Standardization of endometriosis surgery - the coloproctologist's vision / Padronização da cirurgia da endometriose - visão do coloproctologista

ABSTRACT Objective: To demonstrate the standardization of deep endometriosis surgery with intestinal involvement. Methods: Prospective study evaluating 74 women undergoing standardized surgery for deep intestinal endometriosis. Divided into two groups, according to the findings of three-dimensional anorectal ultrasound, Group I with lesions affecting perirectal fat and Group II with lesions affecting at least the muscular layer of the rectum. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in relation to the size of the focus and the distance of the lesion to the puborectalis muscle (p > 0.05). The type of surgery performed was laparoscopy without lesions in one patient (1.35%), disk resection in 13 patients (17.56%), shaving in 45 patients (60.81%), and rectosigmoidectomy in 15 patients (20.27%). The complications were bleeding from the drain with conservative treatment in three patients (4.05%), fistula in two patients submitted to the shaving method (2.70%), and three patients (4.05%) with lower anterior recession syndrome (LARS), with improvement from conservative treatment. Lesions in other organs were also observed during videolaparoscopy. Conclusion: Surgical standardization is important to guide the general/colorectal surgeon in the effective approach of intestinal endometriosis.

RESUMO Objetivo: Demonstrar a padronização da cirurgia de endometriose profunda com acometimento intestinal. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo que avaliou 74 mulheres submetidas à cirurgia padronizada para endometriose profunda intestinal. Divididas em dois grupos, segundo os achados da ultrassonografia anorretal tridimensional, o Grupo I com lesões acometendo a gordura perirretal e o Grupo II com lesões acometendo, pelo menos, a camada muscular própria do reto. Resultados: Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos em relação ao tamanho do foco e à distância da lesão ao músculo puborretal (p > 0,05). O tipo de cirurgia realizada foi laparoscopia sem achados da lesão em um paciente (1,35%), ressecção em disco em 13 pacientes (17,56%), Shaving em 45 pacientes (60,81%) e retossigmoidectomia em 15 pacientes (20,27%). As complicações encontradas foram sangramento pelo dreno com tratamento conservador em 3 pacientes (4,05%), fístula em 2 pacientes submetidas ao método de shaving (2,70%), 3 pacientes (4,05%) com Síndrome da Ressecção Anterior do Reto (LARS), com melhora ao tratamento conservador. Lesões em outros órgãos também foram observadas durante a videolaparoscopia. Conclusão: A padronização cirúrgica é importante para orientar o cirurgião geral/colorretal na abordagem eficaz na endometriose intestinal.

Establishing the normal ranges of female and male anal canal and rectal wall vascularity with color Doppler anorectal ultrasonography / Estabelecendo padrões normais da vascularização do canal anal e da parede retal em indivíduos do sexo masculino e feminino com ultrassom anorretal com Doppler colorido

ABSTRACT Study objectives: To evaluate blood supply in the anal canal, rectal wall and mesorectal fat of men and women, using color Doppler endorectal sonography to establish normal ranges for vascular parameters. Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study conducted at a tertiary-care hospital recruited asymptomatic volunteers (≤50 years). Vascularity percentage and index were calculated for defined regions. Results: Vascularity percentage and index were significantly higher in the puborectalis, mid-level external and upper internal anal sphincter compared to the low anal canal; these parameters were higher in men than in women at upper and middle levels of the inner anal canal structures. At mid-level, vascularity was greater in the external compared to the internal anal sphincter in both sexes; however, at the upper level it was greater in the puborectalis compared to the internal anal sphincter in women. Vascularity was greater in the rectal wall compared to the mesorectal fat, with no difference between middle and lower levels. Conclusions: Blood supply is highest at upper levels of the anal canal; however, inner structures are better irrigated in men. Moreover, the rectal wall is better irrigated than the mesorectal fat. Establishing normal ranges may permit future comparisons of the studied structures in disease states as well as the hormonal and age related changes.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar vascularização do canal anal, parede retal e gordura mesorretal em homens e mulheres, usando ultrassonografia endorretal com Doppler colorido para estabelecer parâmetros vasculares de normalidade. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo transversal incluindo voluntários assintomáticos com até 50 anos. Medidos os valores da porcentagem e do índice de vascularização foram calculados para regiões escolhidas. Resultados: Valores da porcentagem e do índice foram significativamente maiores no puborretal, esfíncter externo (canal anal médio) e o esfíncter interno (canal anal superior) comparado ao canal anal inferior; esses parâmetros foram maiores em homens que em mulheres no canal anal médio e alto. No médio, a vascularização foi maior no esfíncter externo comparado ao interno em ambos os sexos; contudo, no canal anal superior, foi maior no puborretal comparado ao esfíncter anal interno em mulheres. A vascularização foi maior na parede retal comparada à gordura mesorretal, sem diferenças entre os níveis. Conclusões: O suprimento sanguíneo é maior nos níveis altos do canal anal. As estruturas internas são mais irrigadas nos homens. A parede retal é mais irrigada que a gordura mesorretal. Os parâmetros vasculares estabelecidos permitirá futuras comparações das estruturas estudadas nos casos de doenças, assim como, alterações que ocorrem com a idade e mudanças hormonais.

Defecatory dysfunction and fecal incontinence in women with or without posterior vaginal wall prolapse as measured by pelvic organ prolapse quantification (POP-Q).

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: Pelvic Floor Dysfunction is a complex condition that may be asymptomatic or may involve a loto f symptoms. This study evaluates defecatory dysfunction, fecal incontinence, and quality of life in relation to presence of posterior vaginal prolapse. METHODS: 265 patients were divided into two groups according to posterior POP-Q stage: posterior POP-Q stage ≥2 and posterior POP-Q stage <2. The two groups were compared regarding demographic and clinical data; overall POP-Q stage, percentage of patients with defecatory dysfunction, percentage of patients with fecal incontinence, pelvic floor muscle strength, and quality of life scores. The correlation between severity of the prolapse and severity of constipation was calculated using ρ de Spearman (rho). RESULTS: Women with Bp stage ≥2 were significantly older and had significantly higher BMI, numbers of pregnancies and births, and overall POP-Q stage than women with stage <2. No significant differences between the groups were observed regarding proportion of patients with defecatory dysfunction or incontinence, pelvic floor muscle strength, quality of life (ICIQ-SF), or sexual impact (PISQ-12). POP-Q stage did not correlate with severity of constipation and incontinence. General quality of life perception on the SF-36 was significantly worse in patients with POP-Q stage ≥2 than in those with POP-Q stage <2. CONCLUSIONS: The lack of a clinically important association between the presence of posterior vaginal prolapse and symptoms of constipation or anal incontinence leads us to agree with the conclusion that posterior vaginal prolapse probably is not an independent cause defecatory dysfunction or fecal incontinence.

Usefulness of anorectal and endovaginal 3D ultrasound in the evaluation of sphincter and pubovisceral muscle defects using a new scoring system in women with fecal incontinence after vaginal delivery.

PURPOSE: This study aims to evaluate pubovisceral muscle and anal sphincter defects in women with previous vaginal delivery and fecal incontinence and to correlate the findings with the severity of symptoms using the combined anorectal and endovaginal 3D ultrasonography with a new ultrasound scoring system. METHODS: Consecutive female patients with previous vaginal delivery and fecal incontinence symptoms were screened. Fecal incontinence was assessed with the Cleveland Clinic Florida fecal incontinence scale, and the extent of defects was assessed by an ultrasound score based on results of anorectal and endovaginal 3D ultrasound. Fecal incontinence was assessed with the Cleveland Clinic Florida fecal incontinence scale. RESULTS: Of 84 women with previous vaginal delivery and fecal incontinence, 21 (25%) had intact pubovisceral muscles and anal sphincters; 63 (75%) had a pubovisceral muscle or anal sphincter defect, or both. Twenty-eight (33%) had a pubovisceral muscle defect [23% with an external anal sphincter (EAS) defect or combined EAS/internal anal sphincter defects; 11% with intact anal sphincters]. Thirty-five (42%) had intact pubovisceral muscles and an anal sphincter defect. Compared with women with intact pubovisceral muscles/anal sphincter defects, patients with pubovisceral muscle defects had significantly higher incontinence scores and significantly higher ultrasound scores indicating more extensive defects. Incontinence symptoms correlated positively with the ultrasound score, measurements of sphincter defects, and area of the levator hiatus. CONCLUSIONS: Evaluation of both pubovisceral muscles and anal sphincters is important to identify defects and determine treatment for women with fecal incontinence after vaginal delivery. The severity of fecal incontinence symptoms is significantly related to the extent of defects of the pubovisceral muscles and anal sphincters.

Comparative evaluation of healing response between colo-colic invagination anastomosis and single-layer running suture. Experimental study in dogs / Avaliação comparativa da resposta cicatricial entre anastomose colocólica por invaginação e sutura contínua em plano único. Estudo experimental em cães

Abstract Objective Evaluate healing response of colo-colic anastomosis by invagination vs. single-layer suture. Methods Sixty dogs were randomly distributed in two groups and anastomosed with single-layer suture (G-I, control) or by invagination and cardinal sutures (G-II, study). In the end, the animals were euthanized (10 from each group on POD7 and 20 on POD21) and the anastomosed segment was retrieved for histology and immunohistochemistry. Parameters included body weight, adhesions, edema, vasoproliferation, type I and III collagen, myeloperoxidase and nitric oxide. Findings were analyzed with Student's t test and the Mann–Whitney test. Results No animal died prior to euthanasia. The groups were similar with regard to all parameters: median weight 10.86 kg (G-I) and 9.98 kg (G-II) on POD7 (p = 0.41) and 11.86 kg (G-I) and 11.55 kg (G-II) on POD21 (p = 0.71); abdominal adhesions (p = 0.7383 POD7; p = 0.5685 POD21), level of edema (p = 0.3006 POD7; p = 0.7990 POD21), vasoproliferation (p = 0.1191 POD7; p = 0.0758 POD21), type I collagen (p = 0.4591 POD7; p = 0.3357 POD21), type III collagen (p = 0.2166 POD7; p = 0.2712 POD21), nitric oxide (p = 0.3980 POD7; p = 0.4796 POD21) and myeloperoxidase (p = 0.580 POD7; p = 0.755 POD21). Conclusion No significant difference in healing response was observed between the two anastomosis techniques (single-layer suture and invagination).

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a resposta cicatricial da anastomose colocólica por invaginação versus sutura em plano único. Métodos Sessenta cães foram randomicamente distribuídos em dois grupos e anastomosados com sutura em plano único (G-I, controle) ou por invaginação e suturas cardinais (G-II, estudo). Ao final, os animais foram submetidos à eutanásia (10 de cada grupo no 7° dia do pós-operatório [DPO7] e 20 em DPO21) e o segmento anastomosado foi recuperado para estudos histológicos e imunoistoquímicos. Os parâmetros foram: peso corpóreo, aderências, edema, vasoproliferação, colágeno dos tipos I e III, mieloperoxidase e óxido nítrico. Os achados foram analisados com os testes t de Student e de Mann-Whitney. Resultados Não ocorreram óbitos antes da eutanásia. Os grupos eram semelhantes com relação a todos os parâmetros considerados: peso mediano 10,86 Kg (G-I) e 9,98 Kg (G-II) em DPO7 (p = 0,41) e 11,86 Kg (G-I) e 11,55 Kg (G-II) em DPO21 (p = 0,71); aderências abdominais (p = 0,7383 DPO7; p = 0,5685 DPO21), nível de edema (p = 0,3006 DPO7; p = 0,7990 DPO21), vasoproliferação (p = 0,1191 DPO7; p = 0,0758 DPO21), colágeno tipo I (p = 0,4591 DPO7; p = 0,3357 DPO21), colágeno tipo III (p = 0,2166 DPO7; p = 0,2712 DPO21), óxido nítrico (p = 0,3980 DPO7; p = 0,4796 DPO21) e mieloperoxidase (p = 0,580 DPO7; p = 0,755 DPO21). Conclusão: Não foi observada diferença significativa na resposta cicatricial entre as duas técnicas de anastomose (sutura em plano único e invaginação).

Is prevalence of colorectal polyps higher in patients with family history of colorectal cancer? / A prevalência de pólipos colorretais é mais elevada em pacientes com história familiar de câncer colorretal?

ABSTRACT: Objectives:To assess the prevalence of polyps in patients with a family history of colorectal cancer, in comparison to asymptomatic individuals with indication for screening. Methods: A prospective study in a group of patients who underwent colonoscopy between 2012 and 2014. Patients were divided into two groups: Group I: no family history of colorectal cancer, and Group II: with a family history in first-degree relatives. Demographic characteristics, findings on colonoscopy, presence, location and histological type of polyps were evaluated, comparing the two groups.Results: 214 patients were evaluated: 162 in Group I and 52 in Group II. The distribution of patients with polyps was similar in relation to gender: polyps were evidenced in Group I in 33 (20%) female patients vs. 10 (6%) male patients (p= 1.00); in Group II, the presence of polyps was evidenced in 9 (17%) female patients vs. 2 (4%) male patients (p= 1.00). Polypoid lesions were found in 54 patients (25%), with 43 (26%) in Group I and 11 (21%) in Group II. The prevalence of adenomas was similar in both groups (Group I = 18/37% vs. Group II = 10/50%) (p= 0.83).Conclusion: In this preliminary study, no correlation was found between prevalence of polyps and a family history of colorectal cancer. (AU)

RESUMO: Objetivos: Avaliar a prevalência de pólipos em pacientes com história familiar de câncer colorretal comparando com indivíduos assintomáticos com indicação para rastreamento. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo realizado em um grupo de indivíduos submetidos à colonoscopia entre 2012 e 2014. Os pacientes foram distribuídos em dois grupos: Grupo I: sem história familiar de câncer colorretal e Grupo II: com história familiar em parentes de primeiro grau. Avaliaram-se características demográficas, achados na colonoscopia, presença, localização e tipo histológico dos pólipos, comparando os dois grupos. Resultados: Foram avaliados 214 pacientes, 162 incluídas no grupo I e 52 no grupo II. A distribuição dos pacientes com pólipos foi similar em relação ao sexo, sendo evidenciado pólipos no Grupo I em 33 (20%) pacientes do sexo feminino vs. 10 (6%) masculino (p = 1,00) e no Grupo II, presença de pólipos em pacientes do sexo feminino em 9 (17%) vs. 2 (4%) masculino (p = 1,00). Foram encontradas lesões polipóides em 54 pacientes (25%), sendo 43 (26%) no grupo I e 11 (21%) no grupo II. A prevalência de adenomas foi similar em ambos os grupos (Grupo I = 18/37% vs. Grupo II = 10/50%) (p = 0,83).Conclusão: Neste estudo inicial, não foi encontrada correlação entre a prevalência de pólipos e o histórico familiar de câncer colorretal. (AU)

Role of preoperative retrograde enema on inflammatory and healing parameters in colonic anastomosis: experimental study in dogs / Papel do enema pré-operatório em parâmetro de inflamação e cicatrização em anastomose cólica: estudo experimental em cães

Objective: The purpose of this experimental study was to compare the inflammatory and wound healing response of dogs submitted to colonic anastomosis with and without preoperative retrograde enema. Methods: The study included two groups of 31 female dogs (Canis familiaris). G-I (control): no preoperative bowel preparation; G-II (study): preoperative retrograde enema using a 10% glycerin solution. All the animals were submitted to laparotomy and colotomy at 20 cm from the anal verge, followed by closure with a running extramucosal single-layer suture (Prolene® 000). The animals were then anesthetized and euthanized on the 7th (n = 10) or 21st (n = 20) postoperative day (POD) to remove the anastomosed colon segment for histological and immunohistochemical analysis evaluating the parameters: anastomotic edema, vasoproliferation, abdominal adhesions, type I and III collagen, nitric oxide and myeloperoxidase. The observed differences were analyzed with the Mann-Whitney test for nonparametric data and Student's t test for unpaired samples and parametric data. Results: One animal from G-I and one from G-II died on POD 7 and POD 10 due to anastomotic complications and sepsis, respectively The groups did not differ significantly with regard to inflammatory and healing parameters, although the levels of mature collagen were significantly lower in the animals submitted to preoperative bowel preparation. Conclusion: It has been shown that both procedures are safe to be used, however, the group with bowel preparation showed a lower amount of mature collagen in the immediate postoperative period and may be constituted a preventive factor for surgical complications for this type of surgical procedure, although no evidence in this study could be determined. (AU)

Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo experimental foi comparar a resposta inflamatória e cicatrização de feridas em cães submetidos a anastomose cólica com e sem enema retrógrada pré-operatório. Métodos: O estudo incluiu dois grupos de 31 cães fêmeas (Canis familiaris). G-I (controle): sem preparo intestinal pré-operatório; G-II (estudo): Enema retrógrada pré-operatória com uma solução de glicerina a 10%. Todos os animais foram submetidos à laparotomia e colotomia a 20 cm da borda anal, seguido de fechamento em sutura extramucosa contínua (Prolene ® 000). Os animais foram anestesiados e, em seguida, submetidos à eutanásia no 7° (n = 10) ou 21 (n = 20) pós-operatório (DPO) para remover o segmento de cólon anastomosado para análise histológica e imunohistoquímica avaliando os parâmetros: edema da anastomose, vasoproliferação, aderências abdominais, colagénio tipo I e III, o óxido nítrico e a mieloperoxidase. As diferenças observadas foram analisadas com o teste de Mann-Whitney para os dados não paramétricos e teste t de Student para amostras não pareadas e dados paramétricos. Resultados: Um animal do GI e um do G-II morreu no dia 7 e 10° DPO devido a complições de anastomose e sepse, respectivamente. Os grupos não diferiram significativamente em relação aos parâmetros inflamatórios e de cura, embora os níveis de colágeno maduro foram significativamente menores nos animais submetidos ao preparo intestinal pré-operatório. Conclusão: Demonstrou-se que ambos os procedimentos são seguros para serem usados, no entanto, o grupo com a preparação do intestino mostrou uma menor quantidade de colágeno maduro no período pós-operatório imediato, podendo ser constituído um fator preventivo para compliçães cirúrgicas para este tipo de procedimento cirúrgico, embora nenhuma evidência neste estudo. (AU)

Do changes in anal sphincter anatomy correlate with anal function in women with a history of vaginal delivery?

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate anal sphincter anatomy using three-dimensional ultrasonography (3-DAUS) in incontinent women with vaginal delivery, correlate anatomical findings with symptoms of fecal incontinence and determine the effect of vaginal delivery on anal canal anatomy and function. METHODS: Female with fecal incontinence and vaginal delivery were assessed with Wexner's score, manometry, and 3DAUS. A control group comprising asymptomatic nulliparous was included. Anal pressure, the angle of the defect and length of the external anal sphincter (EAS), the anterior and posterior internal anal sphincter (IAS), the EAS + puborectal and the gap were measured and correlated with score. RESULTS: Of the 62, 49 had fecal incontinence and 13 were asymptomatic. Twenty five had EAS defects, 8 had combined EAS+IAS defects, 16 had intact sphincters and continence scores were similar. Subjects with sphincter defects had a shorter anterior EAS, IAS and longer gap than women without defects. Those with a vaginal delivery and intact sphincters had a shorter anterior EAS and longer gap than nulliparous. We found correlations between resting pressure and anterior EAS and IAS length in patients with defects. CONCLUSIONS: Fecal incontinence symptoms did not correlate with anal pressures and anal sphincter anatomy changes, but women with sphincter defects have shorter anterior EAS and IAS and a longer gap.

Do changes in aaal sphincter anatomy correlate ith anal function in women withh a history of vaginal delivery? / Alterações na anatomia do esfíncter anal se correlacionam com a função anal em mulheres com história de parto vaginal?

Objectives To evaluate anal sphincter anatomy using three-dimensional ultrasonography (3-DAUS) in incontinent women with vaginal delivery, correlate anatomical findings with symptoms of fecal incontinence and determine the effect of vaginal delivery on anal canal anatomy and function. Methods Female with fecal incontinence and vaginal delivery were assessed with Wexner’s score, manometry, and 3DAUS. A control group comprising asymptomatic nulliparous was included. Anal pressure, the angle of the defect and length of the external anal sphincter (EAS), the anterior and posterior internal anal sphincter (IAS), the EAS + puborectal and the gap were measured and correlated with score. Results Of the 62, 49 had fecal incontinence and 13 were asymptomatic. Twenty five had EAS defects, 8 had combined EAS+IAS defects, 16 had intact sphincters and continence scores were similar. Subjects with sphincter defects had a shorter anterior EAS, IAS and longer gap than women without defects. Those with a vaginal delivery and intact sphincters had a shorter anterior EAS and longer gap than nulliparous. We found correlations between resting pressure and anterior EAS and IAS length in patients with defects. Conclusions Avaliar a anatomia do esfíncter anal usando ultra-sonografia tridimensional (3D-US) em mulheres incontinentes com parto vaginal, correlacionar os achados anatômicos com sintomas de incontinência fecal e, determinar o efeito do parto vaginal sobre a anatomia e função do canal anal. .

Objetivos Avaliar a anatomia do esfíncter anal usando ultra-sonografia tridimensional (3D-US) em mulheres incontinentes com parto vaginal, correlacionar os achados anatômicos com sintomas de incontinência fecal e, determinar o efeito do parto vaginal sobre a anatomia e função do canal anal. Métodos Mulheres com sintomas de incontinência fecal e história de parto vaginal foram avaliadas com escore de Wexner, manometria e 3D-US. Um grupo controle constituído por nulíparas assintomáticas foi incluído. Pressão de repouso, o ângulo radial do defeito e o comprimento do esfíncter anal externo (EAE), o esfíncter anal interno anterior e posterior (EAI), o EAE + músculo puborretal e o gap foram medidos e correlacionados com escore. Resultados Das 62 mulheres, 49 apresentaram sintomas de incontinência fecal e 13 eram nulíparas assintomáticas. Vinte e cinco tinham defeitos EAE, 8 haviam defeito combinado EAS e IAS, 16 tinham esfíncteres intactos e escores de continência foram semelhantes. Indivíduos com defeitos do esfíncter tinha um menor EAE e EAI anterior em relação as mulheres sem defeitos. Aquelas com um parto vaginal e esfíncteres intactos tinham um menor EAE anterior em relação as mulheres nulíparas. Evidenciou-se correlações entre a pressão de repouso e a medida do EAS anterior e IAS em pacientes com defeitos do esfíncter. Conclusões Sintomas de incontinência fecal não se correlacionou com as pressões anais e alterações anatômicas do esfíncter anal, mas as mulheres com defeitos do esfíncter têm menor EAS anterior e IAS e uma gap maior e houve correlações com menor pressão de repouso. .

Clinical, functional and morphologic evaluation of patients undergoing lateral sphincterotomy for chronic anal fissure treatment. Identification of factors that can interfere with fecal continence / Avaliação clínica, funcional e morfológica de pacientes submetidas à esfincterotomia para tratamento da fissura anal. Identificação dos fatores que podem interferir na continência fecal

Objective: Evaluate clinical, functional and morphologic outcomes of lateral sphincterotomy for chronic anal fissure treatment, and correlate the findings with factors that influence in the anal continence. Method: In a prospective study, female patients treated by lateral sphincterotomy for chronic anal fissure were assessed using Wexner's incontinence score and grouped according to score: group I (score = 0) and group 2 (score ≥1) and evaluated with anal manometry and anorectal 3D ultrasonography. Results: Thirty-six womens were included, 33% had vaginal delivery. Seventeen patients were included in group I and 19 in group II. We found no difference in age, parity and mode of delivery between groups. A significant difference with respect to percentage reduction in resting pressures was noted, when comparing group 1 versus group 2. The anal sphincter muscle length was similar in both groups. However, the length and percentage of transected internal anal sphincter was significantly greater in group II. Conclusion: There was a correlation between fecal incontinence symptoms after sphincterotomy with the percentage of resting pressure reduction, length and percentage of transected internal anal sphincter. .

Objetivo: Avaliar os resultados clínicos, funcionais e morfológicos de pacientes submetidas à esfincterotomia para tratamento de fissura anal, correlacionando os resultados com os fatores que podem interferir com a continência fecal. Método: Foram avaliadas prospectivamente pacientes do sexo feminino submetidas à esfincterotomia lateral interna devido à presença de fissura anal crônica utilizando o escore de incontinência de Wexner e distribuídas em dois grupos. Grupo 1- Escore igual a zero e Grupo 2 - maior ou igual a 1. As pacientes foram submetidas à avaliação funcional e anatômica do canal anal utilizando manometria anorretal e ultrassonografia tridimensional anorretal. Resultados: Das 36 pacientes incluídas, 33% tinham história de parto vaginal. Dezessete pacientes foram incluídas no Grupo 1 e 19 no Grupo 2. Não houve diferença quanto à idade, paridade e tipo de parto entre grupos. Houve diferença significante em relação ao percentual de redução na pressão de repouso quando comparado o grupo 1 com grupo 2. Não houve diferença no comprimento da musculatura esfincteriana entre grupos. No entanto, o comprimento e o percentual de esfíncter anal interno seccionado foram significativamente maiores no grupo 2. Conclusão: Há correlação entre os sintomas de incontinência fecal pós esfincterotomia com o percentual de reducão das pressões de repouso, tamanho e percentual do esfíncter anal interno seccionado. .

Use of dynamic 3-dimensional transvaginal and transrectal ultrasonography to assess posterior pelvic floor dysfunction related to obstructed defecation.

BACKGROUND: New ultrasound techniques may complement current diagnostic tools, and combined techniques may help to overcome the limitations of individual techniques for the diagnosis of anorectal dysfunction. A high degree of agreement has been demonstrated between echodefecography (dynamic 3-dimensional anorectal ultrasonography) and conventional defecography. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to evaluate the ability of a combined approach consisting of dynamic 3-dimensional transvaginal and transrectal ultrasonography by using a 3-dimensional biplane endoprobe to assess posterior pelvic floor dysfunctions related to obstructed defecation syndrome in comparison with echodefecography. DESIGN AND SETTING: This was a prospective, observational cohort study conducted at a tertiary-care hospital. PATIENTS: Consecutive female patients with symptoms of obstructed defecation were eligible. INTERVENTION: Each patient underwent assessment of posterior pelvic floor dysfunctions with a combination of dynamic 3-dimensional transvaginal and transrectal ultrasonography by using a biplane transducer and with echodefecography. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Kappa (κ) was calculated as an index of agreement between the techniques. Diagnostic accuracy (sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values) of the combined technique in detection of posterior dysfunctions was assessed with echodefecography as the standard for comparison. RESULTS: A total of 33 women were evaluated. Substantial agreement was observed regarding normal relaxation and anismus. In detecting the absence or presence of rectocele, the 2 methods agreed in all cases. Near-perfect agreement was found for rectocele grade I, grade II, and grade III. Perfect agreement was found for entero/sigmoidocele, with near-perfect agreement for rectal intussusception. Using echodefecography as the standard for comparison, we found high diagnostic accuracy of transvaginal and transrectal ultrasonography in the detection of posterior dysfunctions. LIMITATIONS: This combined technique should be compared with other dynamic techniques and validated with conventional defecography. CONCLUSIONS: Dynamic 3-dimensional transvaginal and transrectal ultrasonography is a simple and fast ultrasound technique that shows strong agreement with echodefecography and may be used as an alternative method to assess patients with obstructed defecation syndrome.

How much of the internal sphincter may be divided during lateral sphincterotomy for chronic anal fissure in women? Morphologic and functional evaluation after sphincterotomy.

BACKGROUND: Sphincterotomy is used to treat chronic anal fissure, but the length of the sphincterotomy is associated with incontinence. OBJECTIVE: We used 3-dimensional anal ultrasonography to determine the proportion of the internal anal sphincter that may be divided during lateral internal sphincterotomy in women without predisposing them to a high risk of fecal incontinence. DESIGN AND SETTING: This was a prospective, observational cohort study conducted at a tertiary-care hospital. PATIENTS: Women treated for chronic anal fissure with high anal resting pressure and no symptoms of fecal incontinence were selected. Asymptomatic women recruited from different departments of the same hospital served as controls to provide reference values for anal canal measurements. INTERVENTION: Patients underwent a standardized technique of lateral internal sphincterotomy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Three-dimensional ultrasonography was used to measure sphincter lengths. Continence was assessed with the Cleveland Clinic Florida (Wexner) score. The relationship between the extent of the surgically divided portion of the internal anal sphincter and the continence score was evaluated. RESULTS: Successful healing was achieved in all patients within 2 months. Follow-up continence scores were significantly correlated with the extent of sphincter division. The proportion of patients with a continence score of 0 was significantly greater in patients in whom sphincter division was less than 25% in comparison with patients with a division of 25% or more. Anal canal and sphincter lengths in patients after sphincterotomy did not significantly differ from those in asymptomatic women. LIMITATIONS: The study is limited by its nonrandomized nature and the lack of preoperative ultrasound assessment. CONCLUSIONS: Based on data from this study, the safe extent of division is less than 25% of the total sphincter length, which in women corresponds to less than 1 cm.

Role of bowel preparation on colocolonic anastomosis: experimental study in dogs

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of colocolonic anastomosis with and without preoperative bowel preparation. METHODS: The study compared 42 female dogs (Canis familiaris), divided into 2 groups of 21 animals: Group I (control) - submitted to bowel preparation - and Group II (study) - without previous bowel preparation -. All animals were submitted to laparotomy with sectioning of the descending colon and primary anastomosis using polypropylene thread. Following euthanasia on the 21st postoperative day (POD), a second laparotomy was performed to evaluate the anastomosis with regard to complications, intra-abdominal adhesions and anastomotic burst pressure. RESULTS: One animal from each group (4.5%) died. The death in Group I occurred on seventh POD due to anastomotic dehiscence. The death in Group II occurred on tenth POD due to deep incisional infection at the surgical site and complete dehiscence of the abdominal wall. The groups did not differ significantly with regard to adhesion grade or anastomotic burst pressure (one specimen burst in each group) (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: Colocolonic anastomosis without previous bowel preparation was shown to be safe and efficacious, suggesting it is not an indispensable procedure in colorectal anastomosis surgery. (AU)

Esse estudo avaliou a eficácia da anastomose colocólica sem preparo intestinal prévio comparando-a com a anastomose realizada com preparo. MÉTODO: Foram utilizados 42 animais (Canis familiares) fêmeas distribuídos em 2 grupos com 21 animais em cada: Grupo I (controle) - com preparo intestinal - e Grupo II (estudo) - sem preparo intestinal prévio -. Os animais de ambos os grupos foram submetidos à laparotomia com secção do cólon descendente e à anastomose primária com fio de polipropileno, bem como à eutanásia no 21º dia de pós-operatório com laparotomia e à avaliação da anastomose colocólica quanto à presença de complicações, grau de aderências intestinais e pressão de ruptura da anastomose. RESULTADOS: Ocorreu um (4,5%) óbito em cada grupo, sendo o do Grupo I no sétimo dia pós-operatório em decorrência da deiscência da anastomose colocólica e o do Grupo II no décimo dia de pós-operatório por causa de infecção em sítio cirúrgico com deiscência total da parede abdominal. Não foi observada diferença estatisticamente significante no grau de aderências intestinais tampouco no teste de pressão de ruptura entre os grupos (um espécime sofreu ruptura em casa grupo) (p>0,05). CONCLUSÃO: A anastomose colocólica sem preparo intestinal apresentou a mesma segurança e eficácia da anastomose realizada com preparo prévio, sugerindo não ser indispensável na cirurgia colorretal com anastomose. (AU)

Anatomic characteristics of anal fistula on three-dimensional anorectal ultrasonography.

BACKGROUND: Surgery for anal fistula is often associated with continence disorders due to the transection of sphincter muscles. Extensive knowledge of anal canal anatomy and anal fistula can help prevent this outcome. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to correlate the anatomical conformation of the anal canal, the fistula track, and the internal opening according to sex and hemicircumference (anterior vs posterior) by use of 3-dimensional ultrasonography. METHODS: One hundred sixty-five patients with fistula were evaluated with 3-dimensional ultrasound and grouped according to sex, fistula type, internal opening, and track position. Fistulas were transsphincteric in 128 subjects and intersphincteric in 37 subjects. The study measured the external and internal anal sphincter, the puborectalis, the distance from the internal opening to the distal edge of the external and internal sphincter, the length of the internal and external sphincter compromised by the track, and the percentage of compromised muscle. RESULTS: The anal canal muscles were longer in males. The distance from the internal opening to the internal sphincter was greater for the posterior hemicircumference. The point where the fistulous track crossed the anterior external sphincter was similar for the 2 sexes, but the percentage of compromised muscle was greater in females. The point where the fistulous track crossed the internal sphincter was similar for the 2 sexes, but the percentage of compromised internal sphincter was greater in males for the posterior hemicircumference. The study was limited by the absence of testing for interobserver and intraobserver agreement. CONCLUSION: The anal canal muscles are longer in males and the pectinate line is asymmetrical. In females, the percentage of compromised external sphincter was greater in the anterior hemicircumference because of the shorter external sphincter, whereas in males the percentage of compromised internal sphincter was greater in the posterior hemicircumference.

The role of 3-dimensional anorectal ultrasonography in the assessment of anterior transsphincteric fistula.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of 3-dimensional anorectal ultrasonography in the choice of surgical technique according to the position of the fistulous tract in patients with anterior transsphincteric anal fistula. METHODS: A total of 33 patients (18 male) with anterior transsphincteric fistulas were evaluated by ultrasonography. The length of the external and internal anal sphincters, the position of the internal opening, the length of the compromised sphincter, and the percentage of sphincter muscle to be transected during surgery were measured, compared between sexes, and used in planning the surgery. Postoperative incontinence symptoms were quantified with a Wexner score. RESULTS: The external and internal sphincters were longer and the position of the internal opening was higher in males. The position where the tract crossed the external sphincter was in both sexes, but the percentage of compromised muscle was higher in females because of the smaller length of the external sphincter. Seton placement followed by fistulotomy or advanced flap repair were indicated in 11 of 18 males and 13 of 15 females as the tract crossed the external sphincter above 50.0%. The mean postoperative follow-up was 12 months. Overall, minor fecal incontinence symptoms were identified in 16 (48.0%) patients. Of these, 11 (73.0%) females and 5 (28.0%) males had a mean incontinence score of 2.9 and 3.0, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Three-dimensional ultrasonography was shown to be useful in the preoperative assessment of anterior transsphincteric fistulas by quantifying the length of muscle to be transected, contributing to the choice of a safe treatment approach and to the reduction of the rate of postoperative continence disorders.

Effect of soluble fiber or fructooligosaccharide supplementation upon trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid induced colitis in rats / Efeito da suplementação de fibra solúvel ou frutooligossacarídeo na colite induzida por ácido trinitrobenzenossulfônico em ratos

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of soluble fiber or fructooligosaccharide (FOS) supplementation upon trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis in rats. METHODS: 64 Wistar rats were given water, soluble fiber or FOS intragastrically during 14 days prior to colitis induction with TNBS (n=48) or rectal enema with water (n=16; control group). On the 7th or 14th day following colitis induction the rats were weighed and euthanized in order to determine the colon weight/length ratio and macroscopic and microscopic scores. RESULTS: On the 7th day following colitis induction the body weight had decreased significantly, the colon weight/length ratio had increased and macroscopic and microscopic colon lesions were observed. On the 14th day following colitis induction no difference in body weight was observed, in spite of the persistence of macroscopic and microscopic lesions and increased colon weight/length ratio. Supplementation with soluble fiber or FOS did not revert colon lesions or any of the study parameters. Supplementation with FOS, but not with fiber, was associated with increased colon weight/length ratio on the 14th day. CONCLUSION: Supplementation with soluble fiber or FOS produced no significant impact on TNBS-induced colitis in rats.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a suplementação de fibra solúvel ou frutooligossacarídeos (FOS) na colite induzida por TNBS em ratos. MÉTODOS: Sessenta e quatro ratos Wistar receberam por gavagem água, fibra solúvel ou FOS. Após 14 dias, foram submetidos à indução de colite com TNBS. O grupo controle recebeu água por gavagem e por enema retal. Decorridos 7 ou 14 dias, após a avaliação do peso, os ratos foram sacrificados e o peso do colo, escores macroscópicos e microscópicos da lesão cólica foram aferidos. RESULTADOS: No 7° dia após indução da colite, houve uma significativa diminuição do peso dos ratos, um aumento do peso do cólon e lesão cólica macroscópica/microscópica. A suplementação com fibra ou FOS não reverteu nenhum destes parâmetros. No 14° dia após a indução da colite não foram observadas diferenças no peso dos ratos, entretanto houve uma persistência da lesão cólica macroscópica/microscópica e do aumento do peso do cólon. A suplementação com fibra ou FOS não reverteu à lesão cólica. A suplementação de FOS, mas não de fibra, aumentou o peso do colo comparado com o grupo colite no 14° dia. CONCLUSÃO: A suplementação com fibra solúvel ou com FOS não alterou a colite por TNBS em ratos.

Effect of soluble fiber or fructooligosaccharide supplementation upon trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid induced colitis in rats.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of soluble fiber or fructooligosaccharide (FOS) supplementation upon trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis in rats. METHODS: 64 Wistar rats were given water, soluble fiber or FOS intragastrically during 14 days prior to colitis induction with TNBS (n=48) or rectal enema with water (n=16; control group). On the 7th or 14th day following colitis induction the rats were weighed and euthanized in order to determine the colon weight/length ratio and macroscopic and microscopic scores. RESULTS: On the 7th day following colitis induction the body weight had decreased significantly, the colon weight/length ratio had increased and macroscopic and microscopic colon lesions were observed. On the 14th day following colitis induction no difference in body weight was observed, in spite of the persistence of macroscopic and microscopic lesions and increased colon weight/length ratio. Supplementation with soluble fiber or FOS did not revert colon lesions or any of the study parameters. Supplementation with FOS, but not with fiber, was associated with increased colon weight/length ratio on the 14th day. CONCLUSION: Supplementation with soluble fiber or FOS produced no significant impact on TNBS-induced colitis in rats.

Ecodefecografia tridimensional dinâmica. Nova técnica para avaliação da Síndrome da Defecação Obstruída (SDO) / Dynamic three-dimensional echodefecography. New technique for evaluation of the Syndrome of Obstructed Defecation

O objetivo deste estudo é apresentar novas técnicas para avaliação da SDO,utilizando a ultra-sonografia endorretal tridimensional dinâmica e comparando os resultados com a defecografia.Foram incluídas neste estudo 25 mulheres adultas,distribuídas em 2 grupos.Grupo I:15 mulheres normais,idade média de 52,4anos(23-76)e todas se submeteram ao exame proctológico completo e à ultra-sonografia anorretal tri-dimensional dinâmica para se estabelecer os padrões de normalidade do canal anal e reto.Grupo II:10 pacientes mulheres com evacuação obstruída,idade média de 47,8anos(33-65)apresentando como principais sintomas a sensação de evacuação incompleta, disquezia e digitação vaginal ou perineal.Submeteram-se...A ecodefecografia...O tamanho médio do ângulo formado pelo músculo PR no repouso foi 87,13º(variação 78,9-90,8º)(+-1,01)e no esforço evacuatório 99,22º(variação 84,9-114,5º)(+-1,84)nas mulheres normais(grupo I).Houve elevação do ângulo em todas as pacientes normais,significando relaxamento normal do PR durante o esforço evacuatório.Com relação à avaliação da anoretocele,a parede posterior da vagina se manteve na posição horizontal durante todo o esforço evacuatório,exceto nas portadoras de anoretocele.Foram diagnosticadas anoretocele(grau I=1,grau II=5,grau III=4) em todas as pacientes do grupo II pelo exame clínico e defecografia.Todos os casos foram confirmados pela ecodefecografia.A partir dos resultados,foram estabelecidos valores para classificar a anoretocele de acordo com a ecodefecografia(grau I-distância entre as posições da parede vaginal até 5,0mm,grau II de 6,0 a 12,0mm,grau III além de 12,0mm).Foi identificado anismus em uma paciente com anoretcele grau II e em outra com grau III na defecografia e confirmado na ecodefecografia pela redução no ângulo formado pelo PR ao comparar as posições em repouso e durante o esforço evacuatório.A defecografia demonstrou também 4 casos de intussuscepção enquanto a ecodefecografia confirmou estes casos e identificou

Limitações e detalhes técnicos do ultra-som endo-anal no diagnóstico de afecções benignas e malignas no canal anal / Limitations and technical details of the endo anal ultrasound in the diagnosis of the benign and malignant anal canal diseases

O objetivo deste trabalho é demonstrar, de forma prática e objetiva, as limitações e enfatizar os detalhes técnicos do ultra-som endo-anal visando indicar adequadamente o exame e reduzir os erros no diagnóstico das afecções benignas e malignas no canal anal. O ultra-som é portanto um exame com limitações e dificuldades técnicas e sua eficácia relaciona-se com a correta indicação e experiência do examinador.

Reconstituição do trânsito intestinal por vídeo-laparoscopia após operação de Hartmann: avaliação pré-operatória, técnica e resultados / Reconstitution of the intestinal transit for videolaparoscopy after Hartmann operation: pre-operative evoluation, technique and results

O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar o preparo pré-operatório, os princípios da técnica cirúrgica e os resultados da reconstituição do trânsito intestinal por laparoscopia. No período de dezembro de 1991 a abril de 2004, 46 pacientes foram operados no Hospital das Clinicas da Universidade Federal do Ceará e na clínica privada. Vinte e quatro (52,1por cento) eram do sexo feminino e 22 do masculino e a idade média foi de 48,9 anos. Dentre as diversas indicações para o procedimento de Hartmann, a mais comum foi o volvo do sigmóide. Indicou-se antibióticoprofilaxia em 37 (80,4por cento) pacientes. Ocorreram 3 (6,5por cento) complicações transoperatórias (anastomose mecânica incompleta, laceração do reto pelo grampeador mecânico circular e lesão de artéria epigástrica direita). Ocorreram três (6,5por cento) conversões devido à laceração do reto pelo grampeador, invasão tumoral na pelve não identificada no pré-operatório e aderências excessivas. O tempo operatório médio foi de 153,2 minutos (2,5 horas). Ocorreram complicações pós-operatórias relacionadas com a técnica cirúrgica em 10 (21,7por cento) pacientes sendo infecção da ferida do estoma (2) e dor no ombro direito (2) as mais comuns. O tempo médio de internação hospitalar foi de 5,7 dias. Não houve óbito.