Radiotherapy alone as a method of treatment for sinonasal mucosal melanoma: A report based on six cases and a review of current opinion.

OBJECTIVES: Radiotherapy in patients with sinonasal mucosal melanoma (SNMM) was given as alternative treatment to surgery in cases with advanced, inoperable tumors or those not eligible for surgery. We presented the outcomes for patients with SNMM treated with radiotherapy alone. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The retrospective review of 6 consecutive SNMM (nasal cavity - 4 pts. and paranasal sinus - 2 pts.) patients (3 males and 3 females at mean age 64 years) treated between 2008 and 2016 was presented. The stage of disease was: T3 (1 pt.), T4a (3 pts.), T4b (2 pts.); with N0 and M0 in all patients. All patients underwent definitive primary photon radiotherapy (IMRT) alone; dose 66-72 Gy was delivered in 22-24 fractions given in 5 fractions (3 Gy) a week. RESULTS: The complete remission was observed in all our patients but only one patient survived 5 years without disease. Five patients died due to multiple distant metastases; two of those patients developed associated local recurrence 7-8 months after radiotherapy. CONCLUSION: SNMM has a poor prognosis due to its high metastatic potential. Based on our numerically small report and data from literature we concluded that primary radiotherapy alone assured complete remission and even 5-year disease-free survival in only a few individual patients.

Gender-related prognostic significance of clinical and biological tumor features in rectal cancer patients receiving short-course preoperative radiotherapy.

AIM: To study the prognostic value of clinical and biological features of rectal cancer and potential gender differences in patients' overall survival (OS), local recurrence-free survival (RFS) and metastasis-free survival (MFS) after short-course preoperative radiotherapy (SCRT) with short or long interval between RT and surgery (break). BACKGROUND: The length of the interval between RT and surgery in SCRT is debatable and gender-related differences in patients survival are not established yet. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 126 patients received SCRT with 5 Gy dose per fraction during 5 days, followed by radical surgery after short break ≤17 days, and a long break >17 days. Pretreatment tumor proliferation (bromodeoxyuridine labeling index, BrdUrdLI and S-phase fraction) was evaluated by flow cytometry and proteins: CD34, Ki-67, GLUT-1, Ku70, BCL-2, P53 expression was studied immunohistochemically. RESULTS: The studied group included 84 men and 42 women. There were 33, 76, and 17 cTNM (AJCC) tumor stages I, II, III, respectively. The median follow-up time was 53.3 months (range 2-142 months). For the whole group Cox multivariate analysis revealed that tumor grade (G > 1), interval between RT and surgery >17 days, pTNM stage >1 and P53 positivity + BrdUrdLI > 7.9% were negative prognostic factors for OS. Tumor aneuploidy and MVD > 140.8 vessels/mm2 were important for RFS. pTNM stage > 1 and P53 positivity combined with BrdUrdLI > 7.9% were risk predictors for MFS. Based on tumor biological features, gender-related difference in OS, RFS, and MFS were observed. In multivariate analysis, male patients age > 62 years and break >17 days only appeared to be significant for OS. CONCLUSIONS: In male rectal patients treated with SCRT, breaks between RT and surgery >17 days should be avoided because they negatively influence patients' survival.

Current treatment options of brain metastases and outcomes in patients with malignant melanoma.

The prognosis for patients with melanoma who have brain metastases is poor, a median survival does not exceed 4-6 months. There are no uniform standards of treatment for patients with melanoma brain metastases (MBMs). The most preferred treatment approaches include local therapy - surgical resection and/or stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). The role of whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) as an adjuvant to local therapy is controversial. WBRT remains a palliative approach for those patients who have multiple MBMs with contraindications for surgery or SRS, or/and poor performance status, or/and very widespread extracranial metastases. Corticosteroids have been used in palliative treatment of MBMs as relief from symptoms related to intracranial pressure and edema. In recent years, the development of new systemic therapeutic strategies has been observed. Various modalities of systemic treatment include chemotherapy, immunotherapy and targeted therapy. Also, multimodality management in different combinations is a common strategy. Decisions regarding the use of specific treatment modalities are dependent on patient's performance status, and the extent of both intracranial and extracranial disease. This review summarizes current treatment options, indications and outcomes in patients with brain metastases from melanoma.

Pure and Mixed Mucinous Carcinoma of the Breast: A Comparison of Clinical Outcomes and Treatment Results.

Mucinous breast carcinoma (MBC) carcinoma represents approximately 1-6% of all malignant breast carcinoma and is divided into pure (PMBC) and mixed (MMBC) subtypes. This study presents the comparison of clinical characteristics and treatment results in 70 patients with PMBC and 40 patients with MMBC, treated at a single institution during 25 years. Performed analyses showed that only nodal status was different in both subtypes. Patients with MMBC showed a significantly higher incidence of axillary nodal metastases in comparison to PMBC (25% versus 10%, respectively). Instead, the 10-year disease-free survival rate was significant higher in PMBC than MMBC (85.7% versus 65%, p < 0.02, test log rank). Authors own observations and data from literature proved that MMBC should be considered as subtypes of mucinous breast cancer.

Systemic treatment of non-small cell lung cancer brain metastases.

In the systemic treatment of brain metastases from non-small cell lung cancer (BMF-NSCLC) chemo- and targeted therapy are used. Response rates after platinum-based chemotherapy, range from 23% to 45%. Development of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs): gefitinib or erlotinib, was an improvement in treatment of advanced NSCLC patients. EGFR mutations are present in 10-25% of NSCLC (mostly adenocarcinoma), and up to 55% in never-smoking women of East Asian descent. In the non-selected group of patients with BMF-NSCLC, the overall response rates after gefitinib or erlotinib treatment range from 10% to 38%, and the duration of response ranges from 9 to 13.5 months. In the case of present activating EGFR mutation, the response rate after EGRF-TKIs is greater than 50%, and in selected groups (adenocarcinoma, patients of Asian descent, never-smokers, asymptomatic BMF-NSCLC) even 70%. Gefitinib or erlotinib treatment improves survival of BMF-NSCLC patients with EGFR mutation in comparison to cases without the presence of this mutation. There is no data on the activity of the anti-EML4-ALK agent crizotinib. Bevacizumab, recombinant humanised monoclonal antibody anti-VEGF, in the treatment of advanced non-squamous NSCLC patients is a subject of intense research. Data from a clinical trial enrolling patients with pretreated or occult BMF-NSCLC proved that the addition of bevacizumab to various chemotherapy agents or erlotinib is a safe and efficient treatment, associated with a low incidence of CSN haemorrhages. However, the efficacy and safety of bevacizumab used for therapeutic intent, regarding active brain metastases is unknown.

Methods and results of locoregional treatment of brain metastases in patients with non-small cell lung cancer.

This article presents methods and results of surgery and radiotherapy of brain metastases from non-small cell lung cancer (BMF-NSCLC). Patients with single BMF-NSCLC, with Karnofsky score ≥ 70 and controlled extracranial disease are the best candidates for surgery. Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is recommended in patients with 1-3 BMF-NSCLC below 3-3.5 cm, with minor neurological symptoms, located in parts of the brain not accessible to surgery, with controlled extracranial disease. Whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) following SRS reduces the risk of local relapse; in selected patients median survival reaches more than 10 months. Whole brain radiotherapy alone is a treatment in patients with multiple metastases, poor performance status, uncontrolled extracranial disease, disqualified from surgery or SRS with median survival 3 to 6 months. There is no doubt that there are patients with BMF-NSCLC who should receive only the best supportive care. There is a debate in the literature on how to select these patients.

Palliative thoracic radiotherapy for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer and poor performance status.

OBJECTIVE: The evaluation of efficacy of palliative thoracic radiotherapy (PTR) in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and to compare it with efficacy of supportive care (SC) alone. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 2000 and 2012, 235 patients with advanced NSCLC (IIIB and IV) and Karnofsky Performance Status accounted 40-30, were qualified to PTR. In fact, 125 (53.2%) out of them were treated with PTR, and 110 (46.8%)-with SC alone, in accordance with patients expectations. There were no differences between PTR and SC group with respect to patient and tumor characteristics as well as with respect to the type and incidence of symptoms related to the local growth of NSCLC. In all 125 PTR patients the delivered tumor dose was 20Gy given in five daily fractions over five treatment days. All 110 patients who refused PTR were treated with SC in another hospital (28.2%), in a hospice (21.8%) or by general practitioners at home (50.0%). RESULTS: The 90-day overall survival rate in the group of PTR patients was 20.0%, and in the group of SC patients it was 18.2%. Median survival amounted 58 and 59 days, respectively. The efficacy of PTR and SC, relative to the symptoms associated with the local growth of NSCLC, was comparable. Tolerance of PTR was poor and early toxicity-significant. Moreover 41.6% of irradiated patients received PTR within the last 30 days of their lives and 16.0% of these patients-within the last 15 days prior to death. CONCLUSION: The life expectancy of patients with advanced NSCLC and poor performance status (Karnofsky 40-30), who presenting moderate or severe symptoms related to the local growth of cancer, is measured in days or weeks. The effective method of treatment for these patients is modern supportive care rather than PTR.

Contrast-enhanced spectral mammography: comparison with conventional mammography and histopathology in 152 women.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of the study was to compare conventional mammography (MG) and contrast-enhanced spectral mammography (CESM) in preoperative women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was approved by the local Ethics Committee and all participants provided informed consent. The study included 152 consecutive patients with 173 breast lesions diagnosed on MG or CESM. All MG examinations and consults were conducted in one oncology centre. Non-ionic contrast agent, at a total dose of 1.5 mL/kg body weight, was injected intravenous. Subsequently, CESM exams were performed with a mammography device, allowing dual-energy acquisitions. The entire procedure was done within the oncology centre. Images from low and high energy exposures were processed together and the combination provided an "iodine" image which outlined contrast up-take in the breast. RESULTS: MG detected 157 lesions in 150 patients, including 92 infiltrating cancers, 12 non-infiltrating cancers, and 53 benign lesions. CESM detected 149 lesions in 128 patients, including 101 infiltrating cancers, 13 non-infiltrating cancers, and 35 benign lesions. CESM sensitivity was 100% (vs. 91% for MG), specificity was 41% (vs. 15% for MG), area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.86 (vs. 0.67 for MG), and accuracy was 80% (vs. 65% for MG) for the diagnosis of breast cancer. Both MG and CESM overestimated lesion sizes compared to histopathology (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: CESM may provide higher sensitivity for breast cancer detection and greater diagnostic accuracy than conventional mammography.

Value of perfusion CT parameters, microvessl density and VEGF expression in differentiation of benign and malignant prostate tumours.

The purpose of this study was to assess the correlation between parameters evaluated using computed tomography perfusion (CTP) and microvessel density (MVD), the vascular endothelial growth factor labelling index (VEGFLI), as well as known clinicopathological indicators of tumour malignancy, in non-advanced prostatic cancer. We included 110 patients with early stage prostate cancer who were subjected to CT examinations followed by radical prostatectomy between 2007 and 2011 (in this analysis we included only patients diagnosed with CT). Both in affected and in healthy tissue the following perfusion parameters were assessed: blood flow (BF), blood volume (BV), mean transit time (MTT) and permeability-surface area product (PS). After surgery in the resected prostate tumour tissue the MVD and VEGFLI were assessed. The mean BF and PS values were significantly higher in carcinomas with high histological grade (p = 0.02). The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the threshold BF value, for the distinction between malignant and healthy prostate tissue, were: 67%, 54% and 59% respectively. For BV sensitivity was 71%, specificity was 52%, and accuracy was 48%. Microvessel density significantly correlated with BV, MTT and PS (p < 0.05), while VEGFLI did not correlate with any of the perfusion parameters. Our results suggest that BF and PS might be helpful in discrimination between benign and malignant prostate tissue, while the positive correlation between BV, MTT, PS and MVD might suggest their potential utility in assessment of cancer angiogenesis.

Malignant phyllodes tumor of the breast: treatment and prognosis.

Surgery remains the mainstay of the treatment in patients with malignant phyllodes tumor of the breast (MPTB); however, the extent of surgery (breast conserving surgery [BCS] versus mastectomy) and the role of adjuvant radiotherapy have been controversial. We report a single institution's experience with MPTB. We discuss controversial therapeutic aspects of this rare tumor. Seventy patients with MPTB treated primarily with surgery were evaluated. The mean age was 50 years (21-76), and the mean size of the tumor was 6 cm. Thirty-four (48.6%) patients were treated with total mastectomy, and 36 (51.4%) were treated with BCS (lumpectomy or wide local excision). Microscopic surgical margins were free of tumor in all cases. In 64 (91.4%) patients, margins were ≥1 cm. Remaining 6 (8.6%) patients treated with BCS margins were <1 cm and subsequently radiotherapy was performed. Among 70 patients, 58 (82.9%) had no evidence of disease (NED) after 5 years. The extent of surgery was not significantly related to the 5-year NED survival rates (82.4% in patients who underwent mastectomy and 83.3% in patients who underwent BCS only or BCS with adjuvant irradiation). The 5-year NED survival rates in BCS (tumor-free margin ≥1 cm) and BCS with irradiation (tumor-free margin <1 cm) groups were identical (83.3%). Our data support the potential use of BCS in patients with MPTB. Mastectomy is indicated only if tumor-free margins cannot be obtained by BCS. Adjuvant radiotherapy may be considered if tumor-free margins are <1 cm.

Guidelines for equipment and staffing of radiotherapy facilities in the European countries: final results of the ESTRO-HERO survey.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: In planning to meet evidence based needs for radiotherapy, guidelines for the provision of capital and human resources are central if access, quality and safety are not to be compromised. A component of the ESTRO-HERO (Health Economics in Radiation Oncology) project is to document the current availability and content of guidelines for radiotherapy in Europe. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An 84 part questionnaire was distributed to the European countries through their national scientific and professional radiotherapy societies with 30 items relating to the availability of guidelines for equipment and staffing and selected operational issues. Twenty-nine countries provided full or partial evaluable responses. RESULTS: The availability of guidelines across Europe is far from uniform. The metrics used for capital and human resources are variable. There seem to have been no major changes in the availability or specifics of guidelines over the ten-year period since the QUARTS study with the exception of the recent expansion of RTT staffing models. Where comparison is possible it appears that staffing for radiation oncologists, medical physicists and particularly RTTs tend to exceed guidelines suggesting developments in clinical radiotherapy are moving faster than guideline updating. CONCLUSION: The efficient provision of safe, high quality radiotherapy services would benefit from the availability of well-structured guidelines for capital and human resources, based on agreed upon metrics, which could be linked to detailed estimates of need.

Changes in the clinical characteristics, treatment options, and therapy outcomes in patients with phyllodes tumor of the breast during 55 years of experience.

BACKGROUND: Data from the literature suggests that the clinical picture of phyllodes tumor (PT) of the breast, as well as treatment options and perhaps therapy outcomes, have significantly changed. The aim of this work was to review these changes by analysis of consecutive patients with PT over a 55-year period at a single institution. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From 1952 to 2007, 280 women with PT were treated surgically at the Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Institute of Oncology, Cancer Center in Cracow. Age, size of breast tumor, microscopic type, extent of surgery, and therapy outcomes were compared between 2 groups: 190 patients treated from 1952 to 1991 vs 90 patients treated from 1992 to 2007. RESULTS: The results show that the 1992-2007 group compared to the 1952-1991 included more patients <50 years of age, with tumor <5 cm in diameter, undergoing breast-conserving therapy, as well as no evidence of disease at 5-year survival had increased and this change was statistically significant. In addition, malignant PT cases had decreased in frequency. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study show that patients with PT are increasingly younger, the breast tumors at diagnosis are smaller, malignant PT is becoming less frequent, and BCT is now the treatment of choice. Most importantly, the general treatment outcomes are significantly better.

Radiation therapy complications in patients with primary invasive vaginal carcinoma.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to estimate acute and late complications of radiation therapy in primary invasive vaginal carcinoma (PIVC) patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The analysis was performed for the group of 152 PIVC patients given radical radiotherapy in the Krakow Branch of Centre of Oncology during the 1967-2005 period. Twenty five (16.5%) patients in I stage with primary tumour of the thickness not larger than 0.5 cm were treated with intracavitary brachytherapy alone, for 120 (78.9%) patients (stages I-IVA) intracavitary brachytherapy was combined with external radiation therapy; and 7 (4.6%) patients in stage IVA were given only external radiotherapy In total, 145 (95.4%) patients were treated with intracavitary LDR brachyterapy by means of Ra-226 or afterloaded Cs-137 sources, and 127 (83.5%) received external radiation therapy using Co-60 and linac 10MV or 6MV photon beams. RESULTS: Early radiotherapy tolerance was good in the investigated group; 146 (96.1%) patients completed full planned radiation therapy treatment. Late complications of radiation therapy were observed in 21 (13.8%) patients: 3 (2%) patients reported mild complications, 12 (7.9%) moderate complications, and 6 (3.9%) severe complications. Severe complications of radiation therapy in the investigated group included: recto-vaginal fistula (5 patients) and vesico-vaginal fistula (1 patient). None of the patients in the group died of radiation therapy complications. CONCLUSIONS: Early tolerance of radiotherapy in PIVC patients is generally good. Late radiation therapy complications, particularly the severe, are rare and can be efficiently managed with conservative therapy or surgical treatment.

Radiotherapy facilities, equipment, and staffing in Poland: 2005-2011.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To evaluate the current status of radiotherapy facilities, staffing, and equipment, treatment and patients in Poland for the years 2005-2011 following implementation of the National Cancer Programme. METHODS: A survey was sent to the radiotherapy centres in Poland to collect data on available equipment, staffing, and treatments in the years 2005-2011. RESULTS: In 2011, 76,000 patients were treated with radiotherapy at 32 centres vs. 63,000 patients at 23 centres in 2005. Number of patients increased by 21%. In 2011, there were 453 radiation oncologists - specialists (1 in 168 patients), 325 medical physicists (1 in 215 patients), and 883 radiotherapy technicians (1 in 86 patients) vs. 320, 188, and 652, respectively, in 2005. The number of linear accelerators increased by 60%, from 70 units in 2005 to 112 in 2011. The current linac/patient ratio in Poland is 1 linac per 678 patients. Waiting times from diagnosis to the start of treatment has decreased. CONCLUSION: Compared to 2005, there are more treatment facilities, more and better equipment (linacs), and more cancer care specialists. There are still large differences between the 16 Polish provinces in terms of equipment availability and ease of access to treatment. However, radiotherapy services in Poland have improved dramatically since the year 2005.

Invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast: cytometric and immunohistochemical characteristics of 96 cases.

The aim of the study was to present microscopic, cytometric and immunohistochemical characteristics of a group of 96 invasive lobular carcinomas (ILC) of the breast. Ninety six patients treated surgically at the Department of Surgical Oncology, Centre of Oncology - Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Institute, Cracow Branch, between 1983 and 1996, were included into the study. In 56 (58.3%) cases, a classical pattern of ILC was diagnosed, whereas atypical variants (solid, pleomorphic, pleomorphic with signet ring cells, signet ring cell, and tubulolobular) were recognized in 40 (41.7%) cases. ILC was characterized by lack of E-cadherin expression, high rate of steroid receptor expression, low rate of P53 and c-erb-B2 expressing tumours, low MIB-1 labelling index, and low S phase fraction, as well as high rate of diploid lesions.

Prognostic factors in patients with primary invasive vaginal carcinoma.

AIM OF THE STUDY: Aim of the study was the assessment of prognostic factors in the group of primary invasive vaginal carcinoma (PIVC) patients subjected to radical radiation therapy MATERIAL AND METHODS: The analysis was performed for the group of 152 PIVC patients treated with intracavitary brachytherapy alone (16.5%), the combination of brachytherapy and external radiotherapy (78.9%), or external radiotherapy alone (4.6%). The relationship was investigated between treatment outcome and the following demographic, clinical and histopathological features: age, duration of pathological symptoms, number of births given, prior hysterectomy haemoglobin level, Karnofsky performance status score, primary tumour location in vagina, length of vagina involved, FIGO stage, gross appearance, histological type, and tumour grade. RESULTS: Five-year disease-free survival was observed in 46.1% of the patients (70/152). Patients below 60 years of age, with Karnofsky score of 80-90, diagnosed with PIVC in stage 10 or 110, and with tumour of grade G1 or G2 had significantly higher 5-year disease-free survival. Multifactoral analysis showed that age below 60 and FIGO stage 10 and 110 are independent favourable prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS: The independent prognostic factors in PIVC patients treated with radical radiotherapy are patient age and FIGO stage.

Hematogenous metastases in patients with Stage I or II endometrial carcinoma.

AIMS: The aim of this study was to present the characteristics, methods of treatment, and the survival of patients with hematogenous metastases from endometrial carcinoma, free from local and other distant recurrences. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In 1,610 endometrial carcinoma patients managed with surgery and postoperative radiotherapy, we defined hematogenous metastases as a tumor spread to the lung or other sites via hematogenous routes. RESULTS: A total of 110 patients with stage I and II endometrial carcinoma, presenting with 134 metastases sites (69 in the lungs, 32 in the liver, 23 in the bones, and 10 in the brain), were observed. Progestin and combination chemotherapy were the most commonly used therapies. Primary treatment consisted of surgery in patients with solitary metastases to the lung (30 patients), liver (2 patients), and brain (2 patients). Radiotherapy was performed in 32 patients with metastases to the brain and bones. Presenting with a 36-month survival rate were 11.6% (8/69) of patients with metastases to the lungs, 6.3% (2/32) of patients with metastases to the liver, 8.7% (2/23) of patients with metastases to the bones, and 20.0% (2/10) of patients with metastases to the brain. CONCLUSIONS: Hormonal therapy and chemotherapy play a major role in the palliative management of patients with hematogenous metastases from endometrial carcinoma to the liver, lungs, and bones. Radical treatment in patients with metastases to the lung or liver consists of resection of the metastasis combined with chemo- and/or hormonotherapy for metastases to the bones treatment consists of radiotherapy + chemotherapy, for metastasis to the brain treatment consists of resection combined with radiotherapy.

Palliative thoracic radiotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer. An analysis of 1250 patients. Palliation of symptoms, tolerance and toxicity.

PURPOSE: To present our experience with short-time, split-course palliative thoracic radiotherapy (PTR) in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with special regard to palliation of symptoms, tolerance and toxicity of PTR treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 1980 and 2005, a group of 1250 patients with locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC was treated with PTR in our Center. All patients presented with moderate or severe symptoms related to local cancer growth. RESULTS: The response rate defined as palliation of NSCLC symptoms after PTR was 54.1% for cough, 68% for haemoptysis, 51.1% for thoracic pain, 38.3% for dyspnoea, 12% for hoarseness, and 8% for dysphagia. Tolerance of PTR, expressed in terms of patient compliance to the treatment, was good in 92% of patients (i.e., 2 series of radiotherapy were given at the planned dose and time). Early treatment toxicity was observed in 4.6% of patients and included pneumonitis in 2.3%, intense nausea and vomiting in 0.6%, lung hemorrhage in 0.6%, and severe oesophagitis in 0.5% of patients. Lhermitte's syndrome and broncho-oesophageal fistula were observed in 0.4% and 0.2%, respectively. Six out of 70 patients who survived longer than 2 years developed chronic pulmonary fibrosis with respiratory insufficiency and one patient presented symptoms of radiation-induced myelopathy. CONCLUSIONS: The analysis of our results and data from the literature show that short-time, split-course PTR is a safe and effective method of palliative treatment in patients with advanced NSCLC.

[Prognostic value of laboratory factors of performance status in lung cancer patients]. / Wartosc prognostyczna laboratoryjnych wykladników stanu ogólnego u chorych na raka pluca.

Clinical observations indicate that the utility of classical prognostic factors in the assessment of probability of disease free or overall survival of lung cancer patients is not completely satisfactory. This is the cause for search of indices which results would contribute to optimization of this estimation. Of potential value in this aspect may also be the results of laboratory determinations which characterize patient's performance status. Dependencies between the times of overall survival in respect to chosen hematological and biochemical factors from the pretreatment period were analyzed in a group of 233 patients with lung cancer (adenocarcinoma - 44, squamous cell lung cancer - 156, small cell lung cancer - 33 patients) in different stages of disease. Apart from stage of disease and histological type of tumor, independent prognostic factors turned out to be the actual ideal body mass ratio and the number of leucocytes. In patients with less advanced stages of disease, such independent factors, apart from histological type are alpha-1 globulin and gamma globulin.

[Small-cell lung cancer diagnostic and therapeutic recommendations of Polish Lung Cancer Group]. / Drobnokomórkowy rak pluca - zalecenia diagnostyczno-terapeutyczne Polskiej Grupy Raka Pluca.

Small-cell lung cancer is characterized by an aggressive clinical course with high tendency for early dissemination. At presentation, patients are usually symptomatic and with hilar or mediastinal mass at radiography. Staging should be focused on identifying any evidence of distant spread. Chemotherapy including cisplatin and etoposide is a cornerstone of treatment for all patients. Limited-stage disease should be managed by chemotherapy combined with concurrent chest irradiation. All patients who achieve complete response should be considered for elective cranial irradiation. Surgical treatment may be used in highly selected patients with TNM stage I disease, and surgery should always be combined with chemotherapy. Extensive-stage disease should be managed by multi-agent chemotherapy alone. Long-term survivors should undergo careful monitoring for development of a second primary tumour.