonnei isolates referred by the National Laboratory Network between 1997 and March, 2013; the selection was made according to the antimicrobial multiresistance profile, the source of samples, and the relation to outbreaks. The genetic profile was determined by pulsed field gel electrophoresis using the restriction enzymes XbaI and BlnI in accordance with the PulseNet International protocol. The electrophoretic patterns were analyzed with the GelCompare II, version 4.0 software. RESULTS: We obtained 42 electrophoretic patterns with a 70% to 100% similarity. The most frequent pattern was COIN08J16X01.0017 with 17.6%, followed by patterns COIN04J16X01.0004 with 9.8%, and COIN02J16X01.0002 with 5.8%, while the remaining 66.8% was associated with other electrophoretic patterns. The analysis of 10 outbreaks demonstrated their genetic relation with a 100% of similarity; the most frequent pattern in outbreaks was COIN08J16X01.0017 with 17.1%. CONCLUSION: The genotypic database for Shigella sonnei isolates was established using pulsed field gel electrophoresis including the 42 unique patterns identified in this study.


Assuntos
Disenteria Bacilar/microbiologia , Vigilância da População , Shigella sonnei/isolamento & purificação , Doença Aguda , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Colômbia/epidemiologia , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Surtos de Doenças , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Disenteria Bacilar/epidemiologia , Eletroforese em Gel de Campo Pulsado , Feminino , Genótipo , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de Restrição , Sorotipagem , Shigella sonnei/classificação , Shigella sonnei/efeitos dos fármacos , Shigella sonnei/genética , Adulto Jovem
5.
Biomedica ; 34 Suppl 1: 217-23, 2014 Apr.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24968053

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that causes multiple infections in hospitalized patients. This microorganism has developed resistance to several antimicrobial agents, including carbapenems, which are considered to be the last therapeutic option against these infections. Carbapenem resistance of P. aeruginosa is mediated by different mechanisms: Carbapenemases class B (MBL) and A, alterations in the OprD expression and overexpression of the Mex efflux pump. OBJECTIVE: To describe the presence of carbapenemases in P. aeruginosa isolates from seven Colombian provinces. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 57 P. aeruginosa isolates were collected between September 2012 and March 2013 from national surveillance in Colombia and were sent to the Grupo de Microbiología at the Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS) for evaluation. Iidentification and antimicrobial susceptibility were confirmed through automated method (Vitek ® 2) and disk diffusion (Kirby-Bauer) according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, CLSI, 2013. Phenotypic and genotypic confirmation was determined using the modified Hodge test (MHT), a synergism test using imipenem, EDTA-SMA and meropenem, and conventional PCR to detect the bla KPC, bla VIM, bla IMP and bla NDM genes. RESULTS: Of the 57 isolates, two showed sensitivity to carbapenems. Forty-three isolates were positive for carbapenemases with a high percentage of sensitivity to colistin (76.4%, n=42). The 43 isolates producing carbapenemases showed multiple drug resistance: 72.1% were positive in the MHT and 79.1% showed MBL synergism. PCR amplification confirmed that 33 isolates were positive for bla VIM, nine were positive for bla KPC and one isolate expressed both KPC and VIM carbapenemases. No isolates showed amplified products with bla IMP and bla NDM primers. CONCLUSIONS: The most frequent carbapenemase was VIM, followed by KPC in an approximate ratio of 3:1.


Assuntos
Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Infecções por Pseudomonas/microbiologia , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/enzimologia , Resistência beta-Lactâmica/genética , beta-Lactamases/metabolismo , Proteínas de Bactérias/classificação , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Infecção Hospitalar/epidemiologia , Infecção Hospitalar/microbiologia , Genótipo , Humanos , Fenótipo , Infecções por Pseudomonas/epidemiologia , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/genética , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/isolamento & purificação , Superinfecção , beta-Lactamases/classificação , beta-Lactamases/genética
6.
Iatreia ; 27(1): 23-30, ene.-mar. 2014.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-708903

RESUMO

Introducción: Salmonella enterica serotipo Typhimurium variante 5- es un patógeno muy relacionado con animales, especialmente con palomas, y asociado en pocos casos con infecciones esporádicas en humanos. Sin embargo, los sistemas de vigilancia epidemiológica han permitido detectarla en brotes en humanos. Objetivo: caracterizar por técnicas fenotípicas y genotípicas los aislamientos de Salmonella Typhimurium variante 5- asociados a un brote de enfermedad transmitida por alimentos (ETA) en el municipio de Paz de Río, Boyacá, en el 2010. Materiales y métodos: doce aislamientos de Salmonella spp., fueron remitidos para confirmación bioquímica, identificación del serotipo y perfil de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana. Se analizaron genotípicamente por electroforesis en gel de campo pulsado (PFGE) con las enzimas Xbal y Blnl. Resultados: todos los aislamientos se confirmaron como Salmonella spp., y presentaron resistencia a tetraciclina y estreptomicina y sensibilidad a los demás antibióticos ensayados; 11/12 se identificaron como Salmonella Typhimurium variante 5- y mostraron en la PFGE el patrón COIN10.JPX.X01.0168 con la enzima XbaI y dos aislamientos de este mismo grupo se confirmaron con la enzima BlnI obteniendo el patrón de PFGE COIN10.JPX.A26.0002. El aislamiento restante se identificó como Salmonella Typhimurium con patrón de PFGE con la enzima Xbal COIN10.JPX.X01.0221. Conclusión: se reporta por primera vez en Colombia un brote de ETA asociado epidemiológicamente con aislamientos de Salmonella Typhimurium variante 5- que estuvieron relacionados fenotípica y genéticamente.


Introduction: Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium variant 5- is a pathogen closely related to animals, especially pigeons, which has been also associated in rare cases with sporadic infections in humans. However, epidemiological surveillance systems have enabled the detection of this variant in human outbreaks. Objective: To characterize by means of phenotypic and genotypic techniques the isolates of Salmonella Typhimurium variant 5- associated with an outbreak of food-borne disease in Paz de Rio, Boyacá, Colombia (2010), in order to establish their molecular relationships. Materials and methods: Twelve isolates of Salmonella spp., were analyzed by biochemical, serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility tests. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) with XbaI and Blnl enzymes was used to establish their molecular relationships. Results: All isolates were confirmed as Salmonella spp. They were resistant to tetracycline and streptomycin and sensitive to the rest of antibiotics tested. Eleven isolates were identified as Salmonella Typhimurium variant 5- and grouped in COIN10.JPX.X01.0168 pattern using the enzyme XbaI; two isolates in this group were confirmed using the enzyme BlnI with the COIN10. JPX.A26.0002 pattern. One isolate was identified as Salmonella Typhimurium with COIN10.JPX.X01.0221 pattern with the enzyme XbaI. Conclusion: This is the first outbreak in Colombia of foodborne illness epidemiologically associated with isolates of Salmonella Typhimurium variant 5 -, which were phenotypically and genetically related.


Assuntos
Humanos , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/etiologia , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/etnologia , Infecções por Salmonella/etiologia , Infecções por Salmonella/etnologia , Salmonella typhimurium
7.
Biomédica (Bogotá) ; 33(supl.1): 153-160, set. 2013. ilus, graf, mapas, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-695806

RESUMO

Introducción. La leptospirosis es una zoonosis reemergente de distribución mundial causada por una espiroqueta del género Leptospira. Durante los últimos años en Colombia aumentó el número de casos en humanos y animales. Objetivo. Caracterizar epidemiológicamente los casos de leptospirosis notificados al Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia en Salud Pública de Colombia y hacer una aproximación para conocer los serogrupos que circulan en el país. Materiales y métodos. Se diseñó un estudio observacional de corte retrospectivo, con registros del proceso de vigilancia de los casos reportados por el software Sivigila y muestras enviadas al Grupo de Microbiología de la Red Nacional de Laboratorios, durante el periodo 2007 a 2011. Se registraron variables de tipo sociodemográficas y se analizaron 17 serogrupos de Leptospira . En el análisis se utilizaron medidas de frecuencia, tendencia central y dispersión. Resultados. Se procesaron 11.786 registros, confirmándose 4.621 casos de leptospirosis. Las entidades territoriales con mayor registro fueron Valle del Cauca, Antioquia, Risaralda, Atlántico y Barranquilla; y las de incidencia más alta fueron Guaviare, Risaralda, San Andrés, Santa Marta y Barranquilla. El mayor número de casos reportados perteneció al área urbana, con mayor frecuencia de hombres (77 %), estudiantes (19,4 %) y amas de casas (13,6 %), con una mediana por edad de 29 años (rango intercuartílico: 45-19). Se evidenció la circulación de 17 serogrupos en el país; los más frecuentes fueron Australis (24,89 %), Hebdomadis (9,33 %) y Sejroe (8,0 %). Conclusión. En Colombia se ha mejorado la notificación y clasificación final de los casos, lo que ha permitido identificar al serogrupo Australis como el de mayor circulación.


Introduction: Leptospirosis is a reemerging zoonosis of worldwide distribution, caused by a spirochete of the genus Leptospira . In Colombia, the disease represents a major public health issue, and there has been an increased number of cases in humans and animals. Objective: To characterize epidemiologically cases of leptospirosis reported to the National Public Health Surveillance in Colombia, and to make an approach to determine the serogroups circulating in the country. Materials and methods: A retrospective observational study was designed using a process of monitoring records, which included cases reported by the software SIVIGILA and samples sent to the Microbiology Group of the National Laboratory Network (GM-RNL), for the period 2007-2011. We registered socio-demographic variables and analyzed 17 serogroups of Leptospira . Results: A total of 11,786 records were processed, with 4,621 confirmed cases of leptospirosis. The geographic places which reported the highest number of cases were: Valle del Cauca, Antioquia, Risaralda, Atlántico and Barranquilla, and those with the highest incidence were Guaviare, Risaralda, San Andres, Santa Marta and Barranquilla. The largest number of cases was from urban areas, and more commonly in men (77%), students (19.4%) and housewives (13.6%). A median age of 29 years (IQR 45-19) was observed. There was evidence of 17 serogroups circulating in the country, from which the three most frequent were Australis (24.89%), Hebdomadis (9.33%) and Sejroe (8.0%). Conclusions: In Colombia, the reported cases have improved as well as their final classification, allowing us to determine the Australis serogroup as the most widely circulating one.


Assuntos
Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Leptospirose/epidemiologia , Vigilância da População , Distribuição por Idade , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Leptospira/classificação , Leptospira/isolamento & purificação , Ocupações , Estudos Retrospectivos , Sorogrupo , Distribuição por Sexo , Fatores Socioeconômicos
8.
Biomédica (Bogotá) ; 33(2): 283-291, abr.-jun. 2013. mapas, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-689566

RESUMO

Introducción. Las enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos constituyen un problema sanitario de alto impacto. Listeria monocytogenes se asocia frecuentemente con contaminación de alimentos lácteos y cárnicos. Vigilar su presencia en varios puntos de esta producción, es vital para controlar la diseminación del microorganismo. Objetivo. Determinar la prevalencia de L. monocytogenes en manipuladores de alimentos de lácteos y cárnicos en 10 departamentos de Colombia y buscar la asociación entre la presencia del microorganismo y posibles factores de riesgo. Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, en el cual se determinó la presencia de L. monocytogenes en muestras de materia fecal y frotis de manos, provenientes de 1.322 manipuladores de alimentos. Se aplicó un cuestionario para conocer posibles factores de riesgo, y se llevó a cabo un análisis estadístico para determinar frecuencias y establecer relaciones entre los posibles factores de riesgo y el estado del portador. Resultados. Hubo 138 (10,4 %) manipuladores de alimentos que resultaron positivos para L. monocytogenes y se encontró asociación estadísticamente significativa entre la presencia del microorganismo y "no conocer el concepto de contaminación cruzada" (OR (IC95%=1,518; p=0,004), así como con "no practicar procedimientos de limpieza y desinfección adecuados" (OR (IC95%)=1,292; p=0,005). Conclusión. Se estableció una prevalencia de portadores de L. monocytogenes entre manipuladores de alimentos de derivados lácteos y cárnicos, y se logró asociar las prácticas higiénicas de los manipuladores de alimentos como factores de riesgo. El estudio se convierte en una herramienta útil para la vigilancia, la caracterización epidemiológica y el planteamiento de estrategias de control de este microorganismo.


Introduction: Foodborne diseases are a high-impact health problem. Listeria monocytogenes is frequently associated with contaminated meat and dairy foods. Monitoring their presence at various stages during production is important to control the spread of this microorganism. Objective: To determine the prevalence of L. monocytogenes in meat and dairy food handlers in ten departments of Colombia and to find an association between the presence of this microorganism and possible risk factors. Materials and methods: A cross sectional study was carried out to determine the presence of L. monocytogenes in fecal samples and swabs taken from the hands of 1322 food handlers. A questionnaire was applied to determine possible risk factors and a statistical analysis was carried out to determine frequencies and relationships between potential risk factors and the presence of L. monocytogenes. Results: 138 (10.4%) food handlers were positive for L. monocytogenes and a statistically significant association was found between the presence of this microorganism and the following risk factors: "Lack of knowledge about the concept of cross-contamination" (OR ( CI 95%) = 1.518 P = 0.004), and "Not practicing cleaning and disinfection procedures appropriately" (OR ( CI 95%) = 1.292 P = 0.005) Conclusion: Prevalence of L. monocytogenes carriers was established among meat and dairy food handlers and food handlers practices were associated as risk factors for carrier condition. This study is a useful tool for the monitoring, epidemiological characterization and definition of strategies to control this pathogen.


Assuntos
Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Laticínios , Manipulação de Alimentos , Indústria Alimentícia , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Fezes/microbiologia , Mãos/microbiologia , Listeria monocytogenes/isolamento & purificação , Carne , Colômbia , Estudos Transversais , Fatores de Risco
9.
Vaccine ; 31(37): 4033-8, 2013 Aug 20.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23680440

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: In Bogotá, the Heptavalent Conjugate Vaccine (PCV7) was introduced into childhood immunization schedule since 2009. The aim of this study was to assess the changes in serotype distribution and penicillin susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates recovered from nasopharyngeal samples and invasive disease among children living in Bogotá, before and after PCV7 introduction. METHODS: Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from healthy children aged between 12 and 18 months of age before (years 2005-2006) and after (2011) PCV7 introduction. Identification of S. pneumoniae was performed by multiplex PCR. Serotype was determined by PCR and Quellung reaction. Susceptibility to penicillin, ceftriaxone, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, tetracycline and erythromycin was evaluated. In addition, distribution of serotypes and antimicrobial susceptibility before and after vaccine introduction among invasive isolates recovered from children ≤2 years old living in Bogotá was analyzed. RESULTS: Prevalence of pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage declined from 55.7% (137/246) in unvaccinated to 44.2% (87/197) (p=0.01) in vaccinated children. The proportion of children carrying PCV7 serotypes decreased from 23.6% (58/246) to 7.6% (15/197) (p<0.001). The decrease was counterbalanced by an increase in the proportion of non-PCV7 serotypes. The most prevalent among emerging serotypes were 15A, 15B, 15C, 11A and 35B. Among IPD isolates, PCV7 serotypes decreased from 69.1% (235/340) in 2005/2009 to 38.0% (32/84) in 2010/2011 (p<0.001). The increase of non-PCV7 serotypes was significant. Resistance to penicillin among invasive isolates recovered from meningitis decreased from 41.1% (30/73) in the pre-vaccine period to 14.2% (2/14) in post-vaccine period (p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: A decrease in the prevalence of pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage following the introduction of PCV7 vaccine, have been overshadowed by an important surge in the prevalence of non-PCV7 serotypes. Systematic surveillance combining nasopharyngeal carriage surveys and IPD detection could help in evaluating the impact of conjugate vaccines.


Assuntos
Nasofaringe/microbiologia , Vacinas Pneumocócicas/uso terapêutico , Streptococcus pneumoniae/isolamento & purificação , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Portador Sadio/imunologia , Colômbia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Vacina Pneumocócica Conjugada Heptavalente , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Nasofaringe/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções Pneumocócicas/prevenção & controle , Streptococcus pneumoniae/classificação , Streptococcus pneumoniae/efeitos dos fármacos , Streptococcus pneumoniae/genética , Streptococcus pneumoniae/imunologia
10.
Biomedica ; 33(1): 62-9, 2013.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23715308

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Salmonella Enteritidis is recognized worldwide as one of the main agents of human gastrointestinal infection. Several reports indicate the presence of isolates with decreased sensitivity to ciprofloxacin that can lead to a delayed response or the development of resistance during treatment. OBJECTIVE: To describe and characterize isolates of Salmonella Enteritidis associated to an outbreak of food-borne diseases in Popayán, Cauca. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten Salmonella Enteritidis isolates from nine patients and one food sample (chicken sandwich) were analyzed by biochemical tests, serotyping and antimicrobial sensitivity. The minimum inhibitory concentration to ciprofloxacin was determined by E-test and the genetic profile of the isolates was tested by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) with XbaI and Blnl enzymes. RESULTS: Salmonella Enteritidis was identified in all isolates. They were resistant to nalidixic acid and had a decreased sensitivity to ciprofloxaxin between 0.25 and 0.5 µg/ml; all isolates were sensitive to all the other antimicrobials we tested. Ten isolates were grouped by PFGE with the XbaI enzyme in the COIN11.JEG.X01.0038 pattern, and seven isolates were confirmed with the BlnI enzyme using the COIN11.JEG.A26.0009 pattern. CONCLUSION: We report for the first time an outbreak of nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella Enteritidis in Colombia and confirmed by phenotypic and genotypic analysis the association between the isolates from patients and the chicken sandwich as the source of infection.


Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Surtos de Doenças , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Ácido Nalidíxico/farmacologia , Intoxicação Alimentar por Salmonella/epidemiologia , Salmonella enteritidis/efeitos dos fármacos , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Animais , Técnicas de Tipagem Bacteriana/métodos , Galinhas/microbiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Ciprofloxacina/farmacologia , Colômbia/epidemiologia , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Feminino , Manipulação de Alimentos/normas , Humanos , Higiene , Lactente , Masculino , Carne/microbiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Refrigeração , Restaurantes/normas , Intoxicação Alimentar por Salmonella/tratamento farmacológico , Intoxicação Alimentar por Salmonella/microbiologia , Salmonella enteritidis/classificação , Salmonella enteritidis/genética , Salmonella enteritidis/isolamento & purificação
11.
Biomédica (Bogotá) ; 33(1): 62-69, ene.-mar. 2013. ilus
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-675133

RESUMO

Introducción. Salmonella Enteritidis es reconocida a nivel mundial como uno de los principales agentes de infección gastrointestinal. Varios reportes indican la presencia de aislamientos con sensibilidad disminuida a la ciprofloxacina que puede conllevar a una respuesta retardada o al desarrollo de resistencia durante el tratamiento. Objetivo. Describir y caracterizar los aislamientos de Salmonella Enteritidis asociados a un brote de enfermedad transmitida por alimentos en Popayán, Cauca. Materiales y métodos. Se analizaron 10 aislamientos de Salmonella Enteritidis, nueve de pacientes y uno de alimentos (emparedado de pollo), por pruebas bioquímicas, serotipificación y sensibilidad antimicrobiana. La concentración inhibitoria mínima a la ciprofloxacina se determinó por E-test y el perfil genético de los aislamientos se evaluó por electroforesis en gel de campo pulsado (Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis, PFGE) con las enzimas Xbal y Blnl. Resultados. En todos los aislamientos se identificó Salmonella Enteritidis con resistencia al ácido nalidíxico y sensibilidad disminuida a la ciprofloxaxina entre 0,25 y 0,5 µg/ml; todos fueron sensibles a los demás antimicrobianos ensayados. La PFGE agrupó los 10 aislamientos con la enzima Xbal en el patrón COIN11.JEG.X01.0038 y siete aislamientos se confirmaron con la enzima BlnI con el patrón COIN11.JEG.A26.0009. Conclusión. Se reporta por primera vez en Colombia un brote de Salmonella Enteritidis con resistencia al ácido nalidíxico y se confirma por análisis fenotípico y genotípico la asociación entre los aislamientos de los pacientes con el del emparedado de pollo como la fuente de infección.


Introduction. Salmonella Enteritidis is recognized worldwide as one of the main agents of human gastrointestinal infection. Several reports indicate the presence of isolates with decreased sensitivity to ciprofloxacin that can lead to a delayed response or the development of resistance during treatment. Objective. To describe and characterize isolates of Salmonella Enteritidis associated to an outbreak of food-borne diseases in Popayán, Cauca. Materials and methods. Ten Salmonella Enteritidis isolates from nine patients and one food sample (chicken sandwich) were analyzed by biochemical tests, serotyping and antimicrobial sensitivity. The minimum inhibitory concentration to ciprofloxacin was determined by E-test and the genetic profile of the isolates was tested by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) with XbaI and Blnl enzymes. Results. Salmonella Enteritidis was identified in all isolates. They were resistant to nalidixic acid and had a decreased sensitivity to ciprofloxaxin between 0.25 and 0.5 µg/ml; all isolates were sensitive to all the other antimicrobials we tested. Ten isolates were grouped by PFGE with the XbaI enzyme in the COIN11.JEG.X01.0038 pattern, and seven isolates were confirmed with the BlnI enzyme using the COIN11.JEG.A26.0009 pattern. Conclusion. We report for the first time an outbreak of nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella Enteritidis in Colombia and confirmed by phenotypic and genotypic analysis the association between the isolates from patients and the chicken sandwich as the source of infection.


Assuntos
Salmonella enteritidis , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos , Infecções por Salmonella , Sorotipagem , Monitoramento Epidemiológico
12.
Biomedica ; 33(2): 283-91, 2013.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24652139

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Foodborne diseases are a high-impact health problem. Listeria monocytogenes is frequently associated with contaminated meat and dairy foods. Monitoring their presence at various stages during production is important to control the spread of this microorganism. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of L. monocytogenes in meat and dairy food handlers in ten departments of Colombia and to find an association between the presence of this microorganism and possible risk factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross sectional study was carried out to determine the presence of L. monocytogenes in fecal samples and swabs taken from the hands of 1322 food handlers. A questionnaire was applied to determine possible risk factors and a statistical analysis was carried out to determine frequencies and relationships between potential risk factors and the presence of L. monocytogenes. RESULTS: 138 (10.4%) food handlers were positive for L. monocytogenes and a statistically significant association was found between the presence of this microorganism and the following risk factors: "Lack of knowledge about the concept of cross-contamination" (OR ( CI 95%) = 1.518 P = 0.004), and "Not practicing cleaning and disinfection procedures appropriately" (OR ( CI 95%) = 1.292 P = 0.005) CONCLUSION: Prevalence of L. monocytogenes carriers was established among meat and dairy food handlers and food handlers practices were associated as risk factors for carrier condition. This study is a useful tool for the monitoring, epidemiological characterization and definition of strategies to control this pathogen.


Assuntos
Laticínios , Fezes/microbiologia , Manipulação de Alimentos , Indústria Alimentícia , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Mãos/microbiologia , Listeria monocytogenes/isolamento & purificação , Carne , Adulto , Idoso , Colômbia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Fatores de Risco
13.
Biomedica ; 33 Suppl 1: 153-60, 2013 Sep.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24652259

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Leptospirosis is a reemerging zoonosis of worldwide distribution, caused by a spirochete of the genus Leptospira . In Colombia, the disease represents a major public health issue, and there has been an increased number of cases in humans and animals. OBJECTIVE: To characterize epidemiologically cases of leptospirosis reported to the National Public Health Surveillance in Colombia, and to make an approach to determine the serogroups circulating in the country. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective observational study was designed using a process of monitoring records, which included cases reported by the software SIVIGILA and samples sent to the Microbiology Group of the National Laboratory Network (GM-RNL), for the period 2007-2011. We registered socio-demographic variables and analyzed 17 serogroups of Leptospira . RESULTS: A total of 11,786 records were processed, with 4,621 confirmed cases of leptospirosis. The geographic places which reported the highest number of cases were: Valle del Cauca, Antioquia, Risaralda, Atlántico and Barranquilla, and those with the highest incidence were Guaviare, Risaralda, San Andres, Santa Marta and Barranquilla. The largest number of cases was from urban areas, and more commonly in men (77%), students (19.4%) and housewives (13.6%). A median age of 29 years (IQR 45-19) was observed. There was evidence of 17 serogroups circulating in the country, from which the three most frequent were Australis (24.89%), Hebdomadis (9.33%) and Sejroe (8.0%). CONCLUSIONS: In Colombia, the reported cases have improved as well as their final classification, allowing us to determine the Australis serogroup as the most widely circulating one.


Assuntos
Leptospirose/epidemiologia , Vigilância da População , Adolescente , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Leptospira/classificação , Leptospira/isolamento & purificação , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Ocupações , Estudos Retrospectivos , Sorogrupo , Distribuição por Sexo , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Adulto Jovem
14.
Biomedica ; 26(3): 397-407, 2006 Sep.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17176003

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: In Colombia Salmonella Typhimurium is the second most frequently isolated Salmonella serotype (after S. Enteritidis) from human clinical samples. This serotype represents 28.2% (n=468) of the 1659 Salmonella isolates recovered by the Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS) Acute Diarrheal Diseases Surveillance Program from 1997 to 2004. Previously, little was known about the molecular attributes of these strains and commonality of genetic subtypes among S. Typhimurium isolated from humans in Colombia. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to characterize S. Typhimurium isolates circulating in Colombia using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis in order to establish genetic profiles and determine their potential relatedness. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 468 S. Typhimurium isolates were submitted to INS by 14 Public Health Laboratories from January 1997 to December 2004. The pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was performed using restriction enzyme Xbal according to the PulseNet standard protocol (CDC, Atlanta). Restriction pattern analysis and cluster definition were performed using Molecular Analyst Fingerprinting II software. RESULTS: 180 distinct electrophoretic patterns were obtained. Pattern COINJPX.X01.0062 was the most common (21.3% of the 473 isolates, n=101), followed by COINJPX.X01.0001 (8.4%, n=40), COINJPX.X01.0058 (3%, n=13), COINJPX.X01.0003 (2.5%, n=12), COINJPX.X01.0066 (2.3%, n=11), and COINJPX.X01.0108 (1.4%, n=6). COINJPX.X01.0001, was the most prevalent pattern among S. Typhimurium isolated in Bogotá from 1997-2002, but appeared to be replaced both in Bogotá and nationally by COINJPX.X01.0062 in 2003-2004. Cluster analysis demonstrated three distinct groups with 53% and 82% similarity indicating heterogeneity within the serotype. CONCLUSIONS: The study provides important electrophoretic pattern baseline data, which will be useful for prospective real-time comparison of profiles of future isolates. Cluster detection using this method will facilitate outbreak detection and will enhance our ability to find common sources for seemingly unrelated infections.


Assuntos
Diarreia/microbiologia , Salmonella typhimurium/genética , Salmonella typhimurium/isolamento & purificação , Doença Aguda , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Colômbia , Eletroforese em Gel de Campo Pulsado , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Vigilância da População
15.
Biomedica ; 22(3): 272-9, 2002 Sep.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12404927

RESUMO

Shigellosis is an acute diarrhoeal disease that is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. In 1997, the Colombian Instituto Nacional de Salud Microbiology Group organized a network surveillance program with the country's Public Health Laboratories (PHLs) to monitor the principal etiological agents responsible for acute diarrhoeal disease. In May, 2001, the PHL of the state of Cundinamarca reported a food poisoning outbreak involving an elementary school community. The main goal of the Microbiology Group involvement was to establish the molecular relationships among the isolates from the outbreak by phenotypic and genotypic methods of characterization. Stool cultures were obtained from 22 of 195 affected individuals. The Microbiology Group confirmed the identification of the isolates by biochemical and serological probes. The antimicrobial susceptibilities were tested against the following battery of antibiotics: chloramphenicol, trimehoprim-sulfamethozazole, cefotaxime, gentamicin, ampicillin and ciprofloxacin. The isolates were subjected to pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) using the following CDC (U.S. Centers for Disease Control) protocols: Xbal restriction enzyme, Shigella sonnei CDC F2353 as the reference standard, and lambda phage as a molecular weight marker. In 15 of 22 (68%) stool cultures Shigella was recovered, all isolates were identified as Shigella flexneri serotype 6 biotype Newcastle with the same antimicrobial susceptibility profile. PFGE showed that 3 (20%) isolates were identical (100% genetic similarity) and the other 12 (80%) were very closely related (genetic similarity between 86-98%). The network system permitted the INS ready access to the isolates and the implementation of the PFGE permitted a quantitative characterization of the clonal relationship among the isolates from the outbreak.


Assuntos
Surtos de Doenças , Disenteria Bacilar/epidemiologia , Shigella flexneri/genética , Doença Aguda , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Feminino , Genótipo , Humanos , Masculino , Fenótipo , Instituições Acadêmicas , Shigella flexneri/classificação
16.
Biomédica (Bogotá) ; 22(3): 272-279, sep. 2002.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-330481

RESUMO

Shigellosis is an acute diarrhoeal disease that is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. In 1997, the Colombian Instituto Nacional de Salud Microbiology Group organized a network surveillance program with the country's Public Health Laboratories (PHLs) to monitor the principal etiological agents responsible for acute diarrhoeal disease. In May, 2001, the PHL of the state of Cundinamarca reported a food poisoning outbreak involving an elementary school community. The main goal of the Microbiology Group involvement was to establish the molecular relationships among the isolates from the outbreak by phenotypic and genotypic methods of characterization. Stool cultures were obtained from 22 of 195 affected individuals. The Microbiology Group confirmed the identification of the isolates by biochemical and serological probes. The antimicrobial susceptibilities were tested against the following battery of antibiotics: chloramphenicol, trimehoprim-sulfamethozazole, cefotaxime, gentamicin, ampicillin and ciprofloxacin. The isolates were subjected to pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) using the following CDC (U.S. Centers for Disease Control) protocols: Xbal restriction enzyme, Shigella sonnei CDC F2353 as the reference standard, and lambda phage as a molecular weight marker. In 15 of 22 (68) stool cultures Shigella was recovered, all isolates were identified as Shigella flexneri serotype 6 biotype Newcastle with the same antimicrobial susceptibility profile. PFGE showed that 3 (20) isolates were identical (100 genetic similarity) and the other 12 (80) were very closely related (genetic similarity between 86-98). The network system permitted the INS ready access to the isolates and the implementation of the PFGE permitted a quantitative characterization of the clonal relationship among the isolates from the outbreak.


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Surtos de Doenças , Disenteria Bacilar , Shigella flexneri , Doença Aguda , Colômbia , Genótipo , Fenótipo , Instituições Acadêmicas , Shigella flexneri
17.
Biomedica ; 22(2): 106-9, 2002 Jun.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12152475

RESUMO

Between October 2001 and January 2002, the Microbiology Group of the Instituto Nacional de Salud processed 705 envelopes under suspicion of harboring anthrax spores. We present photographs of cultures and slides prepared from them of Bacillus species to be used as reference material for the accurate macroscopic and microscopic identification of the agent found in samples.


Assuntos
Bacillus/classificação , Bacillus/citologia , Especificidade da Espécie
18.
Biomédica (Bogotá) ; 22(2): 106-109, jun. 2002. ilus
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-315869

RESUMO

Entre octubre de 2001 y enero de 2002, el Grupo de Microbiología del Instituto Nacional de Salud procesó 705 sobres remitidos por sospechas de contener esporas de ántrax. Presentamos las fotografías de los cultivos de las diferentes especies de Bacillus spp. y de las láminas hechas a partir de los cultivos para que sirvan como referencia para la correcta identificación macro y microscópica del agente hallado en las muestras enviadas para confirmación


Assuntos
Bacillus anthracis , Bacillus cereus , Bacillus subtilis , Bacillus thuringiensis
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