Neurosurgical Causes of Pulsatile Tinnitus: Contemporary Update.

Traditionally in the domain of the otolaryngologist, pulsatile tinnitus (PT) has become increasingly relevant to neurosurgeons. PT may prove to be a harbinger of life-threatening pathology; however, often, it is a marker of a more benign process. Irrespectively, the neurosurgeon should be familiar with the many potential etiologies of this unique and challenging patient population. In this review, we discuss the myriad causes of PT, categorized by pulse-phase rhythmicity.

Pivotal trial of the Neuroform Atlas stent for treatment of posterior circulation aneurysms: one-year outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Stent-assisted coiling of wide-necked intracranial aneurysms (IAs) using the Neuroform Atlas Stent System (Atlas) has shown promising results. OBJECTIVE: To present the primary efficacy and safety results of the ATLAS Investigational Device Exemption (IDE) trial in a cohort of patients with posterior circulation IAs. METHODS: The ATLAS trial is a prospective, multicenter, single-arm, open-label study of unruptured, wide-necked, IAs treated with the Atlas stent and adjunctive coiling. This study reports the results of patients with posterior circulation IAs. The primary efficacy endpoint was complete aneurysm occlusion (Raymond-Roy (RR) class I) on 12-month angiography, in the absence of re-treatment or parent artery stenosis >50%. The primary safety endpoint was any major ipsilateral stroke or neurological death within 12 months. Adjudication of the primary endpoints was performed by an imaging core laboratory and a Clinical Events Committee. RESULTS: The ATLAS trial enrolled and treated 116 patients at 25 medical centers with unruptured, wide-necked, posterior circulation IAs (mean age 60.2±10.5 years, 81.0% (94/116) female). Stents were placed in all patients with 100% technical success rate. A total of 95/116 (81.9%) patients had complete angiographic follow-up at 12 months, of whom 81 (85.3%) had complete aneurysm occlusion (RR class I). The primary effectiveness outcome was achieved in 76.7% (95% CI 67.0% to 86.5%) of patients. Overall, major ipsilateral stroke and secondary persistent neurological deficit occurred in 4.3% (5/116) and 1.7% (2/116) of patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In the ATLAS IDE posterior circulation cohort, the Neuroform Atlas Stent System with adjunctive coiling demonstrated high rates of technical and safety performance. Trial registration number https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02340585.

First-Line Stent Retriever versus Direct Aspiration for Acute Basilar Artery Occlusions: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Mechanical thrombectomy (MT) for anterior circulation stroke has been proven to be highly effective. In comparison, MT for basilar artery occlusion (BAO) continues to lack definitive evidence of efficacy. The main MT modalities are stent retriever (SR) and direct aspiration (DA). Several studies have been published comparing the 2 approaches. OBJECTIVE: We sought to directly compare and synthesize safety and efficacy outcomes with SR versus DA for acute BAO. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. RESULTS: Overall, 8 studies comprising 693 patients with BAO were included (SR: 457; DA: 236). The SR group was associated with statistically significant lower odds of modified Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction (mTICI) 2b/3 (odds ratio [OR]: 0.54; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.31-0.94) and mTICI3 (OR: 0.47; 95% CI: 0.23-0.95) compared with DA. Favorable outcome rates were similar between the 2 groups (OR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.60-1.16). The rates of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (OR: 3.57; 95% CI: 0.75-16.95), subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) (OR: 4.71; 95% CI: 0.82-26.90), and vessel perforation (OR: 2.64; 95% CI: 0.43-16.33) were higher in the SR group, but statistical significance was not reached. The rates of 90-day mortality were similar between the 2 groups (OR: 1.07; 95% CI: 0.67-1.70). Procedure duration was significantly shorter when DA was used compared with SR (weighted mean difference: 26.10 minutes; 95% CI: 13.28-38.92). CONCLUSIONS: SR is associated with statistically significant lower odds of mTICI 2b/3 and mTICI 3 recanalization rates compared with DA. SR appears to be associated with a higher complication rate, but significance was not reached.

A Consensus Study: Generational Differences in Neurosurgeons' Perception of Retirement and Practice Limits.

BACKGROUND: Concerns about the changing demographics in the United States and the aging of the neurosurgical workforce exist. Both the importance and inherent risk of surgical responsibilities suggest that thought be given to whether workloads should change later in surgeons' careers. We sought to assess current neurosurgeons' expectations concerning their late-stage careers. METHODS: A survey was sent to 3317 U.S. board-certified neurosurgeons. It was designed to assess surgeons' perceptions of call and operative responsibilities in the later stages of their careers. Statistical analyses were completed in R version 3.6.1, with an alpha set to 0.05. RESULTS: Six-hundred and fifty-nine neurosurgeons completed the questionnaire. Seventy-seven percent believed that the call burden should decrease later in practice, and 66% planned to decrease their own call burden later in their career. The most common age range for planned retirement was 65 to 69 years (36%), followed by 70+ years (33%). Most (67%) believed that there should not be a mandatory age to stop operating. More recent year of residency completion was negatively associated with the belief that call burden should decrease at older age groups and positively associated with support for a mandatory age to stop operating as well as an earlier retirement age. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that neurosurgeons have differing views on how workloads should change later in their careers. Younger neurosurgeons support an earlier decrease in workload or even a policy-mandated stop to operating after a certain age. These results may give insight into future trends and turnover in neurosurgery and provide a valuable tool to help practices anticipate workforce changes.

Neuroform Atlas Stent for Treatment of Middle Cerebral Artery Aneurysms: 1-Year Outcomes From Neuroform Atlas Stent Pivotal Trial.

BACKGROUND: Heterogeneous effect of endovascular aneurysm therapy has been observed across different anatomic locations. There is a paucity of data for stent-assisted coiling of middle cerebral artery (MCA) aneurysms. OBJECTIVE: To present the results of the MCA aneurysm group from the Neuroform Atlas (Stryker Neurovascular) investigational device exemption (IDE) trial. METHODS: The Atlas IDE trial is a prospective, multicenter, single-arm, open-label study of wide-neck aneurysms (neck ≥ 4 mm or dome-to-neck ratio < 2) in the anterior circulation treated with the Neuroform Atlas Stent and approved coils. Follow-up was obtained immediately postprocedure and 2, 6, and 12 mo postoperatively. We herein describe safety and efficacy outcomes, and functional independence of the subjects with aneurysms from all segments of MCA. RESULTS: A total of 35 patients were included (27 MCA bifurcation, 5 M1, 3 M2). The mean aneurysm size was 6.0 ± 1.8 mm, and the mean neck was 4.4 ± 1.2 mm. Technical procedural success was achieved in all patients. A total of 26 patients had follow-up digital subtraction angiography available at 12 mo, with 80.8% (21/26) having complete aneurysm occlusion. Twelve-month safety data were collected for 91.4% (32/35), 8.5% (3/35) had primary safety endpoint, all 3 major ischemic strokes. Mortality occurred in 2 patients beyond 30 d unrelated to procedure (1 gallbladder cancer and 1 fentanyl intoxication). At 1 yr, modified Rankin Score was 0 to 2 in 84.4% (27/32), 3 in 9.4%, and 3 patients were missing. Approximately 5.7% (2/35) of patients were retreated at 12 mo. CONCLUSION: Stent-assisted coiling with the Neuroform Atlas Stent is a viable alternative to clipping for selected MCA aneurysms. Complete aneurysm occlusion rates have improved compared to historical data. Proper case selection can lead to acceptable endovascular results.

Carotid cavernous fistula (CCF) treatment approaches: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of transarterial and transvenous embolization for direct and indirect CCFs.

BACKGROUND: Carotid Cavernous Fistulas (CCFs) are the result of an abnormal communication between the carotid artery and its branches and the venous system of the cavernous sinus. The mainstay of therapy for CCFs consists of transarterial or transvenous embolization, while other treatment options such as open surgery or radiosurgery are still utilized as second-line or adjuvant therapeutic options. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to systematically review and summarize available data regarding short- and long-term outcomes of all available treatment modalities for CCFs. METHODS: This systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. A random effects model meta-analysis was conducted. RESULTS: Fifty-seven studies comprising 1575 patients were included in this systematic review. Transarterial embolization for direct and indirect CCFs offered a complete obliteration rate of 93.93% (N = 589/627) and 81.51% (N = 119/146), respectively. Transvenous embolization for direct and indirect lesions achieved obliteration in 91.67% (N = 33/36) and 86.03% (N = 425/494) of patients, respectively. Comparison between transarterial and transvenous embolization did not reveal statistically significant differences in terms of fistula obliteration for direct (OR: 1.42; 95% CI: 0.23-8.90; I2 0.0%) and indirect CCFs (OR: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.31-1.23; I2 0.0%). CONCLUSIONS: Endovascular embolization techniques are the preferred treatment modality for the management of CCFs. No differences were identified between transarterial and transvenous embolization by synthesizing studies with available data. Future prospective cohorts are warranted to compare the different materials and techniques implemented especially within the rapidly expanding realm of endovascular approaches.

Pivotal Trial of the Neuroform Atlas Stent for Treatment of Anterior Circulation Aneurysms: One-Year Outcomes.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Stent-assisted coil embolization using the new generation Neuroform Atlas Stent System has shown promising safety and efficacy. The primary study results of the anterior circulation aneurysm cohort of the treatment of wide-neck, saccular, intracranial, aneurysms with the Neuroform Atlas Stent System (ATLAS trial [Safety and Effectiveness of the Treatment of Wide Neck, Saccular Intracranial Aneurysms With the Neuroform Atlas Stent System]) are presented. METHODS: ATLAS IDE trial (Investigational Device Exemption) is a prospective, multicenter, single-arm, open-label study of wide-neck (neck ≥4 mm or dome-to-neck ratio <2) intracranial aneurysms in the anterior circulation treated with the Neuroform Atlas Stent and approved coils. The primary efficacy end point was complete aneurysm occlusion (Raymond-Roy class 1) on 12-month angiography, in the absence of retreatment or parent artery stenosis (>50%) at the target location. The primary safety end point was any major stroke or ipsilateral stroke or neurological death within 12 months. Adjudication of the primary end points was performed by an independent Imaging Core Laboratory and the Clinical Events Committee. RESULTS: A total of 182 patients with wide-neck anterior circulation aneurysms at 25 US centers were enrolled. The mean age was 60.3±11.4 years, 73.1% (133/182) women, and 80.8% (147/182) white. Mean aneurysm size was 6.1±2.2 mm, mean neck width was 4.1±1.2 mm, and mean dome-to-neck ratio was 1.2±0.3. The most frequent aneurysm locations were the anterior communicating artery (64/182, 35.2%), internal carotid artery ophthalmic artery segment (29/182, 15.9%), and middle cerebral artery bifurcation (27/182, 14.8%). Stents were placed in the anticipated anatomic location in all patients. The study met both primary safety and efficacy end points. The composite primary efficacy end point of complete aneurysm occlusion (Raymond-Roy 1) without parent artery stenosis or aneurysm retreatment was achieved in 84.7% (95% CI, 78.6%-90.9%) of patients. Overall, 4.4% (8/182, 95% CI, 1.9%-8.5%) of patients experienced a primary safety end point of major ipsilateral stroke or neurological death. CONCLUSIONS: In the ATLAS IDE anterior circulation aneurysm cohort premarket approval study, the Neuroform Atlas stent with adjunctive coiling met the primary end points and demonstrated high rates of long-term complete aneurysm occlusion at 12 months, with 100% technical success and <5% morbidity. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT02340585.

Neurologic Complications in Patients with Left Ventricular Assist Devices: Single Institution Retrospective Review.

BACKGROUND: Neurologic complications are common complications encountered by patients with left ventricular assist devices (LVADs). This single-center retrospective study aims to identify the incidence and risk factors of neurologic complications and interventions in patients supported with LVADs and define the associated anticoagulation management. METHODS: Between August 2009 and August 2017, 244 patients underwent LVAD implantation. Twenty-one patients were excluded for having neurologic complications before LVAD placement or for having previously undergone heart transplantation. RESULTS: Fifty-six patients (25%) suffered 61 complications, and 11 (19.6%) died as a result. Gender, type of LVAD, or chronic medical comorbidities evaluated did not contribute to a difference in complication rate; in contrast, length of LVAD implantation was directly related to risk of neurologic complication. Eleven patients (19.6%) underwent 13 surgical interventions including 5 mechanical thrombectomies. Anticoagulation was reversed in 16 patients and held without complication. Anticoagulation was not held for ischemic complications, and no clinically significant hemorrhagic transformation occurred. Intravenous tissue plasminogen activator was also successfully administered to 3 patients without complication. CONCLUSIONS: Neurologic complications were observed in 25% of patients supported with LVADs, of which 20% required neurosurgical intervention. Anticoagulation can be safely withheld in patients with hemorrhagic complications. Patients with ischemic complications can continue to be anticoagulated with no significant risk of hemorrhagic transformation. Length of LVAD implantation was directly related to the risk of neurologic complication. Finally, our study adds to existing literature that mechanical thrombectomy and even intravenous tissue plasminogen activator are options for LVAD patients with ischemic complications.

Prevalence of carotid stenosis following radiotherapy for head and neck cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Radiation to the head and neck is a well-established risk factor for the development of carotid artery stenosis. Our objective was to identify the prevalence, incidence, and degree of carotid stenosis in patients with a history of head and neck irradiation. METHODS: This study was performed according to the PRISMA guidelines. A random effects model meta-analysis was conducted. RESULTS: Nineteen studies comprising 1479 patients were included. The prevalence of carotid stenosis >50%, >70%, and carotid occlusion was 25% (95% CI: 19%-32%), 12% (95% CI: 7%-17%), and 4% (95% CI: 2%-8%), respectively. The cumulative 12-month incidence of carotid stenosis >50% was 4% (95% CI: 2%-5%), the 24-month was 12% (95% CI: 9%-15%), and the 36-month was 21% (95% CI: 9%-36%). CONCLUSIONS: The yearly incidence of carotid stenosis >50% increased every year during the first 3 years following radiotherapy. We propose routine yearly Doppler ultrasound screening beginning 1 year after head and neck radiotherapy.

Mechanical Thrombectomy in Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Meta-Analysis of Stent Retrievers vs Direct Aspiration vs a Combined Approach.

BACKGROUND: Recent randomized control trials (RCTs) established that mechanical thrombectomy is superior to medical therapy for patients with stroke due to a large vessel occlusion. OBJECTIVE: To compare the safety and efficacy profile of the different mechanical thrombectomy strategies. METHODS: A random-effects meta-analysis was performed and the I2 statistic was used to assess heterogeneity according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. RESULTS: Nineteen studies with a total of 2449 patients were included. No differences were identified between the stent retrieval and direct aspiration groups in terms of modified Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction (mTICI) 2b/3 and mTICI 3 recanalization rates, and favorable outcomes (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] ≤ 2). Adverse event rates, including 90-d mortality, symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH), and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), were similar between the stent retrieval and direct aspiration groups. The use of the stent retrieval was associated with a higher risk of vasospasm (odds ratio [OR]: 2.98; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.10-8.09; I2: 0%) compared to direct aspiration. When compared with the direct aspiration group, the subgroup of patients who underwent thrombectomy with the combined approach as a first-line strategy had a higher likelihood of successful mTICI 2b/3 (OR: 1.47; 95% CI: 1.02-2.12; I2: 0%) and mTICI 3 recanalization (OR: 3.65; 95% CI: 1.56-8.54), although with a higher risk of SAH (OR: 4.33; 95% CI: 1.15-16.32). CONCLUSION: Stent retrieval thrombectomy and direct aspiration did not show significant differences. Current available evidence is not sufficient to draw conclusions on the best surgical approach. The combined use of a stent retriever and aspiration as a first-line strategy was associated with higher mTICI 2b/3 and mTICI 3 recanalization rates, although with a higher risk of 24-h SAH, when compared with direct aspiration.

Endovascular reconstruction of extracranial traumatic internal carotid artery dissections: a systematic review.

Extracranial internal carotid artery dissection (ICAD) is a potential source of morbidity and mortality in trauma patients and requires high degree of suspicion for diagnosis after the initial presentation. Occasionally, if standard therapy is contraindicated, endovascular reconstruction is a treatment option. The aim of this systematic review was to report clinical and radiographic outcomes following endovascular repair of ICAD of traumatic and iatrogenic etiology. A comprehensive systematic review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. PubMed and Cochrane Library databases were searched. Twenty-four studies comprising 191 patients (204 lesions) were included; 179 underwent traditional carotid artery stenting (CAS), whereas 12 patients underwent flow diversion with the pipeline embolization device (PED). In total, 75.7% of the CAS group and 66.6% of the PED group presented with ICAD-related symptomatology. Concomitant pseudoaneurysms were identified in 61.9% and 78.5% of lesions in the CAS and PED group, respectively. Adverse event rates among CAS-treated lesions after 30-day follow-up were below 2.2% for stroke, transient ischemic attack, and mortality. During follow-up in the CAS group, there was no incidence of ICAD-related stroke or death and 2.2% of patients underwent a repeat CAS procedure. In the PED group, no patient suffered stroke or death in the reported follow-up. In the PED cohort, there was an adequate occlusion rate and no patient had to be retreated. Endovascular reconstruction of traumatic or iatrogenic ICAD appears safe. This approach demonstrated acceptable short- and long-term clinical and radiographic outcomes in both groups.

Aneurysm Formation, Growth, and Rupture: The Biology and Physics of Cerebral Aneurysms.

Cerebral aneurysms (CAs) are characterized by a pathological wall structure with internal elastic lamina and media disruption, which leads to focal weakened pouches of the arterial wall. The prevalence of unruptured CAs has been estimated to be 2%-5% in the general population. During the past few decades, the pathophysiological mechanisms behind the formation, growth, and rupture of CAs have been the focus of numerous research studies. In the present review, we have summarized the inflammatory pathways, genetics, and risk factors for the formation, growth, and rupture of CAs. In addition, we have discussed the concepts of geometric indexes, flow patterns, and fluid dynamics that govern CA development.

Direct Transcervical Access vs the Transfemoral Approach for Carotid Artery Stenting: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

PURPOSE: To examine the safety profile of transcervical access (TCA) in comparison with the transfemoral approach (TFA) in carotid artery stenting. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed according to current guidelines. Eleven eligible studies including 11,592 patients (10,736 in the TFA group and 856 in the TCA group) were identified through a search of the PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane databases up to October 2018. A random effects model meta-analysis was conducted, and the I2 statistic was used to assess heterogeneity. Publication bias was assessed using funnel plots and quantified using the Egger method. RESULTS: The TFA group had a statistically significantly higher risk of periprocedural (30-day) stroke compared with the TCA group (OR 1.98, 95% CI 1.08 to 3.63, p=0.027; I2=0%). Also, patients in the TFA group had a significantly higher risk of developing new ischemic lesions (OR 2.97, 95% CI 1.48 to 5.96, p=0.002; I2=0%) on diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI). No differences in terms of transient ischemic attack (OR 1.50, 95% CI 0.73 to 3.10, p=0.268; I2=5.9%), myocardial infarction (OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.30 to 1.35; p=0.242; I2=0%), local hematoma (OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.12 to 2.25, p=0.389; I2=0%), or mortality (OR 1.35, 95% CI 0.62 to 2.92, p=0.449; I2=0%) were identified between the groups. CONCLUSION: TCA is associated with a significantly lower risk for periprocedural stroke and DW-MRI ischemic lesions compared with TFA. Other periprocedural outcomes were similar between the groups.

Risk Factors for Restenosis After Carotid Revascularization: A Meta-Analysis of Hazard Ratios.

BACKGROUND: Carotid artery restenosis after carotid endarterectomy (CEA) or carotid artery stenting (CAS) will occur in 3%-30% of cases. Restenosis can lead to more frequent clinical and imaging monitoring and the potential for reoperation. We sought to define the demographic, clinical, and radiographic characteristics that influence the restenosis risk after carotid revascularization. METHODS: The present study was performed in accordance with the PRISMA (preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses) guidelines. A random effects model meta-analysis of hazard ratios (HRs) was conducted. RESULTS: Eighteen studies with 17,106 patients were included. Diabetes (HR, 1.68; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00-2.83; I2, 76.7%), dyslipidemia (HR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.08-2.91; I2, 22.5%), female gender (HR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.14-1.98, I2, 0%), chronic kidney disease (HR, 4.15; 95% CI, 1.69-10.19; I2, 44.5%), hypertension (HR, 1.99; 95% CI, 1.07-3.72; I2, 68%), smoking (HR, 1.65; 95% CI, 1.15-2.37; I2, 54.3%), and pretreatment stenosis >70% (HR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.0-1.08; I2, 0%) showed a statistically significant increase in restenosis risk after carotid revascularization. Subgroup analyses of CEA and CAS showed that female gender and smoking status were significantly associated with recurrent stenosis after CEA but not after CAS. In contrast, hypertension was associated with restenosis after CAS but not after CEA. Patch endarterectomy (HR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.22-0.50; I2, 0%) and symptomatic status at presentation in the CAS group (HR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.41-0.90; I2, 0%) were associated with a decreased risk of restenosis. Antiplatelet use and coronary artery disease were not associated with restenosis risk. CONCLUSIONS: Diabetes, dyslipidemia, female gender, renal failure, hypertension, and smoking were associated with an increased risk of restenosis, and patch endarterectomy and symptomatic status at presentation were associated with a decreased risk of carotid restenosis. Both female gender and current smoking status were only associated with recurrent stenosis after CEA, and hypertension was only associated with restenosis after CAS.

Carotid Revascularization in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Results from studies comparing carotid artery endarterectomy (CEA) with carotid artery stenting (CAS) in the elderly population are variable in the literature. The objective of this study was to investigate whether CEA or CAS is associated with a better safety profile in older adults (>80 years of age) for treatment of symptomatic and asymptomatic stenosis. METHODS: A random-effects meta-analysis was performed, and the I2 statistic was used to assess heterogeneity according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Subgroup analyses were performed as needed. RESULTS: Nine studies comprising 5955 patients were included in this meta-analysis. No differences were identified in terms of 30-day stroke (CEA: 5.8% [n = 257/4415]; CAS: 10.5% [n = 81/767]; odds ratio [OR], 0.57; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.30-1.08; I2 = 26.1%), myocardial infarction (MI) (CEA: 1.1% [n = 4/357]; CAS: 0.5% [n = 2/355]; OR, 1.67; 95% CI, 0.37-7.46; I2 = 0%), transient ischemic attack (TIA) (CEA: 0% [n = 0/98]; CAS: 4.2% [n = 7/166]; OR, 0.28; 95% CI, 0.03-2.52; I2 = 0%), death (CEA: 1.5% [n = 8/523]; CAS: 0.9% [n = 4/431]; OR, 1.41; 95% CI, 0.43-4.58; I2 = 0%), and cranial nerve injury (CEA: 5.8% [n = 3/51]; CAS: 0% [n = 0/51]; OR, 4.74; 95% CI, 0.5-44.98; I2 =0%). A subgroup comparing CEA with transfemoral protected CAS showed that patients in the CEA group had a statistically significant lower risk of 30-day stroke (OR, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.17-0.57; I2 = 30.8%). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that CEA is associated with a statistically significant lower risk of 30-day stroke in the elderly population compared with transfemoral CAS with distal or proximal protection. No differences were noted in the rates of periprocedural TIA, MI, death, and cranial nerve injury between CEA and CAS in the original pooled analysis.

Carotid Artery Endarterectomy Versus Carotid Artery Stenting for Patients with Contralateral Carotid Occlusion: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Results from studies investigating the effect of contralateral carotid occlusion (CCO) in patients with carotid artery stenosis undergoing carotid artery endarterectomy (CEA) or carotid artery stenting (CAS) are variable in the literature. We sought to determine whether CEA or CAS is the optimal revascularization approach for patients with CCO. METHODS: This meta-analysis was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. A random effects model meta-analysis was conducted, and the I2 statistic was used to assess for heterogeneity. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed as needed. RESULTS: Five retrospective observational cohort studies comprising 6346 patients were included. Patients in the CEA group had a significantly lower risk of 30-day periprocedural mortality (odds ratio, 0.46; 95% confidence interval, 0.30-0.71; I2 = 0%). However, no significant differences were identified in terms of stroke, myocardial infarction (MI), and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) between the 2 groups. Subgroup analyses of symptomatic and asymptomatic patients did not yield significant differences for stroke, MI, and death. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with CCO can safely undergo both CAS and CEA with similar risks of stroke, MI, and MACE. However, patients treated with CEA have a lower risk of 30-day periprocedural mortality. Future studies can help further clarify the ideal approach for these patients.

Outcome of Carotid Artery Endarterectomy in Statin Users versus Statin-Naïve Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Carotid artery endarterectomy (CEA) remains the most common surgical intervention for the treatment of symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. Several studies have shown a lower risk of periprocedural adverse events in statin users who undergo coronary interventions or carotid artery stenting. The aim of this meta-analysis was to determine whether the use of statins is beneficial in patients undergoing CEA. METHODS: This study was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Eligible studies were identified through a search of PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane until August 2017. A random effects model meta-analysis was conducted and the I2 statistic was used to assess for heterogeneity. RESULTS: Six studies and 7053 patients overall were included. Thirty days after CEA, 157 (2.2%) patients had a stroke (1.4% in the statin-user group vs. 3% in the statin-naïve group). Despite the difference in the absolute rate of stroke, there was no statistically significant difference in the 30-day stroke rate (odds ratio [OR] 0.40; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.15-1.09; I2 = 75.6%). Overall, 141 (2%) patients suffered 30-day myocardial infarction, with no significant difference between the 2 groups (OR 0.77; 95% CI 0.26-2.24; I2 = 77%). Patients who received statins before CEA were at a significantly lower risk for 30-day death (OR 0.26; 95% CI 0.10-0.61; I2 = 17.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Statin users undergoing CEA were at a significantly lower risk for periprocedural death compared with statin-naïve patients. Despite an absolute difference in the stroke rate, the current meta-analysis did not detect a statistically significant difference in the 30-day stroke rate between statin-user and statin-naïve patients undergoing CEA.

Carotid Artery Endarterectomy versus Carotid Artery Stenting for Restenosis After Carotid Artery Endarterectomy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Carotid artery restenosis may occur after ipsilateral carotid endarterectomy (CEA). The aim of this study was to determine whether carotid artery stenting (CAS) or redo CEA is the optimal treatment for postendarterectomy carotid restenosis. METHODS: Eligible studies for meta-analysis were identified through a search of PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane up to July 20, 2017. A meta-analysis was conducted with the use of random effects modeling. I2 was used to assess for heterogeneity. RESULTS: Thirteen studies comprising 4163 patients were included. Risk for any type of cranial nerve injury was higher in the redo CEA group (odds ratio = 13.61; 95% confidence interval, 5.43-34.16; I2 = 3.3%). Periprocedural and/or short-term (within 30 days) stroke, transient ischemic attack, myocardial infarction, temporary cranial nerve injury, and death rates were similar between the 2 revascularization approaches. During median follow-up of 28 months, CAS was associated with significantly lower risk for long-term recurrent carotid artery restenosis when defined as stenosis >60% (odds ratio = 2.16; 95% confidence interval, 1.13-4.12; I2 = 0%) or >70% (odds ratio = 2.31; 95% confidence interval, 1.13-4.72; I2 = 0%). No difference was identified in long-term target lesion revascularization rates between redo CEA and CAS. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with carotid restenosis after CEA can safely undergo both CAS and CEA with similar risks of periprocedural stroke, transient ischemic attack, myocardial infarction, and death. However, patients treated with CAS have a lower risk for a new restenosis and periprocedural cranial nerve injury.